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{{Assam History}} |
{{Assam History}} |
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The '''Varman dynasty''' (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]]. It was established by [[Pushyavarman]], a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]].<ref |
The '''Varman dynasty''' (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the [[Kamarupa kingdom]]. It was established by [[Pushyavarman]], a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Mukunda Madhava |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Inscriptions_of_Ancient_Assam.html?id=fo6VpP78pJcC&redir_esc=y |title=Inscriptions of Ancient Assam |date=1978 |publisher=Department of Publication, Gauhati University |pages= |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The earlier Varmans were subordinates of the [[Gupta Empire]], but as the power of the Guptas waned, [[Mahendravarman (Varman dynasty)|Mahendravarman]] (470–494) performed two [[Ashvamedha|horse sacrifices]] and the status of Kamarupa as an independent state remained unimpaired.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=303 |language=en |quote=The status of Kamarupa remained unimpaired as the grandson of Bhutivarman also performed two Asvamedha sacrifices}}</ref> According to the [[Allahabad pillar|Allahabad Prasasti]], the ruler of Kamarupa was a frontier ruler (Pratyanta-nrpatis) of the great Gupta emperor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&q=kamarupa|title=Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D.|last1=Majumdar|first1=Ramesh Chandra|last2=Altekar|first2=Anant Sadashiv |date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=9788120800267|pages=142}}</ref> As per the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen, Susthivarman was defeated by Mahasengupta on the bank of Lauhitya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maity. Sachindra Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149393 |title=Corpus Of Bengal Inscriptions Bearing On History And Civilization Of Bengal |pages=7 |quote=Again the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen refer to his grandfather Mahasengupta's defeat of Susthivarmand on the bank of Lauhitya. Susthivarman was the King of Kamarupa}}</ref> The first of the three Kamarupa dynasties, the Varmans were followed by the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] and then the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties.<ref name=":4">Sircar, D C (1990), "Political History", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), ''The Comprehensive History of Assam'', vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 94–171</ref> |
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==Origin== |
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As per the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen, Susthivarman was defeated by Mahasengupta on the bank of Lauhitya.<ref>"Again the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen refer to his grandfather Mahasengupta's defeat of Susthivarmand on the bank of Lauhitya. Susthivarman was the King of Kamarupa."{{Harv|Mukherji|Maity|1967|p=7}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Kamarupa in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|left|The name "Kāmarūpa" in later [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (350-375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10}}</ref>]] |
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| ⚫ | The first king in this dynasty was [[Pushyavarman]], possibly a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 335/350-375 CE).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Satyabrat |date=2015 |title=Political Status of Assam in the Gupta Age |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156575 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=76 |pages=137–140 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The kingdom which he established with much effort, grew in the periphery of the [[Gupta Empire]], adopted the north Indian political model, and its kings took on names and titles of the Gupta kings and queens.