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To achieve his goals, he collaborated not just with Chinese anarchists but also with other groups such as [[Esperantists]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=국제연대와 평화의 언어, 에스페란토 |trans-title=The language of international solidarity and peace, Esperanto |url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?levelId=edeah.d_0005_0040_0030_0040 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=동북아역사넷 (northeast asian history foundation)}}</ref> Around 1922 he worked with the Chinese activist [[Chen Kongshan]], to set up Beijing Special School for [[Esperanto]] (Beijing shijieyu zhuanmen xuexiao) and then served as a teacher in the Dawn Middle School (Liming zhongxue) attached to it.<ref name=":3" />
To achieve his goals, he collaborated not just with Chinese anarchists but also with other groups such as [[Esperantists]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=국제연대와 평화의 언어, 에스페란토 |trans-title=The language of international solidarity and peace, Esperanto |url=http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?levelId=edeah.d_0005_0040_0030_0040 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=동북아역사넷 (northeast asian history foundation)}}</ref> Around 1922 he worked with the Chinese activist [[Chen Kongshan]], to set up Beijing Special School for [[Esperanto]] (Beijing shijieyu zhuanmen xuexiao) and then served as a teacher in the Dawn Middle School (Liming zhongxue) attached to it.<ref name=":3" />


In September 1923, Yi Jeonggyu participated in a project that intended to relocate about fifty Korean peasant families from Korea to [[Hunan]] Province in China, to build an ideal farming village.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=이상촌(理想村) |trans-title=an ideal farming village |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0078158 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture)}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2012 |title=Opinion : 김종진, 김좌진과 함께 북만주에 '이상촌' 추진 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/9027457#home |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=중앙일보 중앙선데이 (The JoongAng)}}</ref> The project was a cooperative organization of co-cultivation, co-consumption, and co-ownership.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> The village was supposed to grow profitable crops such as [[ginseng]], but the project failed due to the unrest in Hunan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> While it has historical significance as the first experiment of anarchism in Korea that attempted to build an ideal society in rural areas by raising the income of peasants,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> it has been criticized for deviating from the basic principle of anarchism that it solves its problems on its own, by relying entirely on the Chinese for the material basis of the national liberation movement.<ref name=":7" />
In September 1923, Yi Jeonggyu participated in a project that intended to relocate approximately fifty Korean peasant families from Korea to [[Hunan]] Province in China, to build an ideal farming village.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=이상촌(理想村) |trans-title=an ideal farming village |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0078158 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture)}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2012 |title=Opinion : 김종진, 김좌진과 함께 북만주에 '이상촌' 추진 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/9027457#home |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=중앙일보 중앙선데이 (The JoongAng)}}</ref> The project was a cooperative organization of co-cultivation, co-consumption, and co-ownership.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> The village was supposed to grow profitable crops such as [[ginseng]], but the project failed due to the unrest in Hunan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> While it has historical significance as the first experiment of anarchism in Korea that attempted to build an ideal society in rural areas by raising the income of peasants,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> it has been criticized for deviating from the basic principle of anarchism that it solves its problems on its own, by relying entirely on the Chinese for the material basis of the national liberation movement.<ref name=":7" />


Besides cooperating with Chinese anarchists, Yi also interacted in Beijing with many other radicals such as [[Lu Xun]], [[Zhou Zuoren]], and [[Fan Benliang]] (1897–1945).<ref name=":3" />
Besides cooperating with Chinese anarchists, Yi also interacted in Beijing with many other radicals such as [[Lu Xun]], [[Zhou Zuoren]], and [[Fan Benliang]] (1897–1945).<ref name=":3" />

Revision as of 18:07, 21 June 2022

Yi Jeonggyu (Korean: 이정규; Hanja: 李丁奎; 1897 – 1984) known by his pen name Woogwan (Korean: 우관; Hanja: 又觀) was a Korean anarchist.[1][2] He spent much of his youth in China, where anarchists were relatively freer than in occupied Korea, and collaborated with not only Chinese anarchists but also with ones from various countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and Russia.[1][3] He was one of the pioneers of Korean anarchist movement in the early 1920s, and one of the most prominent Korean anarchists in China of that period.[1][4][5]

He started his career as an independence activist and shortly after he became a supporter of anarchism.[1] Yi Jeonggyu did not recognize anarchism and nationalism as opposing concepts and pursued his twin goals of reclaiming Korea's independence and establishing a new order in Korea based on anarchist ideal.[3] Together with Lee Hoe-yeong (Korean: 이회영; Hanja: 李會榮) he is regarded as one of the key figures who established the anarchist ideology of the Korean independence movement.[1][3]

