Battle of Sardarabad: Difference between revisions
m copyedits |
|||
| (2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
|combatant1={{flag|Ottoman Empire|size=25px}} |
|combatant1={{flag|Ottoman Empire|size=25px}} |
||
|combatant2={{flagicon|Armenia|1918|size=23px}} [[Armenian National Council]] |
|combatant2={{flagicon|Armenia|1918|size=23px}} [[Armenian National Council]] |
||
|commander1=[[Kâzım Karabekir|Kâzım Karabekir Bey]]<ref name="Erzincan">{{Tr icon}} [[Kâzım Karabekir|Karabekir, Kâzım]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=LmP3TdC_H4yKuAPy86GDDA&ct=result&id=PlRtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kolordu+Serdarabad+Karabekir+May%C4%B1s&q=Serdarabad#search_anchor Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu: Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi (The Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum: Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond]''). Erzurum Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Yardımlaşma Vakfı, 1990, p. 377. ISBN 9789755120720.</ref><ref name="Gurbuz">{{Tr icon}} |
|commander1=[[Kâzım Karabekir|Kâzım Karabekir Bey]]<ref name="Erzincan">{{Tr icon}} [[Kâzım Karabekir|Karabekir, Kâzım]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=LmP3TdC_H4yKuAPy86GDDA&ct=result&id=PlRtAAAAMAAJ&dq=Kolordu+Serdarabad+Karabekir+May%C4%B1s&q=Serdarabad#search_anchor Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu: Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi (The Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum: Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond]''). Erzurum Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Yardımlaşma Vakfı, 1990, p. 377. ISBN 9789755120720.</ref><ref name="Gurbuz">{{Tr icon}} Gürbüz, Mustafa, [http://www.eraren.org/index.php?Lisan=tr&Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=498 "1917 Rus İhtilali Sonrası Kafkasya'da Türk Askeri Faaliyetleri: Serdarabad Savaşları ve Siyasi Sonuçları"] (Turkish Military Operations in the Caucasus after the 1917 Russian Revolution: The battles of Serdarabad and its Political Results). ''Ermeni Araştırmaları'', No. 25, 2007.</ref><ref group=dn>Miralay ([[Colonel]]) Kâzım Karabekir Bey, the commander of the [[I Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Caucasian Corps]] at Kızılçakçak (modern-day [[Akyaka, Kars|Aykara]]), T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, pp. 161-162. {{Tr icon}}</ref><br />[[Rüştü Pasha|Rüştü Bey]]<ref group=dn>Miralay (Colonel) Rüştü Bey, the commander of the [[9th Caucasian Division (Ottoman Empire)|9th Caucasian Division]] at south of Alexandropol (modern-day [[Gyumri]]), T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, pp. 29-30. {{Tr icon}}</ref><br />Zihni Bey<ref name="Erzincan"/><ref name="Gurbuz"/><ref group=dn>Zihni Bey, the commander of the Zihni Bey Detachment.</ref> |
||
|commander2=[[Tovmas Nazarbekian|Tovmas Nazarbekyan]]<br />[[Movses Silikyan]] |
|commander2=[[Tovmas Nazarbekian|Tovmas Nazarbekyan]]<br />[[Movses Silikyan]] |
||
[[Drastamat Kanayan]]<br> |
[[Drastamat Kanayan]]<br> |
||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
==Battle== |
==Battle== |
||
[[File:MovsesSilikyan.jpeg|thumb|left|130px|General [[Movses Silikyan]], commander of the Armenian forces.]] |
[[File:MovsesSilikyan.jpeg|thumb|left|130px|General [[Movses Silikyan]], commander of the Armenian forces.]] |
||
The Ottoman offensive was viewed by Armenians with foreboding and they immediately began to prepare for the upcoming battle: [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] Gevorg V ordered that church bells peal for six days as Armenians from all walks of life – peasants, poets, blacksmith, and even the clergymen – rallied to form organized military units.<ref>{{cite book |
The Ottoman offensive was viewed by Armenians with foreboding and they immediately began to prepare for the upcoming battle: [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] Gevorg V ordered that church bells peal for six days as Armenians from all walks of life – peasants, poets, blacksmith, and even the clergymen – rallied to form organized military units.<ref>{{cite book |
||
| last = Bobelian |
| last = Bobelian |
||
| Line 70: | Line 71: | ||
| year = 2009 |
| year = 2009 |
||
| page=34 |
| page=34 |
||
| isbn =1-4165-5725-3}}</ref> Civilians, including children, aided in the war effort as well, as "Carts drawn by oxen, water buffalo, and cows jammed the roads bringing food, provisions, ammunition, and volunteers from the vicinity" of Yerevan.<ref>Hovannisian. ''Armenia on the Road to Independence'', p. 193.</ref> |
| isbn =1-4165-5725-3}}</ref> Civilians, including children, aided in the war effort as well, as "Carts drawn by oxen, water buffalo, and cows jammed the roads bringing food, provisions, ammunition, and volunteers from the vicinity" of Yerevan.<ref>Hovannisian. ''Armenia on the Road to Independence'', p. 193.</ref> |
