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the true believers have all fastened on the Amero; do you have a cite for this "North American Dollar" term?
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{{Redirect|Amero|the teacher|Julie Amero}}
{{Redirect|Amero|the teacher|Julie Amero}}
The '''North American Currency Union''' is a theoretical [[economic and monetary union]] of the three largest countries of [[North America]]: [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]].<ref name="TACiht">
The '''North American Currency Union''' is a theoretical [[economic and monetary union]] of the three largest countries of [[North America]]: [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]], which would be the first step in three which would lead a Global Government and a [[New World Order]].<ref name="TACiht">
{{Citation
{{Citation
| last = Bennett
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Revision as of 11:54, 16 November 2009

"Amero" redirects here. For the teacher, see Julie Amero.

The North American Currency Union is a theoretical economic and monetary union of the three largest countries of North America: Canada, the United States and Mexico, which would be the first step in three which would lead a Global Government and a New World Order.[1]

Map of a proposed NAU, with Canada, Mexico, and the United States

Implementation would probably involve the three countries giving up their current currency units (U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, and Mexican peso) and adopting a new one, created specifically for this purpose. (Some versions of the theory, particularly those circulating in Canada, assume only the United States and Canada would be included.) The hypothetical currency for the union is most often referred to as the amero.[1][2] The concept is modeled on the common European Union currency (the euro), and it is argued to be a natural extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP).

Conspiracy theorists contend that the governments of the United States, Canada, and Mexico are already taking steps to implement such a currency, as part of a "North American Union (NAU)".[1] No current members of any country's government have officially stated a desire to create such a body, nor has anyone introduced a common currency as part of this concept.[3]

Basis and origin

The letter A inside a circle. The proposed symbol for the amero, originally chosen by Herb Grubel in "The Case for the Amero" [4]

The idea for a North American currency union was first proposed in 1999 by Canadian economist Herbert G. Grubel.[1] A senior fellow of the conservative Fraser Institute think-tank, he published a book titled The Case for the Amero in September 1999,[2] the year that the euro became a virtual currency. Another Canadian think-tank, the C.D. Howe Institute, advocates the creation of a shared currency between Canada and the United States.[5]

After the report came out, center-left nationalist groups[citation needed] in Canada and United States expressed their opposition to any currency union because they view it as an attempt by U.S. businesses to gain access to Canada's extensive natural resources while dismantling the nation's social services.[1] The 100,000 member strong Council of Canadians, a progressive advocacy group, has declared one of its central issues to be the threat of "deep integration".[1]

Dr. Robert Pastor, in a 2001 book[6], suggested a common currency should be a foundation of "macro economic cooperation" among the three NAFTA countries. However, the 2005 Independent Task Force on North America, which he chaired, did not recommend a common currency, nor does Pastor in the section for additional and dissenting views suggest a common currency should be a goal. [1]

Support

NAFTA

Canada

One argument is that it would save up to $3 billion in currency transactions.[7] The same authors also stated that Canada's GDP could rise by up to 33 percent in a 20-year period given the adoption of a single currency.

The idea of a common currency has historically been unpopular in English-speaking Canada, in comparison to the French-speaking province of Quebec where it has received more support. A 2001 opinion poll found that in Quebec over 50 percent of respondents favored the idea of a shared currency, while in the rest of Canada a majority of respondents opposed the idea. [8]

Mexico

The possibility of a monetary merger has also been discussed in Mexico as a natural step to take after NAFTA.[9] Former Mexican president Vicente Fox echoed that view and expressed his hope for a greater integration of Canada, Mexico and the United States, including an eventual monetary union, while on a 2007 promotional tour for his book "Revolution of Hope."[10][11]

Support in other regions

Lower levels of currency cooperation have been practiced in the Americas before. Some nations such as Argentina, Brazil and Canada have at times tied their currency to the U.S. dollar. Some of them, such as Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados and The Netherlands Antilles (guilder) still do.

