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The certain existence of societies without physical real property (Sage and Chalice), and the archives of this wikipedia article suggests that there may be any number of unknown secret societies at Yale. Certainly there have been many which did not last long enough to leave any significant records.
The certain existence of societies without physical real property (Sage and Chalice), and the archives of this wikipedia article suggests that there may be any number of unknown secret societies at Yale. Certainly there have been many which did not last long enough to leave any significant records.


The secret society tendency for mortuary-themed concepts, and the prevalence of Yale men in the creation of the U.S. intelligence community<ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/12/28/school_for_spies/|title=School for spies: What the CIA learned (and mislearned) in the groves of academe.|last=Heer|first=Jeet|date=2008-12-28|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> is often suggested to be why the term "spook" (an undergraduate society member){{fact}} became a colloquialism for a spy. (For more on Yale secret society members' influences on intelligence agencies, see the book ''Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961'' by historian Robin W. Winks).
The secret society tendency for mortuary-themed concepts, and the prevalence of Yale men in the creation of the U.S. intelligence community<ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/12/28/school_for_spies/|title=School for spies: What the CIA learned (and mislearned) in the groves of academe.|last=Heer|first=Jeet|date=2008-12-28|publisher=The Boston Globe|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> is often suggested to be why the term "spook" (an undergraduate society member) became a colloquialism for a spy. (For more on Yale secret society members' influences on intelligence agencies, see the book ''Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961'' by historian Robin W. Winks). However, there is no verifiable source for this.


==List of notable North American collegiate secret societies==
==List of selected North American collegiate secret societies==
<!-- Please help keep this list sorted appropriately.-->
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{| class="sortable prettytable"
{| class="sortable prettytable"
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|[[University of Delaware]]
|[[University of Delaware]]
|[[Newark, DE]], [[United States]]
|[[Newark, DE]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|-
|[[Ma-Wan-Da]]<ref name="ma-wan-da" />
|1912
|[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]
|[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana, IL]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|''Senior''
|-
|-
Line 304: Line 310:
|[[University of Pennsylvania]]
|[[University of Pennsylvania]]
|[[Philadelphia, PA]], [[United States]]
|[[Philadelphia, PA]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|-
|[[Friar Society]]<ref name="ut-friar">{{cite web |url=http://www.friarsociety.org/history/ |title=The Beginnings of the Society: Friar Society History |work=Friar Society (Home Page) |accessdate=2008-05-30}}</ref>
|1911
|[[University of Texas at Austin]]
|[[Austin, TX]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|''Senior''
|-
|-
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|[[Middletown, CT]], [[United States]]
|[[Middletown, CT]], [[United States]]
|''Sophomore''
|''Sophomore''
|-
|[[Skulls of Seven]]<ref name="skullsofseven">{{cite web |url=http://www2.westminster-mo.edu/current_students/student_life/skulls_of_7/index.asp |title=Skulls of Seven Home |work=Student Life, Westminster College |accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref>
|1898
|[[Westminster College, Missouri|Westminster College]]
|[[Fulton, MO]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|-
|[[Skull society]]<ref name="wpi-skull">{{cite web |url=http://users.wpi.edu/~skull |title=The Skull (Home Page) |accessdate=2008-05-30}}</ref> <ref name="wpi-skulltomb">{{cite web |url=http://www.wpi.edu/About/Tour/skull.html |title=Virtual Tour: Skull Tomb |work=WPI Virtual Tour |accessdate=2008-05-30}}</ref>
|1911
|[[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]]
|[[Worcester, MA]], [[United States]]
|''Senior''
|-
|-
|[[Skull and Bones]]
|[[Skull and Bones]]

Revision as of 00:19, 14 July 2008

There are many collegiate secret societies in North America. They vary greatly in their levels of secrecy and independence from their universities. As the term is used in this article, a secret society is a collegiate society where significant effort is made to keep affairs, membership rolls, signs of recognition, initiation, or other aspects secret from the public. In the traditional secret society, for example at Yale University, "Most societies meet Thursday and Sundays for dinner... Often, a member presents his or her 'autobiography,' revealing personal details."[1] Because many of these societies limit their membership to college seniors, they are also commonly referred to as senior societies on many campuses.