Family

Yi Jeonggyu was the younger brother of Yi Eulgyu (Korean: 이을규, Hanja: 李乙奎), who was one of the key figures in the Daedongdan [ko]. Yi Eulgyu led the exile case of King Yi Kang[6][5][7][8][9] and converted to anarchism in China as well. Yi Eulgyu was called “Korea’s Kropotkin” due to his extensive knowledge of anarchist theories.[1][6]

Life

His family lived in Nonsan, Chungcheongnam-do, and Yi Jeonggyu was born in Jangbong-do, Incheon of South Korea.[5][7][10] He attended Incheon High School (formerly Incheon Public Commercial School) in 1911 under Japanese rule. After graduating, he got a job at a bank but resigned in protest against racial discrimination from the Japanese. Around that time he became involved with the independence movement.[6][5][2]

While studying at Keiō University in Japan,[1] he encountered socialism and became interested in it.[1] Yi participated in the February 8 Declaration of Independence in 1919 as a member of the Korean International Student Association (Korean: 조선유학생학우회; Hanja: 朝鮮留學生學友會).[5] When the March 1st Movement occurred in 1919, he returned to Korea and then travelled to Shanghai in April 1919. There he became involved with the Provisional Government of Korea, representing his home Province of Chungcheon.[1]

Drawn to news of the Russian Revolution, he tried to enter the Far East University in late 1921, but he decided to stay in Beijing after hearing a rumor about the violent infighting between Korean Communists.[1] There he met Yu Ja-myeong [ko] and Chinese anarchists such as Li Shinzeng and Cai Yuanpei. They helped him to continue his studies at the Department of Economics in the Beijing University.[1] He stayed in Beijing until 1923 and formed his ideas as an anarchist for independence and anarchist society.[1] He later said about his life in China that “living a life to fight for liberation of the fatherland was the one thing we the youth only could do and felt proud of” during their struggle for Korean independence.[1][3]

During his time at Beijing University in 1921 and 1923, he grew up as an anarchist thinker while interacting with the Russian poet Vasili Eroshenko.[1][4] In April 1924, he organized the Federation of Korean Anarchists (Korean: 조선무정부주의자연맹 or 재중국조선무정부주의자연맹; Hanja: 在中國朝鮮無政府主義者聯盟) with Lee Hoi-young, Sin Chaeho, Yi Eulgyu, Jeong Hyeon-seop [ko], Yu Jamyeong [ko], and Baek Jeong-gi.[3][5][11][12][13]

To achieve his goals, he collaborated not just with Chinese anarchists but also with other groups such as Esperantists.[1][14] Around 1922 he worked with the Chinese activist Chen Kongshan, to set up Beijing Special School for Esperanto (Beijing shijieyu zhuanmen xuexiao) and then served as a teacher in the Dawn Middle School (Liming zhongxue) attached to it.[1]

In September 1923, Yi Jeonggyu participated in a project that intended to relocate approximately fifty Korean peasant families from Korea to Hunan Province in China, to build an ideal farming village.[1][3][15][16] The project was a cooperative organization of co-cultivation, co-consumption, and co-ownership.[3][15][16] The village was supposed to grow profitable crops such as ginseng, but the project failed due to the unrest in Hunan.[1][3][15] While it has historical significance as the first experiment of anarchism in Korea that attempted to build an ideal society in rural areas by raising the income of peasants,[1][3] it has been criticized for deviating from the basic principle of anarchism that it solves its problems on its own, by relying entirely on the Chinese for the material basis of the national liberation movement.[15]

Besides cooperating with Chinese anarchists, Yi also interacted in Beijing with many other radicals such as Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, and Fan Benliang (1897–1945).[1]

By late 1924, Yi Jeonggyu was hired as an apprentice at a British-owned foundry in Shanghai but was fired for his involvement with trade unions.[1] In 1927, he helped establish the Shanghai National Labor University (Shanghai guoli laodong daxue), which was an international project of East Asian anarchists, along with Korean, Chinese, and Japanese anarchists in China.[1][3]

In Nanjing around July of 1928 [1][17] Yi Jeonggyu was elected to serve as one of the secretaries of the Eastern Anarchist Federation (EAF, Dongfang wuzhengfu zhuyizhe lianmeng; Korean: 동방무정부주의자연맹; Chinese: 東方無政府主義者聯盟), which was established by anarchists from various East Asian countries, Korea, China, the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam (Annam; 安南) to strengthen international ties and build an ideal society that secures the independence of each nation and individual freedom. In the first issue of its journal The East (Korean: 동방(Dongbang); Japanese:Tōhō; Chinese:Dongfang) published simultaneously in those three East Asian languages on August 20, 1928, he contributed a now-lost article titled “To Inform Eastern Asian Anarchists”. In this piece, Yi Jeonggy called for the revolution in Korea, aided by the cooperation of “Eastern Anarchists”.[1][3][12][17]

