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Also on [[August 31]], [[2007]], seven riders in the Chicago Critical Mass were arrested on charges of obstructing traffic and disobeying police. The seven were held overnight.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/539409,CST-NWS-MASS02.article</ref>
Also on [[August 31]], [[2007]], seven riders in the Chicago Critical Mass were arrested on charges of obstructing traffic and disobeying police. The seven were held overnight.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/539409,CST-NWS-MASS02.article</ref>


====Oakland, California====
====Noise Ordinance Enforcement, Oakland, California====
In July, 2007 [[Oakland, California]] Police Department officers grabbed and detained a peaceful Critical Mass rider on the Oakland, Califonia ride, which stages at [[Frank Ogawa]] Plaza on the first Friday of each month. The rider was cited for violating a noise ordinance for having a bicycle sound system. Many Oakland riders were critical of the [[Oakland, California Police Department]] for exercising selective enforcement of the noise ordinance, in a city whose streets are frequently travelled by [[motorcyclists]] on [[Harley Davidson]] [[motorcycles]] with loud pipes and sound-systems of their own, and with numerous cars with loud sound-systems and exhaust whistles. In addition, Oakland Police Department motorcycles themselves were previously criticized by Oakland's District 3 City Councilmember [[Nancy Nadel]] for having loud, aftermarket "[[thunderpipes]]" installed on them.
In July, 2007 [[Oakland, California]] Police Department officers grabbed and detained a peaceful Critical Mass rider on the Oakland, Califonia ride, which stages at [[Frank Ogawa]] Plaza on the first Friday of each month. The rider was cited for violating a noise ordinance for having a bicycle sound system. Many Oakland riders were critical of the [[Oakland, California Police Department]] for exercising selective enforcement of the noise ordinance, in a city whose streets are frequently travelled by [[motorcyclists]] on [[Harley Davidson]] [[motorcycles]] with loud pipes and sound-systems of their own, and with numerous cars with loud sound-systems and exhaust whistles. In addition, Oakland Police Department motorcycles themselves were previously criticized by Oakland's District 3 City Councilmember [[Nancy Nadel]] for having loud, aftermarket "[[thunderpipes]]" installed on them.


Revision as of 05:05, 17 February 2008

For other uses of "critical mass", see critical mass (disambiguation).
Over a thousand riders took part in the 10th anniversary ride in Melbourne during November 2005.

Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world where bicyclists and, less frequently, unicyclists, skateboarders, inline skaters, roller skaters and other self-propelled commuters take to the streets en masse. While the ride was originally founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists,[1] the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal. In fact, the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city or town streets.

Background

Critical Mass rides are self-organized, non-commercial and non-competitive, and they operate with diffused and informal decision-making, independent of leaders. They are often also unofficial, foregoing permits and official sanction from municipal authorities. Typically, only the meeting place, date, and time are fixed. In some cities, the route, finishing point, or attractions along the way may be planned ahead. Participants have differing purposes for the event, such as celebrating their choice of the bicycle for transportation,[2] and enjoying car-free social time on city streets.[3]

Critical Mass rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker magazine article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement;[4] and the UK e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London."[5] However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, and not as protests or organized demonstrations.[6][7] This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.[8][9]

Critical Mass rides vary greatly in many respects, including frequency and number of participants. For example, many small cities have monthly Critical Mass rides with fewer than twenty riders, while on the opposite extreme, in what have been the largest events using the name Critical Mass, cyclists in Budapest, Hungary hold only two rides each year on 22 September (International Car Free Day) and 22 April (Earth Day). They attract tens of thousands of riders.[10] The April 22, 2007 Budapest ride participation was generally estimated at 50,000 riders.[11] [citation needed]

History

San Francisco Critical Mass, April 29, 2005.

