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'''Smell training''' or '''olfactory training''' is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas<ref name=":3" /> with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous.<ref name=":3" /> It is used as a [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitative therapy]] to help people who have [[anosmia]], a symptom of [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Mei T, Chen Y, Wang L, Jiang L, Liu K, Zhao L, Luo Z, Chi W, Zhu X | display-authors = 6 | title = Smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of olfactory training: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Medicine | volume = 100 | issue = 8 | pages = e24862 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33663108 | pmc = 7909207 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000024862 }}</ref> It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 [[meta-analysis]] authored by Thomas Hummel, its inventor and main proponent.<ref name=":3" />
'''Smell training''' or '''olfactory training''' is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas<ref name=":3" /> with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous.<ref name=":3" /> It is used as a [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitative therapy]] to help people who have [[anosmia]], a symptom of [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang Y, Mei T, Chen Y, Wang L, Jiang L, Liu K, Zhao L, Luo Z, Chi W, Zhu X | display-authors = 6 | title = Smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of olfactory training: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Medicine | volume = 100 | issue = 8 | pages = e24862 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33663108 | pmc = 7909207 | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000024862 }}</ref> It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 [[meta-analysis]].<ref name=":3" />


== Efficacy ==
== Efficacy ==
Smell training likely achieves results because the [[olfactory nerve]] and [[olfactory bulb]] have [[neuroplasticity|neural plasticity]] and are able to regenerate. Along with olfactory implants,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holbrook|first=Eric H.|last2=Coelho|first2=Daniel H.|date=2020-02-01|title=Cranial Nerve Stimulation for Olfaction (Cranial Nerve 1)|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685237/|journal=Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America|volume=53|issue=1|pages=73–85|doi=10.1016/j.otc.2019.09.014|issn=1557-8259|pmid=31685237}}</ref> smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sorokowska A, Drechsler E, Karwowski M, Hummel T | title = Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis | journal = Rhinology | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–26 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28040824 | doi = 10.4193/Rhin16.195 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Smell training likely achieves results because the [[olfactory nerve]] and [[olfactory bulb]] have [[neuroplasticity|neural plasticity]] and are able to regenerate. Along with olfactory implants,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holbrook|first=Eric H.|last2=Coelho|first2=Daniel H.|date=2020-02-01|title=Cranial Nerve Stimulation for Olfaction (Cranial Nerve 1)|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685237/|journal=Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America|volume=53|issue=1|pages=73–85|doi=10.1016/j.otc.2019.09.014|issn=1557-8259|pmid=31685237}}</ref> smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sorokowska A, Drechsler E, Karwowski M, Hummel T | title = Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis | journal = Rhinology | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–26 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28040824 | doi = 10.4193/Rhin16.195 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


Several small, non-[[double-blinded]] individual studies have weakly indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Besser G, Oswald MM, Liu DT, Renner B, Mueller CA | title = Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study | journal = European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | volume = 277 | issue = 7 | pages = 1987–1994 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32248300 | pmc = 7286942 | doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-05950-8 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB|date=March 2009|title=Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=119|issue=3|pages=496–9|doi=10.1002/lary.20101|pmid=19235739|s2cid=5239574}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu DT, Sabha M, Damm M, Philpott C, Oleszkiewicz A, Hähner A, Hummel T | title = Parosmia is Associated with Relevant Olfactory Recovery After Olfactory Training | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 618–623 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33210732 | doi = 10.1002/lary.29277 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Rodriguez CH |date=2021-03-25|title=Nosing In on Kids Who Had Covid and Lost Their Sense of Smell|url=https://khn.org/news/article/pediatric-covid-patients-loss-of-smell-scent-training/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Kaiser Health News|language=en-US}}</ref>
Several individual studies have indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Besser G, Oswald MM, Liu DT, Renner B, Mueller CA | title = Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study | journal = European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | volume = 277 | issue = 7 | pages = 1987–1994 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32248300 | pmc = 7286942 | doi = 10.1007/s00405-020-05950-8 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB|date=March 2009|title=Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=119|issue=3|pages=496–9|doi=10.1002/lary.20101|pmid=19235739|s2cid=5239574}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu DT, Sabha M, Damm M, Philpott C, Oleszkiewicz A, Hähner A, Hummel T | title = Parosmia is Associated with Relevant Olfactory Recovery After Olfactory Training | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 618–623 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33210732 | doi = 10.1002/lary.29277 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children.<ref>{{Cite web| vauthors = Rodriguez CH |date=2021-03-25|title=Nosing In on Kids Who Had Covid and Lost Their Sense of Smell|url=https://khn.org/news/article/pediatric-covid-patients-loss-of-smell-scent-training/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Kaiser Health News|language=en-US}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 12:45, 4 May 2021