He was arrested in October 1928 in Shanghai by the Japanese police and brought to Korea where he was sentenced to three years in prison.[1][6]

Yi Jeonggyu organized the Free Society Builders Federation (FSBF, Korean: 자유사회건설자연맹) in Seoul in September 1945.[1][3][18] After 1946, he taught at Sungkyunkwan University.[3] He served as President of Cheongju University in 1958 and President of Sungkyunkwan University in 1963 and retired in 1966.[3][6] He invested all his fortune to establish the National Culture Research Center (Korean: 국민문화연구소), an anarchism research group in 1970.[6][19][20] He died in 1984 and did not apply for the status of Korean independence fighter [ko] (Korean: 대한민국 독립유공자; Hanja: 大韓民國 獨立有功者) during his lifetime.[6][5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Hwang, Dongyoun (2016). Anarchism in Korea. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9781438461694. OCLC 959978940.
  2. ^ a b 이문창 (2008). 해방 공간 의 아나키스트 (in Korean). 이학사. ISBN 978-89-6147-118-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "재중 아나키스트의 국제 연대" [International Solidarity of the Anarchists in China]. 동북아역사넷 (northeast asian history foundation). Retrieved 1 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b 황 (Hwang), 동연 (Dongyoun) (2010). "이정규, 초국가주의적 한국 아나키즘의 실현을 위하여" [Yi, Jeonggyu: For a Realization of Transnational Korean Anarchism]. 역사비평 (in Korean). 93 (겨울호): 198–230.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g 김 (Kim), 주엽 (Juyeop) (2 May 2019). "[독립운동과 인천·(11)]'이을규·정규' 형제". 경인일보. Retrieved 1 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g 김 (Kim), 명섭 (Myeongseop) (24 May 2016). "역사고백 <47> 이을규·정규 형제". 단대신문 (Dankook University Newspaper). Retrieved 2 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b 김, 정현 (24 December 2019). 중국 내 한중 항일연대의 역사와 현장 (in Korean). 동북아역사재단. p. 1928. ISBN 978-8961878142.
  8. ^ "[법조야사] 대동단(大同團) 총재 김가진(金嘉鎭, 前판사)과 대동단 사건". 법조신문 (The Korean Legal News). 17 January 2002. Retrieved 2 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "대동단 출범 계기로 황족·귀족도 독립운동 가세". 중앙일보 (The JoongAng). 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "독립유공자 공훈록 이을규(李乙奎)". 공훈전자사료관 By Ministry of Patriots & Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 2 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ 주 (Joo), 인석 (In Suck). "우당 이회영과 단재 신채호의 아나키스트 활동 : 항일구국투쟁의 동행" [Lee Hoe-young and Shin Chae-ho’s Anarchist Activities - Companions of Anti-Japanese Struggles to Save Korea -]. 민족사상. 2021, vol.15, no.3: 165-211 (47 pages) – via 한국학술지인용색인 (Korea Citation Index).
  12. ^ a b "재중국조선무정부주의자연맹 (在中國朝鮮無政府主義者聯盟)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "재중국 조선 무정부주의자 연맹 (在中國朝鮮無政府主義者聯盟)". 국사편찬위원회 (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF KOREAN HISTORY). Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  14. ^ "국제연대와 평화의 언어, 에스페란토" [The language of international solidarity and peace, Esperanto]. 동북아역사넷 (northeast asian history foundation). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d "이상촌(理想村)" [an ideal farming village]. 한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  16. ^ a b "Opinion : 김종진, 김좌진과 함께 북만주에 '이상촌' 추진". 중앙일보 중앙선데이 (The JoongAng). 12 August 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  17. ^ a b 조 (Cho), 세현 (Sehyeon). "동아시아 아나키스트의 국제 교류와 연대 (International Exchange and Solidarity of East Asian Anarchists)". 아나키스트 도서관 (anarchist library). Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  18. ^ 김, 정현 (2019). 중국 내 한중 항일연대의 역사와 현장. 동북아역사재단. p. 1932. ISBN 978-8961878142.
  19. ^ 안 (Ahn), 철홍 (Cheolhong) (1 May 2003). "근근히 명맥만 이었다". 시사저널 (sisajournal.com). Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  20. ^ "(사)국민문화연구소". Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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