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'''''Panthera leo fossilis''''' '''(also''' '''''Panthera fossilis''''') '''sometimes referred to as Mosbach lion'''
'''''Panthera leo fossilis''''' (also '''''Panthera fossilis'''''), is a [[fossil]] [[Felidae|cat]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Panthera]]'', which was first [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] near [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]] in [[Germany]], and lived during the [[Upper Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reichenau, W. V. |year=1906 |title=Beiträge zur näheren Kenntnis der Carnivoren aus den Sanden von Mauer und Mosbach |journal=Abhandlungen der Großherzoglichen Hessischen Geologischen Landesanstalt zu Darmstadt |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=125 }}</ref> Bone fragments of ''P. l. fossilis'' were also excavated near [[Pakefield]] in the [[United Kingdom]], which are estimated at 680,000 years old.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lewis, M. |author2=Pacher, M. |author3=Turner, A. |year=2010 |title=The larger Carnivora of the West Runton Freshwater Bed |journal=Quaternary International |volume=228 |issue=1–2 |pages=116–135 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.022 |bibcode=2010QuInt.228..116L }}</ref> Bone fragments excavated near [[Isernia]] in [[Italy]] are estimated at between 600,000 and 620,000 years old.<ref name=Sala>{{cite journal |author=Sala, B. |year=1990 |title=''Panthera leo fossilis'' (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) |journal=Géobios |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3 }}</ref> The first Asian record of a ''fossilis'' lion was found in the [[Kuznetsk Basin]] in western [[Siberia]] and dates to the late [[Early Pleistocene]].<ref name=Sotnikova2014>{{cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M.V. |author2=Foronova, I.V. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=First Asian record of ''Panthera (Leo) fossilis'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=517–530|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 |pmid=24382145}}</ref>


''P. l. fossilis'' has sometimes been referred to by the [[Common name|common names]] '''steppe lion''' or '''cave lion''',<ref>{{Citation |last=Hallett |first=Mark |title=Appendix 4. Species of the Genus Panthera |date=2020 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/hall18450-014/html |work=Appendix 4. Species of the Genus Panthera |pages=211–216 |publisher=Columbia University Press |language=en |doi=10.7312/hall18450-014/html |isbn=978-0-231-54552-5 |access-date= |last2=Harris |first2=John}}</ref> though these names are conventionally restricted to the related ''[[Panthera spelaea|P. spelaea]]''.<ref name="diedrich2014">{{cite journal |last=Diedrich |first=C. G. |year=2014 |title=Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey |journal=[[Paleontology Journal]] |volume=2014 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1155/2014/106203 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another name sometimes, albeit rarely, used is '''Mosbach lion'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diedrich |first=Cajus G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=sv&id=5AQ5DwAAQBAJ |title=Hermann’s Cave (Germany) – A Late Pleistocene Cave Bear Den |date=2017 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-68108-530-2 |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>
== Evolution ==
== Evolution ==
''P. l. fossilis'' is estimated to have evolved in [[Eurasia]] about 600,000 years ago from a large [[Panthera|pantherine]] cat that originated in the [[Tanzania]]n [[Olduvai Gorge]] about 1.2–1.7 million years ago. This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossilis that can be definitively classified as ''P. l. fossilis'' date to 610,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.<ref name="DeManuel_al.2020">{{cite journal |author1=Manuel, M. d. |author2=Ross, B. |author3=Sandoval-Velasco, M. |author4=Yamaguchi, N. |author5=Vieira, F. G. |author6=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author7=Liu, S. |author8=Martin, M. D. |author9=Sinding, M.-H. S. |author10=Mak, S. S. T. |author11=Carøe, C. |author12=Liu, S. |author13=Guo, C. |author14=Zheng, J. |author15=Zazula, G. |author16=Baryshnikov, G. |author17=Eizirik, E. |author18=Koepfli, K.-P. |author19=Johnson, W. E. |author20=Antunes, A. |author21=Sicheritz-Ponten, T. |author22=Gopalakrishnan, S. |author23=Larson, G. |author24=Yang, H. |author25=O’Brien, S. J. |author26=Hansen, A. J. |author27=Zhang, G. |author28=Marques-Bonet, T. |author29=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117 |date=2020|volume=117 |issue=20 |pages=10927–10934 |pmid=32366643 |pmc=7245068 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Sotnikova2014/>
''P. l. fossilis'' is estimated to have evolved in [[Eurasia]] about 600,000 years ago from a large [[Panthera|pantherine]] cat that originated in the [[Tanzania]]n [[Olduvai Gorge]] about 1.2–1.7 million years ago. This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossilis that can be definitively classified as ''P. l. fossilis'' date to 610,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.<ref name="DeManuel_al.2020">{{cite journal |author1=Manuel, M. d. |author2=Ross, B. |author3=Sandoval-Velasco, M. |author4=Yamaguchi, N. |author5=Vieira, F. G. |author6=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author7=Liu, S. |author8=Martin, M. D. |author9=Sinding, M.-H. S. |author10=Mak, S. S. T. |author11=Carøe, C. |author12=Liu, S. |author13=Guo, C. |author14=Zheng, J. |author15=Zazula, G. |author16=Baryshnikov, G. |author17=Eizirik, E. |author18=Koepfli, K.-P. |author19=Johnson, W. E. |author20=Antunes, A. |author21=Sicheritz-Ponten, T. |author22=Gopalakrishnan, S. |author23=Larson, G. |author24=Yang, H. |author25=O’Brien, S. J. |author26=Hansen, A. J. |author27=Zhang, G. |author28=Marques-Bonet, T. |author29=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1919423117 |date=2020|volume=117 |issue=20 |pages=10927–10934 |pmid=32366643 |pmc=7245068 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Sotnikova2014">{{cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M.V. |author2=Foronova, I.V. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=First Asian record of ''Panthera (Leo) fossilis'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 |pmid=24382145}}</ref>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
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== Taxonomic history ==
== Taxonomic history ==
''P. l. fossilis'' was considered an early [[lion]] [[subspecies]].<ref name=Sala/> Some authors considered it a subspecies of ''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (''Panthera spelaea fossilis'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak|first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Schouwenburg |first2=C. |last3=Darga |first3=R. |date=2014 |title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review |journal=Quaternary International |series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments |volume=339–340 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 |bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}}</ref> and some employ a subgenus of ''Panthera'', "''Leo''", to contain several lion-like members of ''Panthera'', including ''P. leo'', ''P. spelaea'', ''P. atrox'' and ''P. fossilis''.<ref name="Sotnikova2014" />
''P. l. fossilis'' was considered an early [[lion]] [[subspecies]].<ref name="Sala">{{cite journal |author=Sala, B. |year=1990 |title=''Panthera leo fossilis'' (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) |journal=Géobios |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3}}</ref> Some authors considered it a subspecies of ''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (''Panthera spelaea fossilis'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak|first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Schouwenburg |first2=C. |last3=Darga |first3=R. |date=2014 |title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review |journal=Quaternary International |series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments |volume=339–340 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 |bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}}</ref> and some employ a subgenus of ''Panthera'', "''Leo''", to contain several lion-like members of ''Panthera'', including ''P. leo'', ''P. spelaea'', ''P. atrox'' and ''P. fossilis''.<ref name="Sotnikova2014" />


