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Squamish Nation

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This article is about government. For ethnic group, see Squamish people.
Squamish Nation
Band No. 555
Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw
A map showing traditional Squamish territory, totalling 6,732 km2 (2,599 sq mi)
PeopleSquamish people
ProvinceBritish Columbia
Land
Reserve(s)
List
Land area21.19 km2
Government
Council
List
Website
Squamish Nation

The Squamish Nation, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw (IPA: [sqʷχʷoʔməʃ ʔoxʷomexʷ]) in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Sníchim (Squamish language), is an Indian Act government originally imposed on the Squamish (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh) by the Federal Government of Canada in the late 19th century. The Squamish are Indigenous to British Columbia, Canada. Their band government comprises 8 elected councillors, serving four-year terms, with an elected band manager. Their main reserves are near the town of Squamish, British Columbia and around the mouths of the Capilano River, Mosquito Creek, and Seymour River on the north shore of Burrard Inlet in North Vancouver, British Columbia.

History

Part of a series on the
Squamish people
General information
Population
3,893 approx.
Communities
Related peoples
Tsleil-Waututh, Musqueam, Shishalh, Nooksack, Coast Salish

The 'Squamish Nation', is an amalgamation of different villages, which became reserves under the Indian Act which the Canadian government imposed on the Squamish people. The origin of the Squamish Nation dates back to the late 19th century, when missionaries and Canadian government officials created a puppet government under the Indian Act within the Squamish, with the goal of blocking access to resources and cultural geography. The main goal of the Indian Act was the eventual assimilation of the indigenous people into the settlers' colonial socio-political structures and lifestyle.

The Canadian government created[when?] a system of governing the Squamish (and other indigenous peoples) through selected "chiefs". These "chiefs" were selected based on factors such as their compliance, professed religious affiliation and sobriety. After passing of the Indian Act, these chiefs became the Indian Act government. The Squamish people were categorized and placed into numerous small reserves, established by the settler government. Each reserve was originally[when?] in the ownership of specific Squamish families. As land was being acquired, partitioned and allocated by the Federal Government without sufficient consent or consultation with the Squamish people, the separate villages formed into one Squamish Nation.[1]

On July 23, 1923, a political amalgamation agreement was signed by 16 chiefs.[2] This amalgamation signage became the nation known as the Squamish, and each chief had a seat at the council table. After decades, the hereditary system for the band council changed into an elected council, for which elections occurred every four years. The number 16 reflected onto the 16 signatures on the original amalgamation agreement.

Presently, the council is made up of eight members, with one serving as chairperson.

Prior to British Columbia's hosting of the 2010 Olympic Games, the Squamish Nation engaged in negotiations with the Provincial Government of British Columbia and Lil'wat First Nation. Numerous agreements were signed prior to and following the announcement of the host city for the Games, regarding issues such as Squamish land to be used for hosting the Games. Issues regarding the leasing of land, Nation-owned or operated businesses and other ventures currently account for much of the Squamish Nation's band council government business. The Squamish Nation recently announced the purchase of a Tree Farm License (License 38), which covers the Elaho Valley near Squamish, British Columbia. This is one of the rare instances of an Indigenous Nation buying forfeited land, as no agreement was ever signed[clarification needed] between the Crown and the Squamish during colonization of the Lower Mainland. The Nation has been criticized[by whom?] as doing little for its people despite its economic growth.[citation needed]

The Squamish Nation has close ties with the Burrard Band or Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, who reside further east on Burrard Inlet. They have family connections to the Musqueam who reside on the southern edge of the city of Vancouver.

Squamish communities were seriously affected by the 2005 CN Rail Cheakamus River derailment. About 40,000 litres of caustic soda were accidentally released into the Cheakamus, killing 500,000 fish. Squamish communities around the river were advised[when?] by the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority not to consume water from local wells, or local wildlife who use the river.[3] The Squamish Nation Band Council is now[when?] taking legal action against CN Rail.[citation needed]

Government

The elected councillors make up the executive political body of this government. They operate on a four-year term with elections occurring around in December. They also elect a band manager. The most recent Council was elected September 26, 2021.[4]

  • Stewart "Sempúlyan" Gonzales
  • Shayla "Sumkwaht" Jacobs (North Shore)
  • Dustin "Khelsilem" Rivers (chairperson)
  • Kristen "Tiyáltelut" Rivers (Regional)
  • Ann "Syexwáliya" Whonnock
  • Joyce Williams (Squamish Valley)
  • Wilson "Sxwíxwtn" Williams
  • Richard "Xwélxwelacha" Williams

The elected Band Manager is Bianca "Tsiyaliya" Cameron.