The first ride took place on Friday, September 25, 1992 at 6 P.M. in San Francisco. At that time, the event was known as Commute Clot and was composed of a couple of dozen cyclists who had received flyers on Market Street.[1]

Shortly after this, some participants in that ride went to a local bicycle shop for a screening of Ted White's documentary Return of the Scorcher, about bike culture overseas. In that film, American human powered vehicle and pedicab designer George Bliss noted that, in China, both motorists and bicyclists had an understood method of negotiating intersections without signals. Traffic would "bunch up" at these intersections until the back log reached a "critical mass" at which point that mass would move through the intersection. Dave Snyder applied that term from the movie to the ride,[12] and the name caught on, replacing "Commute Clot" by the time of the second event.[1]

By the time of the fourth ride, the number of cyclists had increased to around 100 and participation continued to grow dramatically, reaching about 1,000 riders, on average.[1]

The name was soon adopted as a generic label by participants in similar but independent mass rides that were either initiated in various locations around the world at around the same time, or had already existed before 1992 under other names. It is estimated that there are Critical Mass-type rides in more than 325 cities to date. The term "Masser" is sometimes applied to frequent participants.[13]

Structure

Critical Mass differs from many other social movements in its rhizomal (rather than hierarchical) structure. Critical Mass is sometimes called an "organized coincidence", with no leadership or membership. The routes of some rides are decided spontaneously by whoever is currently at the front of the ride, others are decided prior to the ride by a popular vote of suggested routes often drawn up on photocopied flyers. The term xerocracy was coined to describe a process by which the route for a Critical Mass can be decided: anyone who has an opinion makes their own map and distributes it to the cyclists participating in the Mass. Still other rides decide the route by consensus. The "disorganized" nature of the event allows it to largely escape clampdown by authorities who may view the rides as forms of parades or organized protest. Additionally, the movement is free from the structural costs associated with a centralized, hierarchical organization. In order for the event to function, the only requirement is a sufficient turn-out to create a "critical mass" of riders dense enough to occupy a piece of road to the exclusion of drivers of motorized vehicles, pedestrians, and other road users.[citation needed] Authorities in New York, California and Oregon have expressed concern with the difficulty of coordinating with the riders, due to the lack of leadership.[14][15][16]

Detail from the November 20, 1992 flyer by Joel Pomerantz which introduced the concept of corking.

The city of New Haven includes the event in its city-published Green Map.[17]

Corking

Because Critical Mass takes place without an official route or sanction, participants practice a tactic known as "corking" in order to maintain the cohesion of the group. This tactic consists of a few riders blocking traffic from side roads so that the mass can freely proceed through red lights without interruption. Corking allows the mass to engage in a variety of activities, such as circling in an intersection, or lifting their bikes in a tradition known as a "Bike Lift" or in Chicago, a Chicago hold-up. The 'Corks' sometimes take advantage of their time corking to distribute flyers.

Critics argue that the practice of corking roads in order to pass through red lights as a group is contrary to Critical Mass' claim that "we are traffic", since ordinary traffic (including bicycle traffic) does not usually have the right to go through intersections once the traffic signal has changed to red, unless issued with a specific permit or residing in jurisdictions where bicyclists have this right such as in Idaho, where State law recognizes such riding.[18] Corking has sometimes translated into hostility between motorists and riders, even erupting into violence and arrests of motorists and cyclists alike during Critical Mass rides.[19]

Criticism

Critical Mass has been the subject of criticism from authorities and motorists in the various cities in which it takes place.

Conflicts with motorists

Critics have claimed that Critical Mass is a deliberate attempt to obstruct automotive traffic and cause a disruption of normal city functions, asserting that individuals taking part in Critical Mass refuse to obey the vehicular traffic laws that apply to cyclists the same as they do to drivers of other vehicles.[20]

In California's San Francisco Bay Area, there have been several incidents of violence during Critical Mass events.[21]

On the evening of March 30, 2007 near San Francisco's Japan Center and Western Addition neighborhoods, toward the end of Critical Mass, Susan Ferrando of Redwood City, California, a 24 mile, 32 minute Caltrain ride from San Francisco, claimed to have found herself in the middle of a group of bicyclists after she tried to drive through the mass of bicycle riders. Ferrando alleged that hundreds of bicyclists surrounded her minivan while her 11 and 13 year old daughters watched from inside. Ferrando denies striking a cyclist and instead claimed they banged on the sides of her car, "keyed" the paint, and threw a bicycle through the rear window of the vehicle, causing $5,300 in damage.[22]According to new coverage in the San Francisco Chronicle and National Public Radio, some cyclists, such as eyewitness Kate McCarthy who came forward for radio interview with National Public Radio's Richard Gonzales, claims she observed Ferrando strike a cyclist and flee the scene of the accident before cyclists chased after Ferrando surrounding her vehicle to prevent her further unlawful flight from the scene of the accident.[23][24]

