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'''Irene Gut Opdyke''' (born '''Irena Gut''', 5 May 1922 – 17 May 2003) was a Polish [[nurse]] who gained international recognition for aiding [[Polish Jews]] persecuted by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. She was honored as a [[Righteous Among the Nations]] by [[Yad Vashem]] for risking her life to save twelve Jews from certain death.
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==Life==
Irena Gut was born into a Catholic family with five daughters in [[Kozienice]], Poland, during the [[Second Polish Republic|interwar period]]. The family moved to [[Radom]], where she enrolled at the nursing school before the [[Invasion of Poland|Nazi-Soviet invasion]] of 1939. At the age of 20, Gut witnessed a German soldier kill an infant in 1942.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Kathryn|title=Women Heroes of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo|url-access=limited|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2011|isbn=9781556529610|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo/page/n43 37]}}</ref> This event transformed her life. During the German occupation, Gut was hired by Wehrmacht Major {{Ill|Eduard Rügemer|lt=|de|Eduard Rügemer}} to work in a kitchen of a hotel that frequently served Nazi officials.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Kathryn|title=Women Heroes of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo|url-access=limited|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2011|isbn=9781556529610|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo/page/n42 36]}}</ref> Inspired by her religious faith, Gut secretly took food from the hotel and delivered it to the Tarnopol Ghetto.<ref name=jensen>Joyce Jensen, ''[http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/saviors/others/her-hands.2826.htm In Her Hands by Irene Opdyke],'' [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]].</ref>

Gut smuggled Jews out of the ghetto into the surrounding forest and delivered food for them there. Meanwhile, Rügemer asked Gut to work as a housekeeper in his requisitioned villa. She hid 12 Jews in the cellar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Kathryn|title=Women Heroes of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo|url-access=limited|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2011|isbn=9781556529610|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo/page/n45 39]}}</ref> They would come out and help her clean the house when he was not around. Rügemer found out about the Jews she was hiding. At risk to all their lives, Rügemer kept Gut's secret, on the condition that she became his mistress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gut Opdyke|first=Irene|title=In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer|url=https://archive.org/details/inmyhands00iren|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Anchor Books, a division of Random House|date=April 2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/inmyhands00iren/page/190 190]|isbn=9780385720328}}</ref> Rügemer fled with the Germans in 1944 ahead of the Russian advance. Gut and several Jews also fled west from Soviet [[occupied Poland]] to [[Allied-occupied Germany]]. She was put in a [[Displaced Persons]] camp, where she met William Opdyke, a United Nations worker from New York City. She emigrated to the United States and married Opdyke shortly thereafter. They raised a family together.<ref name=jensen/>

== Legacy ==
After years of silence regarding her wartime experience, in 1975 Opdyke was convinced to speak after hearing a neo-Nazi claim that the Holocaust never occurred.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Atwood|first=Kathryn|title=Women Heroes of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo|url-access=limited|location=Chicago|publisher=Chicago Review Press|date=2011|isbn=9781556529610|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenheroesworld00atwo/page/n47 41]}}</ref> Opdyke began a public speaking career which culminated in her [[memoir]] ''In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer.<ref name="auto"/>'' In 1982, she was recognized and honored by [[Yad Vashem]] as one of the [[Polish Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>Holocaust Memorial Center, 1988 – 2007, [http://www.holocaustcenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=202 Opdyke, Irene; Righteous Gentile]</ref> In 2012, Eduard Rügemer was recognized and honored by [[Yad Vashem]] as one of the [[List of German Righteous Among the Nations|German Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2022 - Germany |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/germany.pdf |website=Yad Vashem}}</ref>

== Papal blessing ==
On 9 June 1995, Opdyke was honored with a [[papal blessing]] from [[Pope John Paul II]] at a joint service of Jews and Catholics held at Shir Ha-Ma'alot synagogue in [[Irvine, California]], along with an invitation from Pope John Paul II for her to have an audience with him. The papal blessing and audience with the Pope had been obtained for her by congregant Alan Boinus with the help of [[Monsignor]] Joseph Karp of the Polish Catholic Church in [[Yorba Linda, California]]. The papal blessing was the first recognition by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] of her efforts during the [[Holocaust]]. Opdyke said, "This is the greatest gift I can receive for whatever I did in my life."<ref>"Pope recognizes Yorba Linda woman's WWII sacrifice", Lori Haycox, ''[[The Orange County Register]]'', 10 June 1995.</ref>

