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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
[[File:Topal Osman Agha.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Topal Osman]]
[[File:Topal Osman Agha.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Topal Osman]]
'''Topal Osman''' [[Agha (Ottoman Empire)|Agha]] (1883, [[Giresun]], [[Trebizond Vilayet]] &ndash; 2 April 1923, [[Ankara]]) was a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[militia leader]] of the late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and early [[Turkey|Republican]] periods and perpetrator of the [[Armenian genocide]] and [[Pontic genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ağa, Topal Osman |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/aga-topal-osman.html |website=Violence de masse et Résistance |publisher=[[Sciences Po]] |access-date=15 April 2021 |language=fr |date=9 December 2015}}</ref> He commanded the 42nd Giresun Volunteer Regiment and 47th Giresun Volunteer Regiment. His last rank was [[Lieutenant-colonel]] of militia (''Milis Yarbayı'').<ref name="Milli1195">Doğan Avcıoğlu, ''Millî Kurtuluş Tarihi, 1838'den 1955'e'', Cilt 3, İstanbul Matbaası, 1974, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=3BcUToDbHqjqmAWk4uCmDQ&ct=result&id=LCAMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Topal+Osman%22+Milis+Yarbayi&q=Milis+Yarbay%C4%B1#search_anchor p. 1195.] {{in lang|tr}}</ref>
'''.Topal Osman''' [[Agha (Ottoman Empire)|Agha]] (1883, [[Giresun]], [[Trebizond Vilayet]] &ndash; 2 April 1923, [[Ankara]]) was a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[militia leader]] of the late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and early [[Turkey|Republican]].He commanded the 42nd Giresun Volunteer Regiment and 47th Giresun Volunteer Regiment. His last rank was [[Lieutenant-colonel]] of militia (''Milis Yarbayı'').<ref name="Milli1195">Doğan Avcıoğlu, ''Millî Kurtuluş Tarihi, 1838'den 1955'e'', Cilt 3, İstanbul Matbaası, 1974, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=3BcUToDbHqjqmAWk4uCmDQ&ct=result&id=LCAMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Topal+Osman%22+Milis+Yarbayi&q=Milis+Yarbay%C4%B1#search_anchor p. 1195.] {{in lang|tr}}</ref>


==Life==
==Life==

Revision as of 10:39, 17 July 2021

For the 18th century Ottoman Grand Vizier, see Topal Osman Pasha.

Topal Osman

.Topal Osman Agha (1883, Giresun, Trebizond Vilayet – 2 April 1923, Ankara) was a Turkish militia leader of the late Ottoman and early Republican.He commanded the 42nd Giresun Volunteer Regiment and 47th Giresun Volunteer Regiment. His last rank was Lieutenant-colonel of militia (Milis Yarbayı).[1]

Life

Balkan Wars

Despite his father paying his military service price, he refused to stay and joined the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars, where he became lame in one foot. (Template:Lang-tr).

Armenian genocide

Topal Osman was known to have been responsible for massacres against Armenians and Greeks during the Ottoman civil war in the Pontus region where he was stationed during World War I.[2][3][4][5] While in Trabzon, Osman made a name for himself in the spring of 1915 as commander of a squadron of gangs.[6] Osman, along with Ishak Çavuş and Bayıroğlu Hüseyin were known to have partaken in the drowning and massacres of the local Armenian population.[7] During this time, Osman had also profiteered from the confiscation of assets and property belonging to the Armenians.[3]

Greek genocide

After the First World War, Topal Osman Pasha continued his operations in the Black Sea region, this time targeting rebellious Christian Pontic Greeks during the Turkish War of Independence. He is seen as one of the key perpetrators of the Greek genocide, particularly in the northern region of Turkey historically known as Pontus. According to Mustafa Kemal's recent biographer Robert Shenk of the US Naval Institute, Topal Osman was a "sadistic ethnic cleanser of Armenians and Greeks."[8] Osman along with his gang of cut throats, were responsible for massacres, deportations, destruction and confiscation of property, extortion, rapes and other atrocities throughout this region including the cities, towns and villages of Samsun, Marsovan, Giresun, Tirebolu, Unye, Havza and Bulancak.[9] He was however refused arms and cooperation by the government and inhabitants of Trabzon, where multicultural pro-Ottoman ideals were stronger due to inter-ethnic and religious family ties. Out of anger for this refusal, Topal Osman sacked some houses in a Christian neighborhood before being forced out of the city by armed Turkish port workers and officials. Together with his subsequent murder of Trabzon deputy Ali Şükrü Bey (leader of the first Turkish opposition party) this led to long standing animosity between the nationalist government of Mustafa Kemal and the population of Trabzon.[10]

Foreign correspondents accused him as the principal organizer of the persecution against the Greeks at the Pontus region and also that he made a great fortune from the plundering of the churches.[11][12] [13]