On May 11, 2007, a similar incident occurred in Berkeley, California. According to numerous mainstream news media reports[25]and a Bicycle Civil Liberties Union (BCLU) media release, a "motorist with his wife deliberately ran into the side of the monthly Berkeley Critical Mass bicycle demonstration"[26] and caused approximately $3,000 worth of damage to bicycles.[27] The cyclists said Head shouted, "I'm sick of you people," and attempted to run them over.[28] However, the driver, Harlan Head, and his wife Marilyn, of Berkeley, CA alleged that the bikers 'threw' their bicycles under the vehicle.[29][30] Just before the incident, some Critical Mass riders observed one of the "witnesses," Gabe Schnake-Mahl, verbally taunting the riders from the passenger window of a white BMW sedan. Subsequently, Critical Mass participants pounded on the hood and windows of the car in an attempt to get Head to stop his van and the windshield of the vehicle was cracked and fractured.[31]Berkeley police did not make any arrests, said Sgt. Mary Kusmiss, department spokeswoman.[32]

On July 27, 2007, while the Chicago ride was heading to the Spindle in Berwyn, Illinois, an allegedly drunk driver plowed into the mass while attempting to flee the scene of a previous accident. Ten year old Will Healy, who was riding with his mother and sister, was directly hit by the car. Healy flew up onto the hood of the car, but was not severely injured. Several other bicyclists were injured or had their bicycles damaged while attempting to move out of the way of the car. The driver, Robert Rogers, 34, of Maywood, IL was quickly apprehended by police who were riding with and monitoring the group.[33][34]

San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, in April 2007, requested that Critical Mass riders "police themselves." "It does the bicycle-advocacy community no good to have people that are aggressive and dispirit the entire movement,” Newsom said. “I would encourage the bicycle coalition to say, ‘Look, we don’t put up with this, enough is enough.’”[35]

Conflicts with authorities

Metropolitan Police officers with their cycles awaiting the start of Critical Mass London, April 2006.

July 1997 San Francisco Crackdown

In 1997, the Mayor of San Francisco, Willie Brown, was delayed on his way to dinner in his personal limousine in heavy traffic on the friday evening of the June 1997 San Fracisco Critical Mass ride. Brown subsequently issued a "declaration of war" on San Francisco's Critical Mass bicycle rides, calling them "a terrible demonstration of intolerance."[36] Brown gave his blessing to San Francisco Police Department Chief Fred Lau's plan to conduct a crackdown [37] [38] on the night of the July 25, 1997 ride. Brown was quoted in the news media as saying "I think we ought to confiscate their bicycles, " [39]. According to a Time Magazine article, he threatened to keep both the bikes and the riders locked up, because "a little jail time" would teach Critical Mass riders a lesson.[40] The reaction and extensive press coverage grew into a confrontation at the July 25, 1997 ride. The local newspapers had published a route, although many riders were hesitant about—or flatly against—cooperation with it. On Friday the Mayor tried to address the crowd at the Critical Mass ride's Justin Herman Plaza staging area but was shouted down. The crowd of approximately 7,000 bicyclists quickly split into many parts, each being chased or monitored by police units, including helicopters. This resulted in extensive turmoil throughout the downtown area.

During the ride approximately 250 riders were arrested for unlawful assembly and jailed, allegedly after being cordoned off by lines of riot-helmeted San Francisco police officers and without being given a lawful order or chance to disperse, and had their bicycles confiscated by the police.[41] San Francisco Deputy Police Chief Rich Holder was quoted as saying that elsewhere during the ride some of the cyclists "stormed" the San Francisco Bay Bridge, which lacks a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-way such as the one on the Brooklyn Bridge or the Golden Gate Bridge. Brown was humorously portrayed by one news report as hypocritical and lacking credibility on the issue of enforcing traffic laws against Critical Mass bicyclists since Brown gained a noted reputation for flying through town with a motorcycle escort just to make his meetings on time.[42] At a July 31st, 1997 press conference, Brown referred to Critical Mass cyclists as "little weenies," and implied that bicyclists do not vote or comprise a significant portion of his constituency.[43] Brown later explained the remark as occuring "in a moment of evidence of (his) annoyance." By the middle of his second term in office, Brown was seen by some as having evolved on bicycling issues. On the 10th anniversary of Critical Mass on September 27, 2002, the city officially closed down four blocks to automobile traffic for the Car-Free Day street fair. Brown remarked: "I'm delighted. A new tradition has been born in our city." [44]