Results of [[mitochondrial genome]] sequences derived from two [[Beringia]]n specimens of ''Panthera spelaea'' indicate that it and ''Panthera fossilis'' were distinct enough from the modern lion to be considered separate [[species]].<ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author3=Soares, A. E. R. |author4=Ho, S. Y. W. |author5=Zazula, G. |author6=Yamaguchi, N. |author7=Shapiro, B. |author8=Kirillova, I. V. |author9=Larson, G. |author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=Mitogenomics of the extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the ''Panthera'' cats |year=2016 |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |page=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304382290}}</ref>
Results of [[mitochondrial genome]] sequences derived from two [[Beringia]]n specimens of ''Panthera spelaea'' indicate that it and ''Panthera fossilis'' were distinct enough from the modern lion to be considered separate [[species]].<ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author3=Soares, A. E. R. |author4=Ho, S. Y. W. |author5=Zazula, G. |author6=Yamaguchi, N. |author7=Shapiro, B. |author8=Kirillova, I. V. |author9=Larson, G. |author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=Mitogenomics of the extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the ''Panthera'' cats |year=2016 |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |page=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304382290}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:35, 1 March 2023

Panthera leo fossilis or Panthera fossilis
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene
↓
Radius (from Ambrona)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species:
P. leo
Subspecies:
P. l. fossilis
Trinomial name
Panthera leo fossilis
(Reichenau, 1906)

Panthera leo fossilis (also Panthera fossilis) sometimes referred to as Mosbach lion

Evolution

P. l. fossilis is estimated to have evolved in Eurasia about 600,000 years ago from a large pantherine cat that originated in the Tanzanian Olduvai Gorge about 1.2–1.7 million years ago. This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossilis that can be definitively classified as P. l. fossilis date to 610,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.[1][2]

Characteristics

Bone fragments of P. l. fossilis indicate that it was larger than the modern lion and was among the largest cats. Skeletal remains of P. l. fossilis populations in Siberia measure larger than those in Central Europe.[2][3] Compared to a modern lion, P. l. fossilis had a slightly wider skull and nasals, smaller orbits, less inflated bullae, less specialized lower teeth, reduced lower premolars and smaller incisors.[4]

Taxonomic history

P. l. fossilis was considered an early lion subspecies.[5] Some authors considered it a subspecies of Panthera spelaea (Panthera spelaea fossilis)[6][7] and some employ a subgenus of Panthera, "Leo", to contain several lion-like members of Panthera, including P. leo, P. spelaea, P. atrox and P. fossilis.[2]

Results of mitochondrial genome sequences derived from two Beringian specimens of Panthera spelaea indicate that it and Panthera fossilis were distinct enough from the modern lion to be considered separate species.[8]

Palaeobiology

This lion coexisted with early humans and prehistoric fauna.[9] A mandible from the early hominid Homo heidelbergensis was excavated in 1907 at Mauer, Germany.[10]

Herbivores that coexisted with the lion included the hippopotamus, narrow-nosed rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant, southern mammoth, moose, steppe bison and fallow deer. Sympatric predators included bears, wolves, hyenas and saber-toothed cats.[9][2][3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020). "The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions". PNAS. 117 (20): 10927–10934. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117. PMC 7245068. PMID 32366643.
  2. ^ a b c d Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145.
  3. ^ a b Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020. PMID 15012963.
  4. ^ Sabol, M. (2014). "Panthera fossilis (Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987-2007". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis. 70 (1–2): 59–70. doi:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59.
  5. ^ Sala, B. (1990). "Panthera leo fossilis (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie)". Géobios. 23 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3.
  6. ^ Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.
  7. ^ Marciszak, A.; Schouwenburg, C.; Darga, R. (2014). "Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review". Quaternary International. Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments. 339–340: 245–257. Bibcode:2014QuInt.339..245M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008.
  8. ^ Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016). "Mitogenomics of the extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats". Open Quaternary. 2: 4. doi:10.5334/oq.24.
  9. ^ a b Jackson, D. (2010). "Introduction". Lion. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-1861897350.
  10. ^ Schoetensack, O. (1908). Der Unterkiefer des Homo heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg. Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Engelmann.
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