Treaty reserves

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Existing reserves

Indian reserves under the administration of the Squamish Nation are:[5]

Squamish Nation reserves
Reserve Squamish name Location description Area Coordinates Reference
Kitsilano Indian Reserve No. 6 Squamish: Sen̓áḵw In the City of Vancouver, near English Bay, on the south side of the mouth of False Creek 4.4 ha 49°16′26″N 123°08′32″W / 49.27389°N 123.14222°W / 49.27389; -123.14222 [6]
Mission Indian Reserve No. 1 Squamish: Slhá7an̓ North shore of Burrard Inlet on Wagg and Mosquito Creeks, bounded on the north and east by the City of North Vancouver 59.6 ha 49°19′00″N 123°06′00″W / 49.31667°N 123.10000°W / 49.31667; -123.10000 [7]
Seymour Creek Indian Reserve No. 2 Squamish: Ch'ich'éx̱ wí7ḵw North shore of Burrard Inlet, on right bank of Seymour Creek, near the mouth of Second Narrows 45.5 ha 49°18′00″N 123°02′00″W / 49.30000°N 123.03333°W / 49.30000; -123.03333 [8]
Capilano Indian Reserve No. 5 Squamish: X̱wemelch'stn North shore of Burrard Inlet at First Narrows, north end of Lions Gate Bridge 155.6 ha 49°19′00″N 123°08′00″W / 49.31667°N 123.13333°W / 49.31667; -123.13333 [9]
Skowishin Indian Reserve No. 7 Squamish: Skawshn Left bank of the Squamish River 29.6 ha 49°56′00″N 123°18′00″W / 49.93333°N 123.30000°W / 49.93333; -123.30000 [10]
Skowishin Graveyard Indian Reserve No. 10 Left bank of the Squamish River near the mouth of Ashlu Creek 0.40 ha 49°54′32″N 123°17′36″W / 49.9090097428499°N 123.29323705526882°W / 49.9090097428499; -123.29323705526882 [11]
Chukchuk Indian Reserve No. 8 Squamish: Ch’eḵ’ch’eḵ’ts 0.1 ha 49°58′25″N 123°18′21″W / 49.97359296702315°N 123.30573946023652°W / 49.97359296702315; -123.30573946023652 [12]
Poyam Indian Reserve No. 9 Left bank of the Squamish River 0.3 ha 49°59′24″N 123°19′29″W / 49.98992070962588°N 123.324621110448°W / 49.98992070962588; -123.324621110448 [13]
Cheakamus Indian Reserve No. 11 Squamish: Xwakw’áyak’in At and to the north of the junction of the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers 1639.4 ha 49°48′00″N 123°11′00″W / 49.80000°N 123.18333°W / 49.80000; -123.18333 [14]
Yookwitz Indian Reserve No. 12 Squamish: Yewk’ts Right bank of the Squamish River, opposite mouth of the Cheakamus River 9.3 ha 49°47′00″N 123°12′00″W / 49.78333°N 123.20000°W / 49.78333; -123.20000 [15]
Poquiosin & Skamain Indian Reserve No. 13 Squamish: Pukway̓úsm-Skemín Left bank of the Squamish River at the mouth of the Cheakamus River 45.2 ha 49°47′00″N 123°10′00″W / 49.78333°N 123.16667°W / 49.78333; -123.16667 [16]
Waiwakum Indian Reserve No. 14 Squamish: Wiwḵ’m Left bank of the Squamish River 2 miles below the mouth of the Cheakamus River 15.0 ha 49°46′00″N 123°10′00″W / 49.76667°N 123.16667°W / 49.76667; -123.16667 [17]
Aikwucks Indian Reserve No. 15 Left bank of the Squamish River 11.1 ha 49°46′00″N 123°10′00″W / 49.76667°N 123.16667°W / 49.76667; -123.16667 [18]
Seaichem Indian Reserve No. 16 Squamish: Siyích’m East bank of Kowtain Slough of the Squamish River, 3 miles below the mouth of the Cheakamus River 27.5 ha 49°45′00″N 123°08′00″W / 49.75000°N 123.13333°W / 49.75000; -123.13333 [19]
Kowtain Indian Reserve No. 17 Squamish: Kaw̓tín Left bank of Kowtain Slough of the Squamish River, 4 miles from the river mouth on Howe Sound 20.8 ha 49°44′00″N 123°08′00″W / 49.73333°N 123.13333°W / 49.73333; -123.13333 [20]
Yekwaupsum Indian Reserve No. 18 Squamish: Yekw’ápsm Near left bank of the Squamish River, 3 miles from its mouth on Howe Sound 2 ha 49°43′00″N 123°09′00″W / 49.71667°N 123.15000°W / 49.71667; -123.15000 [21]
Yekwaupsum Indian Reserve No. 19 Squamish: Pn’p’áni Right bank of the Squamish River, 3 miles north of its mouth on Howe Sound 1 ha 49°44′00″N 123°09′00″W / 49.73333°N 123.15000°W / 49.73333; -123.15000 [22]
Stawamus Indian Reserve No. 24 Squamish: Stá7mes At the mouth of the Stawamus River at the head of Howe Sound, 1 mile southeast of downtown Squamish 22.1 ha 49°41′00″N 123°09′00″W / 49.68333°N 123.15000°W / 49.68333; -123.15000 [23]
Kaikalahun Indian Reserve No. 25 Squamish: Ḵ’iḵ’élx̱n West shore of Howe Sound south of Port Mellon 11.5 ha 49°31′00″N 123°29′00″W / 49.51667°N 123.48333°W / 49.51667; -123.48333 [24]
Chekwelp Indian Reserve No. 26 Squamish: Ch’ḵw’elhp West shore of Howe Sound, to the west of Keats Island 11.3 ha 49°25′00″N 123°30′00″W / 49.41667°N 123.50000°W / 49.41667; -123.50000 [25]
Chekwelp Indian Reserve No. 26A West shore of Howe Sound northwest of Keats Island 0.2 ha 49°25′00″N 123°29′00″W / 49.41667°N 123.48333°W / 49.41667; -123.48333 [26]
Schaltuuch Indian Reserve No. 27 Squamish: Ch’ḵw’elhp On a small island north of Shelter Island in Shoal Channel of Howe Sound, west of Keats Island 5 ha 49°24′00″N 123°29′00″W / 49.40000°N 123.48333°W / 49.40000; -123.48333 [27]
Defence Island Indian Reserve No. 28 Squamish: Nínich Ḵw’émḵw’em In Howe Sound, northeast from Anvil Island (Hat Island), the easterly of two islands called Defence Islands 1.7 ha 49°35′00″N 123°16′00″W / 49.58333°N 123.26667°W / 49.58333; -123.26667 [28]
Kwum Kwum Indian Reserve Squamish: Ḵw’émḵw’em The westerly of the two Defence Islands northeast of Anvil Island 6.20 ha 49°35′00″N 123°17′00″W / 49.58333°N 123.28333°W / 49.58333; -123.28333 [29]