== ''ABC Primetime Live'' trip to Israel ==
In July 1997, Opdyke traveled to Israel with her manager, Alan Boinus, and his wife, publicist Rosalie Boinus, on a television story arranged by the Boinuses for ''ABC Primetime Live'', which aired on 10 June 1998, re-uniting Opdyke with Hermann Morks, one of the twelve Jews whose lives she saved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.achuka.co.uk/special/opdyke.htm|title=Irene Gut Opdyke interview|website=www.achuka.co.uk}}</ref><ref>ABC Primetime Live [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jn2g6cNcbPo air date June 10, 1998]</ref>

On the trip, Alan Boinus arranged for private meetings with Opdyke at the Knesset with former President and Prime Minister of Israel [[Shimon Peres]] and Speaker of the Knesset [[Dan Tichon]]. Boinus also arranged for other meetings in Israel for Opdyke with [[Mordecai Paldiel]], Director of the Department of the Righteous Among the Nations at [[Yad Vashem]], and with Holocaust survivor Roman Haller, the baby Opdyke saved during the war by convincing his parents, Ida and Lazar Haller (two of the twelve Jews Opdyke was hiding in Rügemer's cellar), that Ida should carry the child to term after she became pregnant while hiding in the cellar. After the war, the Hallers took in Rügemer as their house guest for saving their lives. Rügemer became "Zeide" (grandfather) to Roman Haller. Roman Haller served as director of the German office of the Claims Conference, which represents world Jewry in negotiating restitution for the victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>''[https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Roman-Haller-and-his-zeide Roman Haller and His Zeide – How a Jewish couple took in the Wehrmacht officer who hid them]'' by Donald Snyder, ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''</ref>

== Memoir ==
Opdyke's memoir, ''In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer'' ([[Alfred A. Knopf]]; later<!--?--> {{ISBN|0385720327}}), was arranged by her then-manager Alan Boinus and published in 1999 through Random House, with co-author [[Jennifer Armstrong]]. Alan Boinus and his wife, Rosalie Boinus, among others, are thanked by Opdyke in the acknowledgements.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/vintage/read/inmyhands/opdyke.html|title=Reading Group Center – Knopf Doubleday|access-date=7 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122807/http://www.randomhouse.com/vintage/read/inmyhands/opdyke.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.jennifer-armstrong.com/harder_books.htm |title=Jennifer Armstrong's Books: Harder |access-date=7 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701142701/http://www.jennifer-armstrong.com/harder_books.htm |archive-date=1 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Irene Gut Opdyke Holocaust Rescuer Foundation ==
The Irene Gut Opdyke Holocaust Rescuer Foundation was founded in 1997 by Alan and Rosalie Boinus in honor of Opdyke to offer awards, grants, and scholarships to young people inspired by the heroic acts of Irene Gut Opdyke when she was young, so they may likewise stand up to racism, bigotry, and hate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1998/jun/09/local/me-58065/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928032143/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jun/09/local/me-58065/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2016|work=Los Angeles Times | date = 9 June 1998}}</ref> It has since been disbanded.

== Motion picture controversy ==
In 1998, Opdyke's story was the subject of legal action and cross-complaint when she sought to regain the motion picture rights to her life story, which she had previously assigned in an option agreement. Copyright attorney [[Carole Handler]] represented Opdyke and worked with the parties to reach an agreement. The case was dismissed with prejudice.<ref>"Holocaust Heroine Is Satisfied With Accord", ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 12 April 2000.</ref>

== Play ==
A play based on the book ''In My Hands'', ''[[Irena's Vow]]'', opened on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] on 29 March 2009 to mixed reviews.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090409080910/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1889584,00.html "What's Wrong with this Spring's Broadway Plays"], Richard Zoglin, [[TIME]], 6 April 2009.</ref> It was written by [[Dan Gordon (screenwriter)|Dan Gordon]] and starred [[Tovah Feldshuh]] as Irena Gut.<ref name=broadway/> It had earlier premiered off-Broadway at the Baruch Performing Arts Center in New York City. After failing to find an audience, the play closed on 28 June 2009.<ref name=broadway>{{cite web|url=http://irenasvow.com/ |title=''Irena's Vow'' |access-date=18 February 2014 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723101508/http://irenasvow.com/ |archive-date=23 July 2012 }}. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118005013.html?categoryid=1237&cs=1 "''Irena's Vow'' to close: Broadway play was struggling to find audience"], Gordon Cox, ''Variety'', 25 June 2009.</ref>