||
With the request of [[Enver Pasha]], [[Colonel|Mirlay]] [[Kâzım Karabekir|Kâzım Karabekir Bey]]'s [[I Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|I Caucasian Corps]] and [[Mirliva]] [[Yakup Şevki Subaşı|Yakub Shevki Pahsa]]'s [[II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|II Caucasian Corps]] put into action in the direction of Karakilisa (modern-day [[Vanadzor]]), Sardarabad, [[Tbilisi]] and [[Yerevan]] on 20 May. While Karakilisa was selected as their main target, Tbilisi and Yerevan would had been under pressure. The Operations of southern flank was given to I Caucasian Corps and the task of the seizure of Karakilisa was given to II Caucasian Corps. The Ottoman forces reached regions targeted for May 20 without resistance. Only a combat action occurred in Karzak area. The detachment commanded by Zihni Bey, that moved forward in Sardarabad area, reached the station of Alagöz and line of Mahtaka. On May 21, the detachment of Zihni Bey defeated Armenian unit composed of 600 infantries and 250 cavalries, and then took Sardarabad<ref>{{Tr icon}} T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, ''Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi Kafkas Cephesi: 3 ncü Ordu Harekâtı'', T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basım Evi, 1993, p. 516.</ref> and from there, their forces started advancing towards [[Yeghegnut, Armavir|Yeghegnut]]. |
|||
Armenian general [[Movses Silikyan]] ordered elements of the 5th Armenian Regiment under Poghos Bek-Pirumyan, a reserve guerrilla unit, and a special cavalry regiment to check the advance of the Ottoman army.<ref name="SAE">{{hy icon}} Harutunyan, Ashot H. ''«Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ 1918»'' (The Battle of Sardarapat, 1918). [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. vol. x. Yerevan: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1984, pp. 227-228.</ref> An offensive was launched on May 22 and Armenian forces were successful in halting the Ottomans in their tracks and forcing |
Armenian general [[Movses Silikyan]] ordered elements of the 5th Armenian Regiment under Poghos Bek-Pirumyan, a reserve guerrilla unit, and a special cavalry regiment to check the advance of the Ottoman army.<ref name="SAE">{{hy icon}} Harutunyan, Ashot H. ''«Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ 1918»'' (The Battle of Sardarapat, 1918). [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]]. vol. x. Yerevan: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1984, pp. 227-228.</ref> An offensive was launched on May 22 and Armenian forces were successful in halting the Ottomans in their tracks and forcing Yakub Shevki Pasha's forces into a general [[rout]] (retreating nearly 15-20 kilometers in a westerly direction). The Ottoman command, however, was able to recuperate from its losses and reorganized its forces near the mountain heights on the north-west bank of the [[Araks river]]. Repeated attempts to cross the river was met with fierce resistance by the 5th Armenian Regiment.<ref name="SAE"/> |
||
On May 24, several more skirmishes took place between the Armenian and Ottoman forces and attempts to dislodge the Ottomans from their well-entrenched positions the following day by Poghos Bek-Pirumyan's and other commanders' forces were met with failure.<ref name="SAE"/> On May 27, an Armenian force commanded by Colonel Karapet Hasan-Pashayan performed a flanking maneuver and struck the Ottoman positions from the rear while the rest of the Armenian forces pounded the main Ottoman positions.<ref name="SAE"/> An Ottoman force based in [[Talin]] was sent to alleviate it by attacking the Armenian rear. Suffering heavy losses, Ottoman commanders ordered a general retreat as the surviving elements of the Ottoman army were put to flight.<ref name="SAE"/> |
On May 24, several more skirmishes took place between the Armenian and Ottoman forces and attempts to dislodge the Ottomans from their well-entrenched positions the following day by Poghos Bek-Pirumyan's and other commanders' forces were met with failure.<ref name="SAE"/> On May 27, an Armenian force commanded by Colonel Karapet Hasan-Pashayan performed a flanking maneuver and struck the Ottoman positions from the rear while the rest of the Armenian forces pounded the main Ottoman positions.<ref name="SAE"/> An Ottoman force based in [[Talin]] was sent to alleviate it by attacking the Armenian rear. Suffering heavy losses, Ottoman commanders ordered a general retreat as the surviving elements of the Ottoman army were put to flight.<ref name="SAE"/> |
||
Revision as of 02:49, 15 June 2011