Treaty negotiations

The Squamish Nation is currently in stage 3 of the BC Treaty Process but negotiations have not proceeded further in recent years.

Economic and resource development

The Squamish Nation owns land in the Lower Mainland in areas that have some of the highest real estate values in the province. Some of these lands and properties are leased out with rents returning to the Squamish Nation. Additional revenues are earned through businesses owned by the Squamish Nation, such as marinas, a driving range and a gas bar.[30] In a recently concluded business arrangement, digital billboards were erected on Squamish Nation lands in North Vancouver, West Vancouver, Vancouver and Squamish, including at the approaches to Vancouver's Burrard Street Bridge, Lions Gate Bridge and Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing.[31] That contract has been projected to bring approximately $60 million in revenue to the Squamish Nation over three decades.

The Squamish Nation also recently completed an agreement that will see a large gaming facility built on the highway leading into Squamish.

The Squamish Nation, the Lil’wat Nation, Bell Canada and the Province of BC joined in the development of the Aboriginal Cultural Centre and Museum in Whistler BC.

The purchase of a Tree Farm Licence by the Nation generated public protest.[32]

In recent years the Squamish Nation has been involved in energy development, including the development of private hydro power projects on public rivers, including the Furry Creek and Ashlu hydro projects. It takes a share of the private revenue scheme developed by the BC Liberal Government under Gordon Campbell in a closed-door policy called the BC Energy Plan.[33]

2010 Olympic Games

The Squamish Nation joined with the Musqueam, Tsleil-Waututh, and Lil'wat through the Four Host First Nations Society to coordinate with the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC), representing their interests in preparation for the 2010 Winter Olympics.[34] These 'Four Host First Nations' shared in hosting the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver.[30] Fourteen of the 20 Olympic and Paralympic events took place in the Nation's shared territories, primarily in and around Whistler, BC.

Social, educational and cultural programs and facilities

In July 2008, the Squamish Nation partnered with their neighbours the Lil'wat First Nation to open the multimillion-dollar Squamish Lilwat Cultural Centre in Whistler. The two nations, whose territories traditionally overlapped around the Whistler area, had signed a Protocol Agreement in 2001 to work together on such opportunities. The centre features traditional art, cultural and historical displays, wood carvings, an 80-seat theatre, longhouse, pit-house, outdoor forest walk, cafe and gift shop.

See also

References

  1. ^ MacDonald, Bruce (1992). Vancouver: A Visual History. Vancouver: Talonbooks. p. 17.
  2. ^ "Amalgamation Celebration Handout" (PDF). Squamish Nation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
  3. ^ "StackPath". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  4. ^ "Nexwsxwníw̓ntm ta Úxwumixw Council". Squamish Nation. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  5. ^ "Reserves/Settlements/Villages". Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31.
  6. ^ "BC Geographical Names". apps.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
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  27. ^ "BC Geographical Names". apps.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
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  29. ^ "BC Geographical Names". apps.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  30. ^ a b "Squamish Nation Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved November 24, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ Hall, Neal (July 21, 2006). "Billboards planned near city bridges". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  32. ^ Penner, Derrick (2005-12-28) [December 20, 2005]. "Squamish Nation Buys Tree Farm License 38". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2022-09-02 – via mostlywater.org.
  33. ^ "The BC Energy Plan: A Vision for Clean Energy Leadership". Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  34. ^ "Four Host First Nations Society - Home". fourhostfirstnations.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2022-11-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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