The U.S. dollar is officially accepted alongside local currencies in El Salvador (since 2001), Nicaragua, Peru, Honduras, and Panama, although in practice two of these countries (El Salvador and Panama) are fully dollarized. In 2000, Ecuador officially adopted the U.S. dollar as its sole currency.

Currency integration is also one of the many long-term aims of Unasur (Union of South American Nations), a supranational organization comprising all the sovereign nations of South America, modeled after the European Union.

US government support of dollarization

  • Officially the US government neither encourages nor discourages dollarization. The only request is that a country notify the USA if it intends to dollarize, so that enough banknotes can be printed. A country like Bahamas is effectively dollarized, since their currency trades on a 1-1 basis with the US dollar, and US banknotes are freely accepted everywhere in the country. For every Bahamian banknote they print, they keep US Treasury Bonds to back it up. The interest on the Treasury Bonds pays for the staff and the cost of printing the banknotes. Having banknotes with Bahamian national symbols supports national pride, as opposed to all the banknotes having American presidents.
  • Former Florida Senator, Connie Mack III proposed the International Monetary Stability Act of 2000. The bill said that if a western hemisphere nation wants to dollarize, that the US government should actively aid that country. The host country would be responsible for paying the cost of printing the currency (set at 15% of the face value), and agree to certain restrictions designed to prevent money laundering and the possibility that they will renege and begin printing their own currency again. In exchange the US government would re-imburse that country for their loss of Seigniorage, a significant part of government economics in small countries. The terms of the bill were more complicated than just giving the country the banknotes, as some reward was given for remaining dollarized for several years. Countries that have already dollarized, like Ecuador and Panama, would also be re-imbursed for seignorage lost. Since Ecuador was considering dollarization at this time, they watched the bill with considerable interest, but it died in committee and was never put up for a vote. Ecuador dollarized anyway.
The Senator's arguments were that most countries were too poor to support a stable currency. This currency risk is a significant factor in the lack of investment by US companies, or European companies. The upside for USA would be increased trade as the countries stabilize. Stabilization would also decrease immigration resulting from severe economic crisis. The political risk is very difficult to evaluate. For instance Ecuador essentially purchased banknotes from the USA at face value, while the cost to the US government was essentially 4 cents a banknote, regardless of face value.

Criticisms and problems

Opposition to a North American currency union exists high up in the governments on both sides of the Canada–United States border. Herbert Grubel, the first proponent of the amero, admits that American officials show no interest in the topic.[1] He concedes that "there wouldn't be very much benefit for the United States" in an amero.[1] Likewise, the Canadian Department of Finance strongly opposes the creation of a common currency with the United States, citing the loss of economic sovereignty. In briefing documents to Minister of Finance Jim Flaherty, finance officials concluded:

"A North American common currency would undoubtedly mean for Canada the adoption of the U.S. dollar and U.S. monetary policy. Canada would have to give up its control of domestic inflation and interest rates."[12]

Trade-offs

From the point of view of the Canadian and Mexican governments, a major obstacle to the creation of a unified currency is the sheer dominance of the United States in any such union. Unlike any country in the EU, the USA has a larger economy than the rest of its respective continent/union combined. [citation needed]

A paper from University of California, Santa Barbara puts forward the idea that the United States simply has too many advantages from the status quo to move toward a single currency.[13] The United States dollar already acts as a global currency, meaning any transition to a 'new' currency would risk compromising this position and could cause a shift toward the euro, yen or yuan.[citation needed] The U.S. dollar is currently being used in over half of all the world's exports, double the total United States foreign trade. The adoption of the amero could threaten the seigniorage that the U.S. currently gains from its dollar. While seignorage would still be gained from the amero, this would be shared among the Bank of Canada, the Federal Reserve, and the Banco de México. Therefore, even if the amero were used just as much as the U.S. dollar, the advantages would be shared among two or more countries, and not exclusively earned by the United States.

Differing economies

Several problems could arise in regards to macroeconomic management. By submitting to a common currency, the countries would lose considerable autonomy in the management of the currency itself, including the setting of interest rates. Amongst the three potential participants, there is considerable difference in policy which would have to be reconciled.