Bennett Hall, a professional photographer, claimed to have witnessed a San Francisco police officer writing a citation for a bicyclist who had committed no offense. While photographing the event, Hall further alleges that the police then improperly arrested him and seized his camera. Another pedestrian attempted to take the camera to bring it to the San Francisco Chronicle, but he was also arrested.[45]

2004 RNC Convention, New York City

After the US 2004 Republican National Convention coincided with the August 2004 New York City Critical Mass, many court cases resulted regarding the legality of the ride, confronting issues of whether police have the right to arrest cyclists and seize their bicycles, and whether the event needs a permit. In December of 2004, a federal judge threw out New York City's injunction against Critical Mass as a "political event."[46] On March 23, 2005, the city filed a lawsuit, seeking to prevent TIME'S UP!, a local nonprofit, direct action, environmental group, from promoting or advertising Critical Mass rides. The lawsuit also stated TIME'S UP! and the general public could not participate in riding or gathering at the Critical Mass bike ride, claiming a permit was required. A documentary film, Still We Ride shows the nature of these bike rides before and after the police took notice.[47][48][49]

September 2005 London Crackdown

In September 2005, Critical Mass in London found itself in conflict with the law when the Metropolitan Police gave out notices announcing a requirement that the organisers of the mass provide a route six days before the event. In addition, they stated that the Mass may be restricted in the future, and arrests would result if their orders were not followed. The threat was quickly moderated when politicians and cyclist groups voiced objections. The following ride, that of October 2005, was tremendously well attended, with estimates approaching the figure of 1200 participants.[citation needed] There was a long stop in Parliament Square, part of the Government's exclusion area in the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.[citation needed] However, this event also led to a particularly slow and cumbersome ride which brought some debate[citation needed] from London cycling groups.[who?]

Another consequence of the police notice was that a participant sought a declaration from the High Court of England and Wales that there was no requirement to notify police about the Critical Mass rides. After what the judgment describes as a "friendly action" in which the claimant and the police agreed not to seek damages, the Court ruling[50] on June 27, 2006 agreed with the claimant that the Critical Mass rides were exempt from notification under Section 11 of the Public Order Act 1986.

On March 14, 2007 the issue was taken to the Court of Appeal by the Metropolitan Police. On May 21, 2007 the court ruled in their favour[51] by a majority of 2 to 1.[52] Friends of the Earth, who are helping Critical Mass with the legal action, have now indicated that the case will be going to England's highest legal authority, the House of Lords.

Police in Oregon and New York have cited concerns that Critical Mass may delay emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, due to the traffic disruption.[14][15] An expert retained by bicyclists suing New York City gave the opinion that such claims are without merit.[53]

Vilnius, Lithuania

On July 27, 2007 in Vilnius, Lithuania, police took five critical mass participants into custody, including two minors, for not following orders to disband. At least two of them later reported to have been beaten and injured by police officers. A court case is set to take place in August.[54]

August, 2007 Minneapolis Crackdown

On August 31, 2007 in Minneapolis, police arrested nineteen critical mass participants, including three minors. The adults were reported to have been arrested on suspicion of rioting, a gross misdemeanor. Cases will go to trial in 2008 and money is being raised for the defense of the five individuals (one a minor) who are being prosecuted.[55][56]

Chicago, Illinois

Also on August 31, 2007, seven riders in the Chicago Critical Mass were arrested on charges of obstructing traffic and disobeying police. The seven were held overnight.[57]

Noise Ordinance Enforcement, Oakland, California

In July, 2007 Oakland, California Police Department officers grabbed and detained a peaceful Critical Mass rider on the Oakland, Califonia ride, which stages at Frank Ogawa Plaza on the first Friday of each month. The rider was cited for violating a noise ordinance for having a bicycle sound system. Many Oakland riders were critical of the Oakland, California Police Department for exercising selective enforcement of the noise ordinance, in a city whose streets are frequently travelled by motorcyclists on Harley Davidson motorcycles with loud pipes and sound-systems of their own, and with numerous cars with loud sound-systems and exhaust whistles. In addition, Oakland Police Department motorcycles themselves were previously criticized by Oakland's District 3 City Councilmember Nancy Nadel for having loud, aftermarket "thunderpipes" installed on them.