| Battle of Sardarabad Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The memorial dedicated to the Armenian victory at the battle of Sardarabad in Armavir, Armenia. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Ottoman Empire |
 Armenian National Council | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Kâzım Karabekir Bey[2][3][dn 1] Rüştü Bey[dn 2] Zihni Bey[2][3][dn 3] |
Tovmas Nazarbekyan | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| ~10-13,000 [dn 4] | 9,000 [dn 5] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3,500 dead alone from May 22 to May 26[1] | light[citation needed] | ||||||
The Battle of Sardarabad or Battle of Sardarapat (Armenian: Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ, Sardarapati č̣akatamart, Turkish: Serdarabad Muharebesi or Serdarabad Savaşı[4]) was a battle of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place near Sardarabad (modern-day Armavir), Armenia from May 21-29, 1918. Sardarabad was only 40 kilometers west of the city of Yerevan and the battle is currently seen as not only stopping the Ottoman advance into the rest of Armenia but also preventing the complete destruction of the Armenian nation.[5] In the words of historian and researcher Christopher J. Walker, had the Armenians lost this battle, "it is perfectly possible that the word Armenia would have henceforth denoted only an antique geographical term."[6]
Background
In January 1918, two months after the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, the Sovnarkom, the highest government authority under the Bolshevik system, issued a decree which called for the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Caucasus Front. This move threw the Armenian leadership in the Transcaucasia into a panic, since it removed from the region the only force capable of protecting the Armenian people from the Ottoman Empire, which had effectively exterminated its Armenian population through systematic massacres and deportations. The Armenians refused to recognize the authority of the Bolsheviks and attempted to form military units to defend the front as the Ottoman armies prepared to expand eastward.[7]
The Armenians attempted to stall the Ottoman advance as they created a small Armenian army to take up the positions the Russians had abandoned. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was selected as its commanding officer and Drastamat Kanayan was appointed as civilian commissar.[8] But in May 1918, just two months after the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was concluded with the Russian SFSR, elements of the Ottoman Third Army crossed into Eastern Armenia and attacked Alexandropol (modern-day Gyumri). The Ottoman Army intended to crush Armenia and seize what was left of Transcaucasia. The German government, the Ottoman Empire's ally, objected to this attack and refused to help the Ottoman Army in the operation.
At this time, only a small area of historical Armenian territory which used to be a part of the Russian Empire remained unconquered by the Ottoman Empire, and into that area hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees had fled after the Armenian Genocide. The Ottoman Forces began a three-pronged attack in an attempt to finally overwhelm and conquer the rest of Armenia. When Alexandropol fell, the Ottoman Army moved into the former territory of the Yerevan guberniia – the heart of Armenia.[9]
Battle
The Ottoman offensive was viewed by Armenians with foreboding and they immediately began to prepare for the upcoming battle: Catholicos Gevorg V ordered that church bells peal for six days as Armenians from all walks of life – peasants, poets, blacksmith, and even the clergymen – rallied to form organized military units.[10] Civilians, including children, aided in the war effort as well, as "Carts drawn by oxen, water buffalo, and cows jammed the roads bringing food, provisions, ammunition, and volunteers from the vicinity" of Yerevan.[11]
With the request of Enver Pasha, Mirlay Kâzım Karabekir Bey's I Caucasian Corps and Mirliva Yakub Shevki Pahsa's II Caucasian Corps put into action in the direction of Karakilisa (modern-day Vanadzor), Sardarabad, Tbilisi and Yerevan on 20 May. While Karakilisa was selected as their main target, Tbilisi and Yerevan would had been under pressure. The Operations of southern flank was given to I Caucasian Corps and the task of the seizure of Karakilisa was given to II Caucasian Corps. The Ottoman forces reached regions targeted for May 20 without resistance. Only a combat action occurred in Karzak area. The detachment commanded by Zihni Bey, that moved forward in Sardarabad area, reached the station of Alagöz and line of Mahtaka. On May 21, the detachment of Zihni Bey defeated Armenian unit composed of 600 infantries and 250 cavalries, and then took Sardarabad[12] and from there, their forces started advancing towards Yeghegnut.