Debt is a factor affecting currency prices. As of 2008, the debt of the United States continues to increase, while the debt of the Canadian federal government is being reduced. [14] This is a clear advantage for Canadians and it would not be reflected if the currencies were to merge. The importance of commodities also factors into this equation.

A concern with any unified North American currency is the differing economic situations between each country. The Eurozone is broadly similar being service-based economies[15] based on high public spending (compared to the United States), high taxes and wealth being created by the sale of goods and services. North America on the other hand has three distinct economies; one based mainly on agriculture and manufacturing, with a demand for free trade (Mexico), another based on services such as retail, with low taxes and low public spending (United States), and a third based on services with higher taxes and higher public spending, with a large sector in primary goods such as oil, mining and lumber (Canada).[citation needed]

Political mandate

Lou Dobbs, a reporter and commentator for CNN, claims a "North American Union" is being implemented, without the knowledge and consent of the majority of the people who would be affected by this.[16] This Union, he and others claim, would include a common currency.

In 2006, Conservative Caucus Chairman Howard Phillips, WND columnist and author Jerome Corsi, activist Phyllis Schlafly, among others, reportedly formed a coalition against a North American Union.[17] On January 22, 2007, Republican Representatives Virgil Goode of Virginia, Tom Tancredo of Colorado, Walter Jones of North Carolina, and Ron Paul of Texas were among the 43 federal lawmakers who introduced H. CON. RES. 40, a resolution advocated by the coalition, that expressed:

"The sense of Congress that the United States should not engage in the construction of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Superhighway System or enter into a North American Union (NAU) with Mexico or Canada."

Amero coins

In August 2007, rumors and conspiracy theories began circulating across the Internet regarding alleged United States Treasury-issued "amero coins".

The inspiration behind these rumors may have been the posting of images of medallions created by coin designer Daniel Carr.[1] Carr, who designed the New York and Rhode Island 2001 statehood quarters, sells medals and tokens of his own design on his commercial website, "Designs Computed" (also known as "DC Coin").[1] Among his designs are a series of gold, silver and copper fantasy issues of "amero coins" ranging in denomination from one to one thousand.[1] The medallions have the legend "Union of North America" on the back with his company's logo, a stylized "DC",[18] in small type.[19] Concerning his "amero" designs, he mentions on his website:

My goal with these coins is not to endorse a Union of North America or a common "Amero" currency. I fully support the United States Constitution, and I would not welcome (in any form) a diminishment of its provisions. I expect that these coins will help make more people aware of the issue and the possible ramifications. I leave it up to others to decide if they are in favor of, or against a North American Union. And I encourage citizens to voice their approval or disapproval of government plans that impact them.[20]

Unauthorized postings of images taken from his website have been reposted widely across the Internet, often being used as supposed "proof" of the amero coinage. Notably, white nationalist and former Internet radio talk show host Hal Turner ran a full article on his website about the "amero coin", claiming to have arranged for a United States Government minted "amero" to be smuggled out of the United States Department of the Treasury by an employee of that organization.[21]

Following Turner's assertions of federal minting of ameros, a web site marketing the curio coins released a statement debunking Turner's claims of a government cover up regarding Daniel Carr's amero products.[22] The urban legend investigating Web site Snopes also ran a further counter to Turner's claims, stating "neither the U.S. Mint nor the U.S. Treasury has a hand in creating these 'Ameros'. These coins are merely collectibles offered to the buying public by a private company in the business of manufacturing such curiosities."[23] Hal Turner claimed that Carr's website had been created in haste in a matter of days expressly to discredit his claim about the coinage. [24] However, Carr's designs have been available through his website since 2005,[25] and according to a WHOIS search at Network Solutions, the domain "dc-coin.com" was registered by Daniel Carr on 27 September 2005.[26] In October 2008, Hal Turner released a video showing an apparent 20 amero coin, with claims that shipments of the currency had been sent to China. [27] Yet the coin in Hal Turner's video is identical to a medallion on Daniel Carr's "dc-coin" website, listed as "UNA 2007 20 Ameros, Copper, Satin Finish". [28]