== Song ==
In 2012, [[Katy Carr]], a British songwriter with Polish roots, released a song inspired by Opdyke titled "Mała Little Flower"<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0jo_53y1Jg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/F0jo_53y1Jg |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Official music video for Mała little Flower by Katy Carr|date=29 December 2012|work=YouTube|access-date=2 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> on her album ''Paszport''. On 26 September 2012, Trojka Radio in Poland nominated it as a song of the week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/9/210/Artykul/690987,Katy-Carr-Mala-Little-Flower-|title=Katy Carr – Mała Little Flower|work=PolskieRadio.pl|access-date=2 September 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust]]
* [[List of Poles#Holocaust resisters|List of Polish Holocaust resisters]]
* [[Witold Pilecki]], who volunteered to Auschwitz to gather intelligence on the camp from the inside
* [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:31, 23 February 2023

Irene Gut Opdyke
Front cover of In My Hands. Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer by Irene Gut Opdyke,
ISBN 0385720327
Born
Irena Gut

5 May 1922
Kozienice, Poland
Died (aged 81)
Fullerton, California, United States
NationalityPolish
CitizenshipUnited States[1]
OccupationNurse
SpouseWilliam Opdyke
HonoursRighteous Among the Nations
Righteous
Among the Nations
By country

Irene Gut Opdyke (born Irena Gut, 5 May 1922 – 17 May 2003) was a Polish nurse who gained international recognition for aiding Polish Jews persecuted by Nazi Germany during World War II. She was honored as a Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem for risking her life to save twelve Jews from certain death.

Life

Irena Gut was born into a Catholic family with five daughters in Kozienice, Poland, during the interwar period. The family moved to Radom, where she enrolled at the nursing school before the Nazi-Soviet invasion of 1939. At the age of 20, Gut witnessed a German soldier kill an infant in 1942.[2] This event transformed her life. During the German occupation, Gut was hired by Wehrmacht Major Eduard Rügemer [de] to work in a kitchen of a hotel that frequently served Nazi officials.[3] Inspired by her religious faith, Gut secretly took food from the hotel and delivered it to the Tarnopol Ghetto.[4]

Gut smuggled Jews out of the ghetto into the surrounding forest and delivered food for them there. Meanwhile, Rügemer asked Gut to work as a housekeeper in his requisitioned villa. She hid 12 Jews in the cellar.[5] They would come out and help her clean the house when he was not around. Rügemer found out about the Jews she was hiding. At risk to all their lives, Rügemer kept Gut's secret, on the condition that she became his mistress.[6] Rügemer fled with the Germans in 1944 ahead of the Russian advance. Gut and several Jews also fled west from Soviet occupied Poland to Allied-occupied Germany. She was put in a Displaced Persons camp, where she met William Opdyke, a United Nations worker from New York City. She emigrated to the United States and married Opdyke shortly thereafter. They raised a family together.[4]

Legacy

After years of silence regarding her wartime experience, in 1975 Opdyke was convinced to speak after hearing a neo-Nazi claim that the Holocaust never occurred.[7] Opdyke began a public speaking career which culminated in her memoir In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer.[7] In 1982, she was recognized and honored by Yad Vashem as one of the Polish Righteous Among the Nations.[8] In 2012, Eduard Rügemer was recognized and honored by Yad Vashem as one of the German Righteous Among the Nations.[9]

Papal blessing

On 9 June 1995, Opdyke was honored with a papal blessing from Pope John Paul II at a joint service of Jews and Catholics held at Shir Ha-Ma'alot synagogue in Irvine, California, along with an invitation from Pope John Paul II for her to have an audience with him. The papal blessing and audience with the Pope had been obtained for her by congregant Alan Boinus with the help of Monsignor Joseph Karp of the Polish Catholic Church in Yorba Linda, California. The papal blessing was the first recognition by the Roman Catholic Church of her efforts during the Holocaust. Opdyke said, "This is the greatest gift I can receive for whatever I did in my life."[10]

ABC Primetime Live trip to Israel

In July 1997, Opdyke traveled to Israel with her manager, Alan Boinus, and his wife, publicist Rosalie Boinus, on a television story arranged by the Boinuses for ABC Primetime Live, which aired on 10 June 1998, re-uniting Opdyke with Hermann Morks, one of the twelve Jews whose lives she saved.[11][12]