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Shin |first=Jae-Eun |date=2018-01-01 |title=Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering Temporal, Spatial and Social Context of Kāmarūpa, in Lipokmar Dzuvichu and Manjeet Baruah (eds), Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation, London and New York: Routledge, 2018, pp.23-55. |url=https://www.academia.edu/35909945/Region_Formed_and_Imagined_Reconsidering_Temporal_Spatial_and_Social_Context_of_K%C4%81mar%C5%ABpa_in_Lipokmar_Dzuvichu_and_Manjeet_Baruah_eds_Modern_Practices_in_North_East_India_History_Culture_Representation_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2018_pp_23_55 |journal= |pages=}}</ref> Nothing much is known directly about the initial kings till the sixth king, Mahendravarman, who established a rock temple and assumed the title of ''Maharajadhiraja'' (king-of-kings) in the last quarter of the fifth century.<ref name=":1" /> The dynastic line from Pushyavarman first appear in the 7th century, in [[Dubi copperplate inscription|Dubi]] and [[Nidhanpur copperplate inscription|Nidhanpur]] copperplate inscriptions issued by Bhaskaravarman and in the ''[[Harshacharita]]'' and not earlier in any inscription from his ancestors.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> In these inscriptions [[Bhaskaravarman]] claims that he was a descendant of [[Narakasura|Narakasur]], [[Bhagadatta]] and [[Vajradatta]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> Modern scholars consider this claim to be a fabrication, jae-eun shin suggests that this genealogy was created in the context of Bharkarvarman's alliance with [[Harsha]]vardhana, to help [[legitimise]] his sovereignty. The use of Naraka/Bhagadatta lineage to establish sovereignty continued under the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]] and the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties, a practice which is in keeping with the trend in the post-Gupta period in India.<ref name=":1" /> |
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| ⚫ | ''She-Kia-Fang-Che'' claiming him to be a kshatriya whose ancestors came from China.<ref name=":0" /> Though some modern scholars have opined that the Varman dynasty is probably of Indo-Aryan descent,<ref>{{cite book |author=Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna Samiti |title=Readings in the history & culture of Assam |year=1984 |page=179}} "The Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam was overthrown by Salastambha, a man of Mleccha or non-Aryan (Mongolian) origin."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Niśipada Caudhurī |title=Historical archaeology of central Assam |year=1985 |page=83}} "K.N. Dutta seems to be right in concluding that the Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam, was overthrown by Salastambha, (Mongoloid) origin, who then made himself the king of Kamarupa."</ref> it is now believed that the Varmans were originally non-Indo-Aryans. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chatterjee]] calls Bhaskaravarman a Hinduised Mlechcha king of Indo-[[Mongoloid]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096 |title=Kirata-jana-krti |date=1951 |pages=90,91}}</ref> Hugh B. Urban also infers that the Varmans descended from non-Aryan tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhs/article-abstract/4/3/231/2188519?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=academic.oup.com |page=234}}</ref> |
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The first of the three Kamarupa dynasties, the Varmans were followed by the [[Mlechchha dynasty|Mlechchha]]<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=122}}</ref> and then the [[Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)|Pala]] dynasties.<ref>{{harvcol|Sircar|1990|p=140}}</ref> |
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==Capital== |
==Capital== |
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The capital was moved at least once, the last time by [[Sthitavarman]] (566-590) with the older city not named but presumed to be [[Pragjyotishpura]],<ref>"The older city is not given by name...(it) might have been Pragjyotisha."{{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=30–31}}</ref> located at the south-eastern slope of the Narakasur hill near [[Dispur]]. The new capital was possibly some location in [[Guwahati]].<ref>"This verse refers to the act of abandoning the old capital city and building of a new metropolis on the bank of the [[holy river]]. The holy river seems to be none other than the Brahmaputra and the site of the city must have been located in the present Gauhati region."{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=30}}</ref> Though the claim is not supported by any archaeological findings. |