Categorization

There is no strict rule on the categorization of secret societies. Any rule that can be devised has exceptions: secret societies can have ceremonial initiations, secret signs of recognition (gestures, handshakes, passwords), formal secrets, (the 'true' name of the society, a motto, or a society history); but, college fraternities and "social fraternities" have the same, and some of these elements can also be a part of literary societies, singing groups, editorial boards, and honorary and pre-professional groups. Secret societies can keep their membership secret, Seven Society, and some have not (Skull and Bones and the Yale societies had published their membership lists in the yearbooks and the Yale Daily News).

An especially difficult problem is the degree to which any one society is an actual society or is simply an honorary designation. Phi Beta Kappa, for example, was a true secret society, until after its secrets were divulged, the society continued on. It claims today to still be an actual society that has meetings, conducts its affairs, and is a living social entity, however membership for most members consists of one evening's initiation, and no more, which would make the society completely an honorary in most people's eyes.

Many such societies exist which operate as honoraries on one campus, and which may have been at one time actual meeting societies, and which are kept alive by one or two dedicated local alumni or an alumni affairs or Dean's office person, who see to it that an annual initiation are held every year. Some of these frankly state that they are honoraries, other seek to perpetuate the image of a continuing active society where there is none.

While there are some guideline criteria for the neutral observer to understand what sort of society any given organization is, much of the analysis reverts to what any one society has been traditionally understood to be. There are additional means, such as societies that were more or less explicitly established in emulation of some previous secret society, or using historical records to show that society X was created out of society Y.

Common traits

There are several common traits among these societies. The pattern for many of these societies has been set by practices at Yale. For example, many societies have two part names which follow the pattern set by Yale's Skull and Bones or Scroll and Key. The Yale societies also limited their membership to 15 in a class year, and it is common to find similar numerical limits in many of these societies. Extensive mortuary imagery is associated with many secret societies, maintaining a pretense of great seriousness, and, again following Yale, clubhouses are often called "tombs."

Tapping

The archetypical selection process for entry into a collegiate secret society began at Yale University by a process called tapping.[2] On a publicly announced evening, Yale undergraduates would assemble informally in the College Yard. Current members of Yale's secret societies would walk through the crowd and literally tap a prospective member on the shoulder and then walk with him up to the tapped man's dorm room. There, in private, they would ask him to become a member of their secret society, of which the inductee had the choice of accepting or rejecting the offer of membership. During this process, it was publicly known who was being tapped for the coming year. Today, the selection process is not quite as formal, but is still public.[1] Formal tapping days used to exist at Berkeley, and still exist in a much more formal setting at Missouri.

Significant individual institutions

Cornell University

Cornell University has a rich history of secret societies on campus. Andrew Dickson White, the first President of Cornell University and himself a Bonesman, is said to have encouraged the formation of a secret society system on campus.[3] In the early years, the fraternities were called the "secret societies," but as the Greek system developed into a larger, more public entity, "secret society" began to refer only to the class societies. In the early twentieth century, Cornell students belonged to sophomore, junior, and senior societies, as well as honorary societies for particular fields of study. Liberalization of the 1960s spelled the end of these organizations as students rebelled against the establishment. The majority of the societies disappeared or became inactive in a very short time period, and today, only two organizations operate on campus: Sphinx Head (founded in 1890) and Quill and Dagger (founded in 1893). Each society seeks to honor the top 1% of the rising senior class for significant leadership, service to Cornell University and the community, and good character. Membership is mutually exclusive between the two organizations.