On the trip, Alan Boinus arranged for private meetings with Opdyke at the Knesset with former President and Prime Minister of Israel Shimon Peres and Speaker of the Knesset Dan Tichon. Boinus also arranged for other meetings in Israel for Opdyke with Mordecai Paldiel, Director of the Department of the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem, and with Holocaust survivor Roman Haller, the baby Opdyke saved during the war by convincing his parents, Ida and Lazar Haller (two of the twelve Jews Opdyke was hiding in Rügemer's cellar), that Ida should carry the child to term after she became pregnant while hiding in the cellar. After the war, the Hallers took in Rügemer as their house guest for saving their lives. Rügemer became "Zeide" (grandfather) to Roman Haller. Roman Haller served as director of the German office of the Claims Conference, which represents world Jewry in negotiating restitution for the victims of Nazi persecution.[13]

Memoir

Opdyke's memoir, In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer (Alfred A. Knopf; later ISBN 0385720327), was arranged by her then-manager Alan Boinus and published in 1999 through Random House, with co-author Jennifer Armstrong. Alan Boinus and his wife, Rosalie Boinus, among others, are thanked by Opdyke in the acknowledgements.[14]

Irene Gut Opdyke Holocaust Rescuer Foundation

The Irene Gut Opdyke Holocaust Rescuer Foundation was founded in 1997 by Alan and Rosalie Boinus in honor of Opdyke to offer awards, grants, and scholarships to young people inspired by the heroic acts of Irene Gut Opdyke when she was young, so they may likewise stand up to racism, bigotry, and hate.[15] It has since been disbanded.

Motion picture controversy

In 1998, Opdyke's story was the subject of legal action and cross-complaint when she sought to regain the motion picture rights to her life story, which she had previously assigned in an option agreement. Copyright attorney Carole Handler represented Opdyke and worked with the parties to reach an agreement. The case was dismissed with prejudice.[16]

Play

A play based on the book In My Hands, Irena's Vow, opened on Broadway on 29 March 2009 to mixed reviews.[17] It was written by Dan Gordon and starred Tovah Feldshuh as Irena Gut.[18] It had earlier premiered off-Broadway at the Baruch Performing Arts Center in New York City. After failing to find an audience, the play closed on 28 June 2009.[18][19]

Song

In 2012, Katy Carr, a British songwriter with Polish roots, released a song inspired by Opdyke titled "Mała Little Flower"[20] on her album Paszport. On 26 September 2012, Trojka Radio in Poland nominated it as a song of the week.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mike Anton, "Irene Opdyke, 85; Hid Jews in Poland During the Holocaust", ("After the war, Opdyke immigrated to the United States, where she became a citizen(...)."), https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-21-me-opdyke21-story.html
  2. ^ Atwood, Kathryn (2011). Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 37. ISBN 9781556529610.
  3. ^ Atwood, Kathryn (2011). Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 36. ISBN 9781556529610.
  4. ^ a b Joyce Jensen, In Her Hands by Irene Opdyke, International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.
  5. ^ Atwood, Kathryn (2011). Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781556529610.
  6. ^ Gut Opdyke, Irene (April 2001). In My Hands: Memories of a Holocaust Rescuer. New York: Anchor Books, a division of Random House. p. 190. ISBN 9780385720328.
  7. ^ a b Atwood, Kathryn (2011). Women Heroes of World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781556529610.
  8. ^ Holocaust Memorial Center, 1988 – 2007, Opdyke, Irene; Righteous Gentile
  9. ^ "Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2022 - Germany" (PDF). Yad Vashem.
  10. ^ "Pope recognizes Yorba Linda woman's WWII sacrifice", Lori Haycox, The Orange County Register, 10 June 1995.
  11. ^ "Irene Gut Opdyke interview". www.achuka.co.uk.
  12. ^ ABC Primetime Live air date June 10, 1998
  13. ^ Roman Haller and His Zeide – How a Jewish couple took in the Wehrmacht officer who hid them by Donald Snyder, The Jerusalem Post
  14. ^
  15. ^ Los Angeles Times. 9 June 1998 https://web.archive.org/web/20160928032143/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jun/09/local/me-58065/2. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ "Holocaust Heroine Is Satisfied With Accord", Los Angeles Times, 12 April 2000.
  17. ^ "What's Wrong with this Spring's Broadway Plays", Richard Zoglin, TIME, 6 April 2009.
  18. ^ a b "Irena's Vow". Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Irena's Vow to close: Broadway play was struggling to find audience", Gordon Cox, Variety, 25 June 2009.
  20. ^ Official music video for Mała little Flower by Katy Carr. YouTube. 29 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  21. ^ "Katy Carr – Mała Little Flower". PolskieRadio.pl. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
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