The capital was moved at least once, the last time by [[Sthitavarman]] (566-590) with the older city not named but presumed to be [[Pragjyotishpura]],<ref>"The older city is not given by name...(it) might have been Pragjyotisha."{{harv|Sharma|1978|pp=30–31}}</ref> located at the south-eastern slope of the Narakasur hill near [[Dispur]]. The new capital was possibly some location in [[Guwahati]].<ref>"This verse refers to the act of abandoning the old capital city and building of a new metropolis on the bank of the [[holy river]]. The holy river seems to be none other than the Brahmaputra and the site of the city must have been located in the present Gauhati region."{{harv|Sharma|1978|p=30}}</ref> Though the claim is not supported by any archaeological findings. |
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==Origins== |
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Kamarupa is first mentioned on [[Samudragupta]]'s Allahabad rock pillar as a frontier kingdom, began as a subordinate but sovereign ally of the [[Gupta empire]] around present-day [[Guwahati]] in the 4th century:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html|title=Royal history of Cooch Behar|website=coochbehar.nic.in|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> |
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{{blockquote|"([[Samudragupta]], whose) formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of [[Samatata|Samataṭa]], [[Ḍavāka]], [[Kamarupa|Kāmarūpa]], [[Nepala|Nēpāla]], and [[Kartṛipura]], and, by the [[Malavas|Mālavas]], [[Arjunayanas|Ārjunāyanas]], [[Yaudheyas|Yaudhēyas]], [[Mādrakas]], [[Abhira dynasty|Ābhīras]], Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other (''tribes'')."|Lines 22–23 of the [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (r.c.350-375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=6–10 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up}}</ref>}} |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Kamarupa in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|left|The name "Kāmarūpa" in later [[Brahmi script]], in the [[Allahabad Pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]] (350-375 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |
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| ⚫ | The first king in this dynasty was [[Pushyavarman]], possibly a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]] (c. 335/350-375 CE). The kingdom which he established with much effort, grew in the periphery of the [[Gupta Empire]], adopted the north Indian political model, and its kings took on names and titles of the Gupta kings and queens.<ref |
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The Varman's modeled themselves after the Gupta's and named themselves after the Gupta kings and queens.<ref>"the early kings of Kamarupa freely implemented the political model of north India, particularly following that of the Guptas, rather suggests their relative autonomy in the periphery. They adopted the imperial title of the Gupta, and the name of a Gupta king and queen, and performed a horse sacrifice...The resemblance between the names of Pushyavarman's son, Samudravarman, and daughter-in-law, DattadevI, on the one hand and those of Gupta emperor Samudragupta and his queen Dattadevl on the other may not be accidental. It was probably a conscious adoption."{{harv|Shin|2018|p=30}}</ref> |
The Varman's modeled themselves after the Gupta's and named themselves after the Gupta kings and queens.<ref>"the early kings of Kamarupa freely implemented the political model of north India, particularly following that of the Guptas, rather suggests their relative autonomy in the periphery. They adopted the imperial title of the Gupta, and the name of a Gupta king and queen, and performed a horse sacrifice...The resemblance between the names of Pushyavarman's son, Samudravarman, and daughter-in-law, DattadevI, on the one hand and those of Gupta emperor Samudragupta and his queen Dattadevl on the other may not be accidental. It was probably a conscious adoption."{{harv|Shin|2018|p=30}}</ref> |
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==Cultural environment== |
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The Buddhist scholar [[Xuanzang]] described his impressions of the people of the country: <blockquote>The manners of the people simple and honest. The men are of small stature, and their complexion a dark yellow. Their language differs a little from that of Mid-India. Their nature is very impetuous and wild; their memories are retentive, and they are earnest in study. They adore and sacrifice to the Dêvas, and have no faith in Buddha; hence from the time when Buddha appeared in the world even down to the present time there never as yet has been built one sanghårama as a place for the priests to assemble. Such disciples as there are of a pure faith, say their prayers (repeat the name of Buddha) secretly, and that is all. There are as many as 100 Dêva temples, and different sectaries to the number of several myriads... The king is fond of learning, and the people are so likewise in imitation of him. Men of high talent from distant regions aspiring after office visit his dominions as strangers. Though he has no faith in Buddha, yet he much respects [[Śramaṇa]]s of learning."</blockquote><ref>{{harv|Beal|1884|p=[https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre02hsuoft/page/196/mode/2up 196]}}</ref> |