Dartmouth College

Main article: Dartmouth College student groups

Dartmouth College's Office of Residential Life states that the earliest senior societies on campus date to 1783 and "continue to be a vibrant tradition within the campus community." Abaris Society and Cobra Society are two such examples.[4] Six of the eight senior societies keep their membership secret, while the other societies maintain secretive elements. According to the college, "approximately 25% of the senior class members are affiliated with a senior society."[4] The college's administration of the society system at Dartmouth focuses on managing membership and tapping lists, and differs from that of Yale's, though there are historical parallels between the two colleges' societies.[5][6]

Harvard University

Main article: Final club
File:Flyclubhouse.jpg
Clubhouse of the Fly Club, a final club at Harvard University

Harvard does not have secret societies in the usual sense, although some assert that Harvard's 'Final Clubs' are analogous. The groups are secretive about their election procedures, and they have secret initiations and meetings. They are larger than secret societies generally are, (approximately sixty students per club). Guests are admitted under restrictions. However the Porcellian and the Delphic never allow any non-member undergraduates inside their buildings, and non-member faculty only in very rare instances. "Punch Season" and the "Final Dinner" is analogous to "Tap" at Yale.

Final Clubs at Harvard include the Fly Club, (1836), a successor of Alpha Delta Phi; The Phoenix - S K Club (1897); Porcellian (1791, originally called The Argonauts). The The Signet Society, a Harvard literary club rather than a Final Club, is also regarded on campus and by members as a "semi-secret" society.[7][8]

University of Illinois

The University of Illinois has the Ma-Wan-Da Senior Society.[9]

Dianthus caryophyllus, a symbol of Ma-Wan-Da, represents "true endeavor" when in white

Ma-Wan-Da, now honorary, used Native American symbolism. Emblems include the bronze arrowhead and the white carnation flower, Dianthus caryophyllus.[9] Each spring, only 15 of the most prestigious campus leaders were invited to join, after which, their names were inscribed onto an arrowhead-shaped plaque and hung on the Ma-Wan-Da Tree. This tradition continued until 1959 before the tree was cut down to make room for the Illini Union.[9][10]

University of Iowa

The University of Iowa has an all-female secret society, The Tennyo.

University of Michigan

Michigan's society, Michigamua, has been inspired by the rituals and culture of the Native Americans of the United States. Since its founding, it has evolved into the Order of Angell, which first used the tower of their campus union as their "tomb".[11][12] The University of Michigan also has a secret society just for technology students, the Vulcan Senior Engineering Society.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Main article: Order of Gimghoul
Hippol Castle, headquarters of the Order of Gimghoul

The library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill contains the archives of the Order of Gimghoul, a secret society headquartered at the Gimghoul Castle.[13][14] The order was founded in 1889 by Robert Worth Bingham, Shepard Bryan, William W. Davies, Edward Wray Martin, and Andrew Henry Patterson, who were students at the time.[15]

The society is open to "notable" male students (rising juniors and higher), and faculty members by invitation. The society centers itself around the legend of Peter Dromgoole, a student who mysteriously disappeared from the UNC campus in 1833.[16] The founders originally called themselves the Order of Dromgoole, but later changed it to the Order of Gimghoul to be, "in accord with midnight and graves and weirdness," according to the university's archives.[15]

Tradition has it that the order upheld the "Dromgoole legend and the ideals of Arthurian knighthood and chivalry." From all accounts, the order is social in nature, and has no clandestine agenda. Membership is closed and information about the order is strictly confidential, as is access to archives which are less than 50 years old.[15]

Ohio State University

Ohio State University is noted for its Sphinx Senior Society.