Reaction of other cyclists

Some bicycling advocacy groups have expressed concern that the controversial nature of Critical Mass and altercations with motorists could weaken public support for bicyclists.[15] Though it does not condone incidents of violence and rudeness, the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition credits Critical Mass with spotlighting bicycle issues and aiding their efforts in advocating for cyclists.[1]

Still other cyclists[specify] believe that altercations with motorists during the rides have lead to a deterrent perception among motorists that cyclists are willing to 'draw the saber' and defend themselves, with physical force if necessary, from violence and antagonization that many have to deal with every day[citation needed]. News reports and videotapes of altercations with motorists have turned off some cyclists[specify], and aroused the sympathy and solidarity of other cyclists[specify] outraged at the violence and aggression against cyclists by motorists who use the mass of their cars to intimidate and 'shepherd' cyclists. Often, such news reports bring many new, first-time riders out to the rides the following month, and in the future.[citation needed]

Critical Manners

In San Francisco, a splinter event known as "Critical Manners," was created as a response to Critical Mass. Critical Manners rides through the city on the second Friday of the month, but in contrast with Critical Mass, the riders obey all traffic laws, such as stopping at red lights and signaling.[58][59]

There are also conversations about starting Critical Manners in Portland, Oregon.[60]

According to page 252 of the Critical Mass book, edited by Chris Carlsson, rider Michael Bluejay of Austin, TX has worked on one of his projects, Courteous Mass which the book describes as "an alternative to Critical Mass."

Tucson, Arizona holds the Tuesday Night Community Bike Ride as their alternative to Critical Mass. The weekly ride seeks to encourage bicycle commuting and motor vehicle awareness in a peaceful and friendly way.

General Impact

Although there is no consensus as to the overall effect of the ride on street conditions for cyclists or on public perceptions of bicycling, a few examples show the extent to which the ride has permeated various subcultures:

