Gugark: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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At first, according to ancient [[Urartu|Urartian]] inscriptions recorded in 785 BC, territory of Gugark was referred to as [[Zabaha]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Melkʻonyan|first=A. A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607636080|title=Javakhk in the 19th century and the 1st quarter of the 20th century : a historical research|date=2007|publisher=National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of History|isbn=978-99941-73-07-5|location=Erevan|oclc=607636080}}</ref> who, in all senses would be ancestors of the Georgian subgroup of [[Javakhians]]. Then, |
At first, according to ancient [[Urartu|Urartian]] inscriptions recorded in 785 BC, territory of Gugark was referred to as [[Zabaha]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Melkʻonyan|first=A. A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607636080|title=Javakhk in the 19th century and the 1st quarter of the 20th century : a historical research|date=2007|publisher=National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of History|isbn=978-99941-73-07-5|location=Erevan|oclc=607636080}}</ref> who, in all senses would be ancestors of the Georgian subgroup of [[Javakhians]]. Then, from 301BC onward up until 189 BC, it was part of [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Caucasian Iberia]], but during [[Artaxias I]]'s reign it was conquered. During the reign of the [[Artaxiad]] and [[Arshakuni]] kings of Armenia, Gugark was ruled by one of the kingdom's four ''[[Bidaxsh|bdeshkhs]].'' The ''bdeshkh'' of Gugark was responsible for protecting the state's northern border. During of the 4th century, the region was ruled by members of a [[Mihranids of Gugark|branch]] of the [[House of Mihran]].<ref>[[Cyril Toumanoff|Toumanoff, Cyril]]. Introduction to Christian Caucasian History, II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period. ''Traditio'' 17 (1961), p. 38.</ref> In 387, Armenia was partitioned between the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sassanid]] empires and Gugark, with the exception of the canton of [[Tashir]], was annexed to [[Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)|Caucasian Iberia]]. most probably, because of the majority of the region being Gugars, who were an [[Georgians|Iberian]] tribe. The ruler of the region around 425 was Archoucha (Arshusha of Gogarene). In 652, the Armenian prince [[Theodore Rshtuni]] was allowed by the [[Arabs]] to unite Gugark with his realms. |
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[[File:Arshakuni Armenia 150-en.svg|left|238x238px]] |
[[File:Arshakuni Armenia 150-en.svg|left|238x238px]] |
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In the following centuries, Gugark and its cantons fell under the sway of several rulers. In the 8th century, it became a part of [[Emirate of Tbilisi]]. In the middle of the 9th century, it was taken by the Georgian [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrationis]], while the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratunis]] took over its eastern cantons.<ref name=":0" /> |
In the following centuries, Gugark and its cantons fell under the sway of several rulers. In the 8th century, it became a part of [[Emirate of Tbilisi]]. In the middle of the 9th century, it was taken by the Georgian [[Bagrationi dynasty|Bagrationis]], while the Armenian [[Bagratuni Dynasty|Bagratunis]] took over its eastern cantons.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Cultural shift of the region into Armenia == |
== Cultural shift of the region into Armenia == |
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From the beginning of the history, area in and around Gugark was often corresponded to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia.]] Throughout the history, there's been many cases where the land of Gugark, (what's now most of northern Armenia, [[Lori Province|Lori.]]) was frequently called " |
From the beginning of the history, area in and around Gugark was often corresponded to [[Georgia (country)|Georgia.]] Throughout the history, there's been many cases where the land of Gugark, (what's now most of northern Armenia, [[Lori Province|Lori.]]) was frequently called "[[Vrats dasht]]" which basically means "Field of Georgians".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ივანე ჯავახიშვილი, ქართველი ერის ისტორია ტ. I, თავი 4|url=http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/ij/qei1/T4.html|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.amsi.ge}}</ref> Up until the beginning of the 7th Century, the major culture in the region was Georgian. But, during the souring of relations with the Armenian Church, Sassanid Empire forced all of its formal vassals to adopt the 'Armenian faith', the Miaphysite form of Christianity practised in Armenia which, eventually resulted in assimilation of the Georgians who lived in Gugark, due to being split from their diaphysite church.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford dictionary of late antiquity, p 14}}</ref> |
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Armenian [[catholicos]] [[Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi]] says in his books that the majority of this region was Armenian people with minority of Iberian people. Also an Armenian historian [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] mentions Arshusha V [[pitiakhsh]] of Iberians. |
Armenian [[catholicos]] [[Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi]] who was a 10th century historian, says in his books that the majority of this region was Armenian people with minority of Iberian people. Also an Armenian historian [[Ghazar Parpetsi]] mentions Arshusha V [[pitiakhsh]] of Iberians. |
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== Cantons == |
== Cantons == |
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Revision as of 17:30, 14 September 2021
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) |
| Գուգարք | |
|---|---|
| Province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia | |
| 189 BC–13th century | |
 | |
| Capital | Ardahan |
| History | |
• Artaxias I declaring himself independent | 189 BC |
• Disestablished | 13th century |
| Today part of |  Armenia Turkey Georgia (country) |
Gugark (Template:Lang-hy, Template:Lang-lat, Greek: Γογαρινή) was the 13th province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia. It now comprises parts of northern Armenia, northeast Turkey, and southwest Georgia.[1]
Etymology
Etymologically, Gugark in Armenian language denotes land of Gugars. word "Gugar" being a root and suffix -k meaning "land of".