Smell training or olfactory training is the act of regularly sniffing or exposing oneself to robust aromas[1] with the intention of regaining a sense of smell. The stimulating smells used are often selected from major smell categories, such as aromatic, flowery, fruity, and resinous.[1] It is used as a rehabilitative therapy to help people who have anosmia, a symptom of COVID-19.[2] It was considered a promising experimental treatment in a 2017 meta-analysis.[1]

Efficacy

Smell training likely achieves results because the olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb have neural plasticity and are able to regenerate. Along with olfactory implants,[3] smell training is a promising but experimental treatment option.[1]

Several individual studies have indicated that smell training can increase olfactory sensitivity.[4][5][6] As of March 2021, there have been no studies of smell training's efficacy for children.[7]

History

The idea was first written about by Thomas Hummel, a German psychologist at the Dresden University of Technology, in his 2009 paper "Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss".[8] In his original study, Hummel instructed patients with olfactory dysfunction to follow a twice-a-day routine for twelve weeks. The routine included inhaling the odor of rose, lemon, clove, and eucalyptus (phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellal, eucalyptol, and eugenol respectively) essential oils for ten seconds each. These intense odors each correspond to a different odor category in Henning's odor prism.[5]

Hummel's paper built on a 1989 study by the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. The study showed that after repeated exposure to androstenone, a chemical which half of all humans cannot detect, some subjects gained the ability to smell it.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Sorokowska A, Drechsler E, Karwowski M, Hummel T (March 2017). "Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis". Rhinology. 55 (1): 17–26. doi:10.4193/Rhin16.195. PMID 28040824.
  2. ^ Zhang Y, Mei T, Chen Y, Wang L, Jiang L, Liu K, et al. (February 2021). "Smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of olfactory training: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis". Medicine. 100 (8): e24862. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000024862. PMC 7909207. PMID 33663108.
  3. ^ Holbrook, Eric H.; Coelho, Daniel H. (1 February 2020). "Cranial Nerve Stimulation for Olfaction (Cranial Nerve 1)". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 53 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2019.09.014. ISSN 1557-8259. PMID 31685237.
  4. ^ Besser G, Oswald MM, Liu DT, Renner B, Mueller CA (July 2020). "Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 277 (7): 1987–1994. doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05950-8. PMC 7286942. PMID 32248300.
  5. ^ a b Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M, Hüttenbrink KB (March 2009). "Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss". The Laryngoscope. 119 (3): 496–9. doi:10.1002/lary.20101. PMID 19235739. S2CID 5239574.
  6. ^ Liu DT, Sabha M, Damm M, Philpott C, Oleszkiewicz A, Hähner A, Hummel T (March 2021). "Parosmia is Associated with Relevant Olfactory Recovery After Olfactory Training". The Laryngoscope. 131 (3): 618–623. doi:10.1002/lary.29277. PMID 33210732.
  7. ^ Rodriguez CH (25 March 2021). "Nosing In on Kids Who Had Covid and Lost Their Sense of Smell". Kaiser Health News. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  8. ^ Shapouri B. "The Weird World of Olfactory Training". Allure. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  9. ^ Wysocki CJ, Dorries KM, Beauchamp GK (October 1989). "Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (20): 7976–8. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.7976W. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976. PMC 298195. PMID 2813372.

Further reading

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