The name of the event has been subjected to word play in many contexts, ranging from advertising campaigns for commercial products to numerous other public events,[61] some with only remote similarities to Critical Mass.[citation needed] The extensive news coverage of San Francisco's July 1997 ride spawned an international celebration of bicycling, called Bike Summer;[62] in Chicago, a movement has grown out of the Critical Mass community to promote winter cycling via the bikewinter campaign.[63] The Rand Corporation produced a white paper entitled "What Next for Networks and Netwars?" analyzing the tactics of the ride, as part of an evaluation of decentralized decision-making for potential military battlefield use.[64] The ride has generated books,[65] documentary films,[66] murals,[67] and other secondary artifacts.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Garofoli, Joe (September 28, 2002). "Critical Mass turns 10". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Carlsson, Chris (2002), "Introduction", in Carlsson, Chris (ed.), Critical Mass: Bicycling's Defiant Celebration, Edinburgh, Scotland: AK Press, p. 6, 1-902593-59-6
  3. ^ Bernie, Blaug (2002), "Crit Mass", in Carlsson, Chris (ed.), Critical Mass: Bicycling's Defiant Celebration, Edinburgh, Scotland: AK Press, p. 73, 1-902593-59-6
  4. ^ Mcgrath, Ben (2006-11-13). "Holy Rollers".
  5. ^ "Critical Mass London". Urban75. 2006.
  6. ^ "Pittsburgh Critical Mass".
  7. ^ "Critical Mass: Over 260 Arrested in First Major Protest of RNC". Democracy Now!. 2004-08-30.
  8. ^ Seaton, Matt (2005-10-26). "Critical crackdown". The Guardian.
  9. ^ Rosi-Kessel, Adam (2004-08-24). "[*BCM*] Hong Kong Critical Mass News".
  10. ^ http://www.budapestsun.com/cikk.php?id=15300
  11. ^ http://mti.hu/cikk/201526/
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  13. ^ http://chicagocriticalmass.org/about/faq
  14. ^ a b http://www.registerguard.com/news/2006/05/20/a1.criticalmass.0520.p2.php?section=cityregion
  15. ^ a b c http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-11-15-bikes-new-york_x.htm
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  17. ^ http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/EnvironmentalInitiatives.asp
  18. ^ title=Idaho Statutes | url=http://www3.state.id.us/cgi-bin/newidst?sctid=490070020.K
  19. ^ Gutierrez, Scott (2006-07-03). "2 bicyclists arrested at Critical Mass get out of jail". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ http://winnipegsun.com/News/Columnists/MacFarlane_Gord/2006/08/06/1722420.html
  21. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (April 5, 2007). "Clash reignites road wars". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Rubenstein, Steve (April 28, 2007). "Critical Mass pedals politely through S.F." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Gonzalez, Richard (April, 2007). "Bicyclists, Motorist Clash in San Francisco". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Lee, Henry, K. (May 13, 2007). "Elderly couple caught up in altercation with Critical Mass bicyclists". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Lee, Henry K. (May 12, 2007). "Cyclist, motorists clash in Berkeley Critical Mass". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ http://bclu.org/20070511/berkeley-20070511.pdf
  27. ^ http://bclu.org/20070511/
  28. ^ Jones, Carolyn (Tuesday, May 15, 2007). "Accounts clash on Friday's row with bikes". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Cisneros, Noel (May 12, 2007). "Elderly Couple Tangles With Cyclists". KGO-TV, San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ Jones, Carolyn (Tuesday, May 15, 2007). "Accounts clash on Friday's row with bikes". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  31. ^ Lee, Henry K. (May 13, 2007). "Elderly couple caught up in altercation with Critical Mass bicyclists". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ Lee, Henry K. (May 12, 2007). "Cyclist, motorists clash in Berkeley Critical Mass". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-07-02. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ Gardiner, Kate (July 30, 2007). "Driver runs through Critical Mass, injures young rider". Chi-Town Daily News. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Newbart, Dave (August 5, 2007). "Has 'Mass' ride run its course?". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ http://www.examiner.com/a-657770~Newsom_to_Critical_Mass__Police_yourself.html
  36. ^ MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour (29 August 1997). "MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour Transcript". PBS Public Televison.
  37. ^ Erin McCormick, Chuck Finnie and Rachel Gordon, OF THE EXAMINER STAFF Anastasia Hendrix of The Examiner staff contributed to this report. (29 July 1997). "COPS SAY GROUP BIKE RIDE NEEDS PERMIT Police distribute new policy, with mayor's blessing; supes look at plan to license cyclists". San Francisco Examiner. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 38 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Frank Bruni (27 April 1998). "San Francisco Journal; In Utopia of Bicyclists, Cars Are King of the Road No More". New York Times.
  39. ^ Jim Herron Zamora, Chuck Finnie and Emily Gurnon, OF THE EXAMINER STAFF Examiner wire services contributed to this report. "Brown: Take bikes of busted cyclists". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 1997-07-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Steve Lopez (11 August 1997). "The Scariest Biker Gang Of Them All". Time Magazine.
  41. ^ Glen Martin, Henry K. Lee, Torri Minton, Manny Fernandez, Chronicle Staff Writers. "S.F. Bike Chaos -- 250 Arrests: 5,000 bikers snarl commute". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 1997-07-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Matier, Phillip and Ross, Andrew (18 July 1997). "CRITICAL CHUCKLE: Lots of chuckles down at the Hall of Justice over San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown's demand that Critical Mass cyclists start obeying traffic laws". San Francisco Chronicle.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  53. ^ http://info.interactivist.net/images/pdfs/critical_mass/komanoff_dec10_26_04.pdf Declaration of Charles Komanoff
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  60. ^ Would Critical Manners Catch On In Portland?
  61. ^ http://www.ignitionnw.org/criticalmassive
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  63. ^ http://www.bikewinter.org
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  66. ^ http://www.akpress.org/2002/items/bicyclingasaradicalsocialmovement
  67. ^ http://www.bikemural.org/

See also

External links

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