History
At first, according to ancient Urartian inscriptions recorded in 785 BC, territory of Gugark was referred to as Zabaha.[2] who, in all senses would be ancestors of the Georgian subgroup of Javakhians. Then, from 301BC onward up until 189 BC, it was part of Caucasian Iberia, but during Artaxias I's reign it was conquered. During the reign of the Artaxiad and Arshakuni kings of Armenia, Gugark was ruled by one of the kingdom's four bdeshkhs. The bdeshkh of Gugark was responsible for protecting the state's northern border. During of the 4th century, the region was ruled by members of a branch of the House of Mihran.[3] In 387, Armenia was partitioned between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires and Gugark, with the exception of the canton of Tashir, was annexed to Caucasian Iberia. most probably, because of the majority of the region being Gugars, who were an Iberian tribe. The ruler of the region around 425 was Archoucha (Arshusha of Gogarene). In 652, the Armenian prince Theodore Rshtuni was allowed by the Arabs to unite Gugark with his realms.
In the following centuries, Gugark and its cantons fell under the sway of several rulers. In the 8th century, it became a part of Emirate of Tbilisi. In the middle of the 9th century, it was taken by the Georgian Bagrationis, while the Armenian Bagratunis took over its eastern cantons.[1]
Cultural shift of the region into Armenia
From the beginning of the history, area in and around Gugark was often corresponded to Georgia. Throughout the history, there's been many cases where the land of Gugark, (what's now most of northern Armenia, Lori.) was frequently called "Vrats dasht" which basically means "Field of Georgians".[4] Up until the beginning of the 7th Century, the major culture in the region was Georgian. But, during the souring of relations with the Armenian Church, Sassanid Empire forced all of its formal vassals to adopt the 'Armenian faith', the Miaphysite form of Christianity practised in Armenia which, eventually resulted in assimilation of the Georgians who lived in Gugark, due to being split from their diaphysite church.[5]
Armenian catholicos Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi who was a 10th century historian, says in his books that the majority of this region was Armenian people with minority of Iberian people. Also an Armenian historian Ghazar Parpetsi mentions Arshusha V pitiakhsh of Iberians.
Cantons
- Dzoropor
- Tsobopor
- Treghk
- Artahan
- Javakhk
- Upper Javakhk
- Tashir
- Kangark
- Kagharjk
- Nigal
- Mrugh
- Mrit
- Shavshet
- Koghbopor
- Kvishapor
- Boghnopor
- Tashran
- Manglyats
- Ashotsk
List of bdeshkhs
Based on available sources, Cyril Toumanoff deduced an incomplete list of the ruling Mihranid bdeshkhs of Gugark.[6]
| Name | Reign |
|---|---|
| Peroz | 330–361? |
| Bakur I | after 394–430 |
| Arshusha I | after 430–? |
| Bakur II | mid 5th-century |
| Arshusha II | ?–470 |
| Varsken | 470–482 |
| Arshusha III | 482–after 540/1 |
| Arshusha IV | ca. first decade of the 7th-century |
| Vahram-Arshusha V | late 620s |
| Arshusha VI | mid 8th-century |
See also
References
- ^ a b "Գուգարք". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Yerevan. 1975. p. 240-241.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Melkʻonyan, A. A. (2007). Javakhk in the 19th century and the 1st quarter of the 20th century : a historical research. Erevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of History. ISBN 978-99941-73-07-5. OCLC 607636080.
- ^ Toumanoff, Cyril. Introduction to Christian Caucasian History, II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period. Traditio 17 (1961), p. 38.
- ^ "ივანე ჯავახიშვილი, ქართველი ერის ისტორია ტ. I, თავი 4". www.amsi.ge. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
- ^ The Oxford dictionary of late antiquity, p 14.
- ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 389. ISBN 978-1472425522.
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