Amero bills

On December 3, 2008, Hal Turner's blog featured what he claimed were genuine "amero bills". He displayed photographs of purported 20, 50 and 100 amero notes. Turner did not identify how he obtained the images, saying only that "once again, my sources have come through." He claims that the "new currency is already being printed and quietly distributed around the world."[29] The website Snopes.com suggested Turner was "beating the same tired, apocryphal drum" with his new claim.[23] A user at the Abovetopsecret.com discussion forum alleged that these images are art from the Flickr user aleatorysort,[2] who created them as an artistic political commentary[30], and were therefore not actual currency.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bennett, Drake (2007-11-25), "The Amero Conspiracy", International Herald Tribune, retrieved 2007-11-28
  2. ^ a b Herbert G. Grubel (1999). "The Case for the Amero: The Economics and Politics of a North American Monetary Union" (PDF). The Fraser Institute. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
  3. ^ "SPP Myths vs Facts". Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  4. ^ The Case for the Amero: The Institutions of a North American Monetary Union
  5. ^ "Canada Should Pursue North American Currency Union" (PDF). C. D. Howe Institute. June 22 1999. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Robert A. Pastor (2001). Toward a North American Community: Lessons from the Old World for the New. Peterson Institute. ISBN 0881323284, 9780881323283
  7. ^ W.B.P. Robson and D.E.W. Laidler (2002). "No Small Change: The Awkward Economics and Politics of North American Monetary Integration". C.D. Howe Institute Commentary: The Border Papers, Toronto, Ontario. 29. C.D. Howe Institute.
  8. ^ Leger Marketing Group (August 30 2001). "A Study of How Canadians Perceive Canada-US relations". {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Fabián Muñoz El Norte (April 10, 1999). "Unificarían moneda México, Canadá y EU". Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  10. ^ Vicente Fox | The Daily Show | Comedy Central at www.thedailyshow.com
  11. ^ CNN.com - Transcripts at transcripts.cnn.com
  12. ^ Chase, Steven (2007-11-22), "Consider a continental currency: Jarislowsky", The Globe and Mail, retrieved 2007-11-28
  13. ^ Benjamin J. Cohen (2004). "North American Monetary Union: A United States Perspective". Global & International Studies Program. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  14. ^ Federal government net financial debt at www40.statcan.ca
  15. ^ European Economic Statistics, Fig.2.2.2, Eurostat Statistical Books
  16. ^ CNN.com - Transcripts at transcripts.cnn.com
  17. ^ Judi McLeod (2006-12-14). ""Debut of the Amero,"". Canada Free Press.
  18. ^ Catalog of Minted Items by Daniel Carr at www.designscomputed.com
  19. ^ "Photos of notional Amero coins". AmeroCurrency.com. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  20. ^ "UNA Amero Pattern Coins". DC Coins. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
  21. ^ "Amero Coin Arrives". Hal Turner Show. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  22. ^ "Response to Turner claims of U.S. Government Amero Cover Up". AmeroCurrency.com. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  23. ^ a b "Amero Uproar". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  24. ^ "Hal Turner's AMERO Coin Story". Educate-Yourself.org. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
  25. ^ "List of archives of http://www.dc-coin.com". Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2009-05-17. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help) The archive has a 4 August 2007 copy of Carr's coin list with the Amero near the bottom, and a 19 August 2007 copy of the Amero page itself.
  26. ^ WHOIS domain registration information results for dc-coin.com from Network Solutions at www.networksolutions.com
  27. ^ "Hal Turner Shows NEW Amero Currency". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  28. ^ "UNA Ameri Pattern Coins". dc-coin.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  29. ^ "New Amero Paper Currency Exposed". halturnershow.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  30. ^ "**PROOF** Proof that AMERO bills are FAKEs!!". Abovetopsecret.com. Retrieved 2008-12-10.

External links

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