Armenian general Movses Silikyan ordered elements of the 5th Armenian Regiment under Poghos Bek-Pirumyan, a reserve guerrilla unit, and a special cavalry regiment to check the advance of the Ottoman army.[1] An offensive was launched on May 22 and Armenian forces were successful in halting the Ottomans in their tracks and forcing Yakub Shevki Pasha's forces into a general rout (retreating nearly 15-20 kilometers in a westerly direction). The Ottoman command, however, was able to recuperate from its losses and reorganized its forces near the mountain heights on the north-west bank of the Araks river. Repeated attempts to cross the river was met with fierce resistance by the 5th Armenian Regiment.[1]
On May 24, several more skirmishes took place between the Armenian and Ottoman forces and attempts to dislodge the Ottomans from their well-entrenched positions the following day by Poghos Bek-Pirumyan's and other commanders' forces were met with failure.[1] On May 27, an Armenian force commanded by Colonel Karapet Hasan-Pashayan performed a flanking maneuver and struck the Ottoman positions from the rear while the rest of the Armenian forces pounded the main Ottoman positions.[1] An Ottoman force based in Talin was sent to alleviate it by attacking the Armenian rear. Suffering heavy losses, Ottoman commanders ordered a general retreat as the surviving elements of the Ottoman army were put to flight.[1]
Aftermath
With the Ottoman forces in a full rout, General Silikyan wished to press on his advantage with the hope of dislodging the Ottomans from Alexandropol and Kars. But, almost immediately, he was informed of the ongoing negotiations between the Ottoman leadership and the Armenian National Council in Tiflis and was told by Corps Commander Tovmas Nazarbekian to cease military operations in the region.[13] Though members of the National Council were widely criticized for issuing this order at the time, this decision was carried out on account of the fact that the ammunition stores had been all but been depleted and Ottoman commanders had received fresh reinforcements.[13]
The Ottoman defeats at Sardarabad, Bash Abaran, and Karakilisa staved off the annihilation of the Armenian nation, and the victories here were instrumental in allowing the Armenian National Council to declare the independence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia on May 30 (retroactive to May 28). Though the terms that Armenia agreed to in the Treaty of Batum (June 4, 1918) were excessively harsh, the little republic was able to hold out until the Ottomans were forced to withdraw from the region with the end of World War I in late 1918.
Legacy and memory
The battle of Sardarabad holds a special place in Armenian historical memory and is often compared to the 451 A.D. battle of Avarayr.[14] Leaders of the first Armenian republic frequently invoked the name of the battle, exhorting their people to aspire to the example of those who had fought and participated in it.[15][16] The battle was seldom mentioned or given little significance in Soviet historiography until after the death of Stalin.[17] In the mid-1960s, a number of Soviet historians began to highlight its importance, as well as that of Bash Abaran's and Karakilisa's.[18][19][20] The Soviet military historian Evgenii F. Ludshuvet, for example, emphasized that these battles, fought by the "Armenian Dashnak forces", helped slow down the Turkish advance on Baku and helped relieve some pressure against that city.[21] Notable Soviet Armenian literary figures such as Hovhannes Shiraz and Paruyr Sevak, whose work "Sardarapat" was turned into a popular song, even wrote songs and poems that lionized the Armenian fighters.[22] Ivan Bagramyan, Marshal of the Soviet Union and himself a participant of the battle, described its importance in the following manner:
The significance of the battle of Sardarapat is great....If they [the Armenians] did not defeat the Ottomans there, they would have proceeded to Echmiadzin and Yerevan – nothing would have remained of Armenia, nothing would have been saved....The Armenians won and, thanks to them, our people preserved their physical existence within the current borders of Armenia.[23]
After the commemoration of the Armenian Genocide's fiftieth anniversary in 1965, Soviet authorities agreed to the construction of a monument and park dedicated to the Armenian victory near the site of the battle. Architect Rafayel Israyelian was commissioned to design the monument, which was completed in 1968.
See also
Notes
- ^ Miralay (Colonel) Kâzım Karabekir Bey, the commander of the I Caucasian Corps at Kızılçakçak (modern-day Aykara), T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, pp. 161-162. Template:Tr icon
- ^ Miralay (Colonel) Rüştü Bey, the commander of the 9th Caucasian Division at south of Alexandropol (modern-day Gyumri), T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, pp. 29-30. Template:Tr icon
- ^ Zihni Bey, the commander of the Zihni Bey Detachment.