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==The dynasty== |
==The dynasty== |
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Revision as of 01:45, 30 July 2023
Kamarupa Kingdom Varman dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 350 CE–655 CE | |||||||||
 The traditional map of Kamarupa. | |||||||||
| Capital | Pragjyotishpura | ||||||||
| Official languages | Sanskrit, Kamarupi Prakrit | ||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism, Tribal religion[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Maharajadhiraja | |||||||||
• c. 350 – c. 374 | Pushyavarman | ||||||||
• c. 518 – c. 542 | Bhutivarman | ||||||||
• c. 600 – c. 650 | Bhaskaravarman | ||||||||
| Historical era | Classical India | ||||||||
• Established | 350 CE | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 655 CE | ||||||||
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| Part of a series on the |
| History of Assam |
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| Categories |
The Varman dynasty (350–650) was the first historical dynasty of the Kamarupa kingdom. It was established by Pushyavarman, a contemporary of Samudragupta.[2][3] The earlier Varmans were subordinates of the Gupta Empire, but as the power of the Guptas waned, Mahendravarman (470–494) performed two horse sacrifices and the status of Kamarupa as an independent state remained unimpaired.[2][4] According to the Allahabad Prasasti, the ruler of Kamarupa was a frontier ruler (Pratyanta-nrpatis) of the great Gupta emperor.[5] As per the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen, Susthivarman was defeated by Mahasengupta on the bank of Lauhitya.[6] The first of the three Kamarupa dynasties, the Varmans were followed by the Mlechchha and then the Pala dynasties.[7]
Origin
The first king in this dynasty was Pushyavarman, possibly a contemporary of Samudragupta (c. 335/350-375 CE).[3] The kingdom which he established with much effort, grew in the periphery of the Gupta Empire, adopted the north Indian political model, and its kings took on names and titles of the Gupta kings and queens.[9] Nothing much is known directly about the initial kings till the sixth king, Mahendravarman, who established a rock temple and assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja (king-of-kings) in the last quarter of the fifth century.[9] The dynastic line from Pushyavarman first appear in the 7th century, in Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions issued by Bhaskaravarman and in the Harshacharita and not earlier in any inscription from his ancestors.[7][9] In these inscriptions Bhaskaravarman claims that he was a descendant of Narakasur, Bhagadatta and Vajradatta.[7][2] Modern scholars consider this claim to be a fabrication, jae-eun shin suggests that this genealogy was created in the context of Bharkarvarman's alliance with Harshavardhana, to help legitimise his sovereignty. The use of Naraka/Bhagadatta lineage to establish sovereignty continued under the Mlechchha and the Pala dynasties, a practice which is in keeping with the trend in the post-Gupta period in India.[9]
She-Kia-Fang-Che claiming him to be a kshatriya whose ancestors came from China.[2] Though some modern scholars have opined that the Varman dynasty is probably of Indo-Aryan descent,[10][11] it is now believed that the Varmans were originally non-Indo-Aryans. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee calls Bhaskaravarman a Hinduised Mlechcha king of Indo-Mongoloid origin.[12] Hugh B. Urban also infers that the Varmans descended from non-Aryan tribes.[13]
,_Kamarupa_-_Panel_on_Plinth.jpg)
Relics of Pragjyotishpura, the capital of Varmans
Capital
The capital was moved at least once, the last time by Sthitavarman (566-590) with the older city not named but presumed to be Pragjyotishpura,[14] located at the south-eastern slope of the Narakasur hill near Dispur. The new capital was possibly some location in Guwahati.[15] Though the claim is not supported by any archaeological findings.