Koçgiri Rebellion

Murder of Ali Şükrü Bey

For his work in the national movement, Osman became commander of Mustafa Kemal's special Bodyguard Regiment.[14] Captain of militia Mustafa Kaptan was appointed the commander of the Guard Battalion of the Grand National Assembly.[15] He choked Trabzon deputy Ali Şükrü Bey [tr] to death on 27 March 1923, allegedly in response to Şükrü's criticism of Mustafa Kemal.[16]

Topal Osman Affair

Mustafa Kemal ordered İsmail Hakkı Bey, who was the commander of the Presidential Guard Battalion, to take Topal Osman and his fellows into custody. This was for the Maraş crimes committed by Topal Osman.[1] Osman was surrounded at his hideout in Seyran Bağları wards, and in the resulting exchange of fire, was wounded and captured on 1 April 1923. Later that day, under İsmail Hakkı's orders, he was executed by a shot to the head.[17]

On 2 April, at the insistence of the "Second Group", his body was dug up and hung at the gate of the parliament building (today War of Independence Museum) for exhibition to the public.[18] According to some sources, his decapitated corpse was hung in the Ulus Square.[19][20] He now rests in Giresun.[21]

Legacy

Toktamış Ateş of Istanbul University claims that former Prime Minister Tansu Çiller had once promised to open a university in Topal's name.[22]

A statue of him was erected in his home town of Giresun in 2007. The erection of the statue has been linked to retired General Veli Küçük, currently under arrest for serving as a member of Ergenekon.[23] Küçük's first attempt to erect the statue was in 1981, but it was blocked by the Turkish Historical Society. Küçük tried again in 2001 but failed in his attempt after strong opposition from Mayor Mehmet Işık. It was finally erected in 2007 with the assistance of Ali Kara, chairman of the local small businessmen group of Giresun. Kara was one of the figures whose deposition was taken during the Ergenekon investigation.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b Doğan Avcıoğlu, Millî Kurtuluş Tarihi, 1838'den 1955'e, Cilt 3, İstanbul Matbaası, 1974, p. 1195. (in Turkish)
  2. ^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0674023684.
  3. ^ a b Gawrych, George W. (2013). The Young Atatürk: From Ottoman Soldier to Statesman of Turkey. I.B.Tauris. p. 180. ISBN 978-0857733276.
  4. ^ Gerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1139493512.
  5. ^ Jerjian, George (2003). The truth will set us free: Armenians and Turks reconciled. GJ Communication. p. 26. ISBN 9780954459901.
  6. ^ Raymond Kévorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 9781848855618, p. 221.
  7. ^ Raymond Kévorkian, The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 9781848855618, p. 486.
  8. ^ Shenk, R. America's Black Sea Fleet: The U.S. Navy Amidst War and Revolution, 1919-1921". Naval Institute Press 2012. 50-51
  9. ^ Black Book: The Tragedy of Pontus, The Central Council of Pontus, Athens 1922, 20-21
  10. ^ Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions that Forged Modern Greece and Turkey, p.112-116 Bruce Clark, 2006, Harvard University Press.
  11. ^ "Osman's career". Kalgoorlie Miner. Vol. 29, no. 7430. Western Australia. 5 April 1923. p. 5. Retrieved 20 February 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Kemalist Terrorism". Zeehan And Dundas Herald. Vol. XXXIII, no. 9. Tasmania, Australia. 24 October 1921. p. 3. Retrieved 20 February 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ "The Turk at Work". The West Australian. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 6, 153. Western Australia. 6 January 1922. p. 9. Retrieved 20 February 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, ISBN 0-8050-7932-7, p. 341-2.
  15. ^ Cemal Şener, Topal Osman Olayı, Ant Yayınları, 1992, p. 105. (in Turkish)
  16. ^ Ayşe Hür, "Çağımızın Bir (Başka) Kahramanı", Birikim, February 2006 (in Turkish)
  17. ^ "1923 Timeline". Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  18. ^ Ergün Aybars, İstiklâl Mahkemeleri: 1923-1927, Kültür ve Türizm Bakanlığı, 1982, p. 14. (in Turkish)
  19. ^ Uğur Mumcu, Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması, 1919-1925, Tekin Yayınevi, 1991, p. 194. (in Turkish)
  20. ^ Vahakn N. Dadrian, Taner Akçam, Tehcir ve Taktil: Divan-ı Harb-i Örfî Zabıtları İttihad ve Terakki'nin Yargılanması: 1919-1922, p. 214. (in Turkish)
  21. ^ Teoman Alpaslan, Topal Osman Ağa efsanesi, Kum Saati Publishing, 2007.[page needed]
  22. ^ Ateş, Toktamış (15 June 2006). "Topal Osman ya da Osman Ağa". Bugün (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008. Sayın Tansu Çiller başbakanken, Giresun'a bir 'Topal Osman Üniversitesi' vadetmesi, doğrusu canımı çok sıkmıştı.
  23. ^ http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=164651[permanent dead link]
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