- ^ The composition of the Ottoman I Caucasian Corps was as follows: 5th Caucasian Division; 9th Caucasian Division; 11th Caucasian Division; 36th Caucasian Division; 1,500-3,000 Kurdish Cavalry
- ^ These are the figures provided by Simon Vratsian, the then member of the Armenian National Council. The composition of the forces was as follows: 4th Battalion (1,500 men); 5th Battalion (800); 1st Battalion (700; 1st Partisan (1,200); Erzinjan Battalion (700); Maku (300); 2nd Cavalry Battalion (700); Partisan Cavalry (800); Special Cavalry (500); and the 1st and 2nd Van Regiments (2,500): see Stephen G. Svajian, A Trip Through Historic Armenia. New York: GreenHill Publishing, 1977, p. 558.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Template:Hy icon Harutunyan, Ashot H. «Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ 1918» (The Battle of Sardarapat, 1918). Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. vol. x. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 227-228.
- ^ a b Template:Tr icon Karabekir, Kâzım. Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu: Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi (The Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum: Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond). Erzurum Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Yardımlaşma Vakfı, 1990, p. 377. ISBN 9789755120720.
- ^ a b Template:Tr icon Gürbüz, Mustafa, "1917 Rus İhtilali Sonrası Kafkasya'da Türk Askeri Faaliyetleri: Serdarabad Savaşları ve Siyasi Sonuçları" (Turkish Military Operations in the Caucasus after the 1917 Russian Revolution: The battles of Serdarabad and its Political Results). Ermeni Araştırmaları, No. 25, 2007.
- ^ Template:Tr icon Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi (The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question). Belge Yayınları, 1976, p. LXVII.
- ^ Balakian, Peter (2003). The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response. New York: HarperCollins. p. 321. ISBN 0-0605-5870-9.
- ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1990). Armenia The Survival of a Nation, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 254–255. ISBN 0-7099-0210-7.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 113–117. ISBN 0-5200-0574-0.
- ^ Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, p. 114.
- ^ Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 174-176.
- ^ Bobelian, Michael (2009). Children of Armenia: A Forgotten Genocide and the Century-long Struggle for Justice. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 34. ISBN 1-4165-5725-3.
- ^ Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, p. 193.
- ^ Template:Tr icon T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi Kafkas Cephesi: 3 ncü Ordu Harekâtı, T.C. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basım Evi, 1993, p. 516.
- ^ a b Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, pp. 193-194.
- ^ Template:Hy icon Karapetyan, Armen. "Ավարայր և Սարդարապատ" ("Avarayr and Sardarapat"). Hamaynapatker. № 46, 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918-1919, Vol. I. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 460. ISBN 0-5200-1984-9.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia, Vol. IV: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 199, 267. ISBN 0-5200-8804-2.
- ^ See Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia, vol. I, p. 35, n. 77.
- ^ Template:Hy icon Kirakosyan, John. "Հիսուն տարի առաջ (Սարդարապատի հերոսամարտի առիթով)" (Fifty Years Ago: On the Occasion of the Heroic Battle of Sardarabad). Banber Yerevani Hamalsarani. № 2, 1968, pp. 36-53.
- ^ Template:Hy icon Editorial. "Փառք Զոհվածներին" ("Glory to the Fallen"). Sovetakan Grakanutiun. № 5, 1968, pp. 102-104.
- ^ Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 251. ISBN 0-2311-3926-8.
- ^ Template:Ru icon Ludshuvet, Evgenii F. Турции в Первой мировой войне, 1914-1918, военно-политической очерк. Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 1966, pp. 186-190.
- ^ Template:Hy icon See Hamaynapatker. № 46, 2008, p. 2.
- ^ Template:Hy icon Mnatsakanyan, Aramayis N. (1978). Մարշալ Բաղրամյան, Կյանքի և Գործունեության Ուրվագիծ (Marshal Baghramyan: An Outline of His Life and Work). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. 32.
Further reading
- Template:Hy icon Afansyan, Serzh. Սարդարապատի հաղթանակը, Հայաստան, Մայիս 1918 (The Victory at Sardarapat, Armenia, May 1918). Yerevan: Iravabanakan Grakanutyan Publishing, 1991.
- Allen, William E.D. and Paul Muratoff. Caucasian Battlefields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.
- Template:Hy icon Aghayan, Tsatur P. Հոկտեմբերը և Հայ Ժողովրդի Ազատագրական Պայքարը (October and the Liberation Struggle of the Armenian People). Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, 1982.
- Kayaloff, Jacques. The Battle of Sardarabad. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
- Template:Fr icon Poidebard, Antoine. "Rôle militaire des Arméniens sur le front du Caucase après la defection de l'armée russe (décembre 1917-novembre 1918)." Revue des Études Arméniennes, I, pt. 2, 1920.