Politics and diplomacy
The Varman's modeled themselves after the Gupta's and named themselves after the Gupta kings and queens.[16]
The dynasty
The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:
| Reign | Name | succession | Queen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 350-374 | Pushyavarman | (unknown) | |
| 2 | 374-398 | Samudravarman | son of Pushyavarman | Dattadevi |
| 3 | 398-422 | Balavarman | son of Samudravarman | Ratnavati |
| 4 | 422-446 | Kalyanavarman | son of Balavarman | Gandharavati |
| 5 | 446-470 | Ganapativarman | son of Kalyanavarman | Yajnavati |
| 6 | 470-494 | Mahendravarman | son of Ganapativarman | Suvrata |
| 7 | 494-518 | Narayanavarman | son of Mahendravarman | Devavati |
| 8 | 518-542 | Bhutivarman | son of Narayanavarman | Vijnayavati |
| 9 | 542-566 | Chandramukhavarman | son of Bhutivarman | Bhogavati |
| 10 | 566-590 | Sthitavarman | son of Chandramukhavarman | Nayanadevi |
| 11 | 590-595 | Susthitavarman | son of Sthitavarman | Syamadevi |
| 12 | 595-600 | Supratisthitavarman | son of Susthitavarman | (Bachelor) |
| 13 | 600-650 | Bhaskaravarman | brother of Supratisthitavarman | (Bachelor) |
| 14 | 650-655 | Unknown[18] | (unknown) | (unknown) |
Family tree
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References
- ^ (A)ccording to the Yogina Tantra—a product of seventeenth-century Assam—the entire religion of Kamarupa is itself described as kirata dharma, that is, the religion of the northeast hill tribes,."(Urban 2011:237)
- ^ a b c d Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978). Inscriptions of Ancient Assam. Department of Publication, Gauhati University.
- ^ a b Dutta, Satyabrat (2015). "Political Status of Assam in the Gupta Age". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 137–140. ISSN 2249-1937.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 303. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
The status of Kamarupa remained unimpaired as the grandson of Bhutivarman also performed two Asvamedha sacrifices
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 142. ISBN 9788120800267.
- ^ Maity. Sachindra Kumar. Corpus Of Bengal Inscriptions Bearing On History And Civilization Of Bengal. p. 7.
Again the Apsad Inscription of Adityasen refer to his grandfather Mahasengupta's defeat of Susthivarmand on the bank of Lauhitya. Susthivarman was the King of Kamarupa
- ^ a b c Sircar, D C (1990), "Political History", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 94–171
- ^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3. pp. 6–10.
- ^ a b c d Shin, Jae-Eun (1 January 2018). "Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering Temporal, Spatial and Social Context of Kāmarūpa, in Lipokmar Dzuvichu and Manjeet Baruah (eds), Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation, London and New York: Routledge, 2018, pp.23-55".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna Samiti (1984). Readings in the history & culture of Assam. p. 179. "The Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam was overthrown by Salastambha, a man of Mleccha or non-Aryan (Mongolian) origin."
- ^ Niśipada Caudhurī (1985). Historical archaeology of central Assam. p. 83. "K.N. Dutta seems to be right in concluding that the Varman dynasty, which was probably the first Indo-Aryan dynasty in Assam, was overthrown by Salastambha, (Mongoloid) origin, who then made himself the king of Kamarupa."
- ^ Chatterji, Suniti Kumar (1951). Kirata-jana-krti. pp. 90, 91.
- ^ "The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam". academic.oup.com. p. 234. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ "The older city is not given by name...(it) might have been Pragjyotisha."(Sharma 1978, pp. 30–31) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSharma1978 (help)
- ^ "This verse refers to the act of abandoning the old capital city and building of a new metropolis on the bank of the holy river. The holy river seems to be none other than the Brahmaputra and the site of the city must have been located in the present Gauhati region."(Sharma 1978, p. 30) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSharma1978 (help)
- ^ "the early kings of Kamarupa freely implemented the political model of north India, particularly following that of the Guptas, rather suggests their relative autonomy in the periphery. They adopted the imperial title of the Gupta, and the name of a Gupta king and queen, and performed a horse sacrifice...The resemblance between the names of Pushyavarman's son, Samudravarman, and daughter-in-law, DattadevI, on the one hand and those of Gupta emperor Samudragupta and his queen Dattadevl on the other may not be accidental. It was probably a conscious adoption."(Shin 2018, p. 30) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFShin2018 (help)
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (j). ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ "Though there exists no direct evidence, there are indirect evidence of a king who ruled for a short period after Bhaskaravarman, but was ousted by Salasthamba."(Sharma 1978, pp. xxxi–xxxii) harv error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSharma1978 (help).
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