University of Pennsylvania

There are several "secret societies" at the University of Pennsylvania. At UPenn, the term "secret society" generally denotes a social club that is independent of any official organization. For this reason, the society cannot be regulated by the university, and is not accountable to a national fraternal or sororal organization. Most of the all-male secret societies, such as "Owl Society," "OZ," and "THEOS," were founded by former members of fraternities after the fraternity to which they belonged had had been suspended by the university for disciplinary reasons. But other societies, such as the all-female "Tabard Society" (founded 1987), were founded by students who were not affiliated with any particular Greek organization. At UPenn, secret societies are smaller than their Greek counterparts, and tend to vary in degree of secrecy.[17][18]

Penn State University

Penn State University is known for the Skull and Bones Senior Society[19] and the Lion's Paw Senior Society. Lion's Paw has extensive alumni participation, and strong links to the alumni affairs office of the university, thus making it somewhat different than other societies included here.

Princeton University

Main article: Eating clubs (Princeton University)
Colonial Club

Princeton's eating clubs are not fraternities, nor are they secret societies by any standard measure, but they are often seen as being tenuously analogous. The majority of upperclassmen at take their meals in one of ten eating clubs, which are private organizations resembling both dining halls and social houses. Nearly three-quarters of upperclassmen (third- and fourth-year students) at Princeton take their meals at the eating clubs, the clubs are private institutions and are not affiliated with Princeton University. Each club occupies a large mansion. The primary function of the eating clubs is to serve as dining halls for the majority of third- and fourth-year students. All of the clubs admit both male and female members, and members (with the exception of some of the undergraduate officers) do not live in the mansion.

Currently, there are ten eating clubs. Five clubs — University Cottage Club, Cap and Gown Club, The Ivy Club, Tiger Inn ("TI"), and Princeton Tower Club (in addition to Cannon Club, which will reopen in spring 2008[20]) — are selective, choosing their members through a process called "bicker." Five clubs - Cloister Inn, Princeton Charter Club, Colonial Club, Quadrangle Club, and Terrace Club - are non-selective. These clubs' members are chosen through a lottery process called "sign-in."

University of Virginia

Main article: Secret societies at the University of Virginia
North Steps of the Rotunda, with Z Society logo

Secret societies have been a part of University of Virginia student life since the founding of the Eli Banana society in 1878.[21] Early secret societies, such as Eli Banana and T.I.L.K.A., had secret initiations but public membership; some, such as the Hot Feet, now the IMP Society, were very public, incurring the wrath of the administration for public revels.[22]

The first truly "secret society" was the Seven Society, founded circa 1905.[23] Nothing is known about the Seven Society except for their philanthropy to the University; members are revealed at their death. A few other societies that flourished around the turn of the century, such as the Z Society (formerly Zeta), who were founded in 1892,[24] the IMP Society, reformulated in 1913 after the Hot Feet were banned in 1908, and Eli Banana, are still active at the University today.

New societies have periodically appeared at the University during the 20th century. The most notable are the P.U.M.P.K.I.N. Society, a secret group that rewards contributions to the University and which was founded prior to 1970;[25][26] and the Society of the Purple Shadows, founded 1963, who are only seen in public in purple robes and hoods and who seek to "safeguard vigilantly the University traditions".[27][28] Many of the secret societies listed contribute to the University either financially or through awards or some other form of recognition of excellence at the University.

The Jefferson Literary and Debating Society, founded in 1825, is the oldest organization at the University and among the oldest continuously active student societies in the nation. Its proceedings were kept strictly secret in the early years of its existence. Though it continues to induct new members with a selective process today, its meetings are no longer closed to the public[29].

The College of William and Mary

The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia was the home to one of the nation's first known college societies, the Flat Hat Club, founded in 1750. The initials of the F.H.C. Society stand for a Latin phrase, likely "Fraternitas, Humanitas, et Cognitio" or "Fraternitas Humanitas Cognitioque" (two renderings of "brotherhood, humaneness, and knowledge"), but it has always been known jokingly as 'the Flat Hat Club'. William & Mary alumnus and third U.S. President,Thomas Jefferson, is perhaps the most famous member of the Flat Hat Club.[30] Other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe.[31] Jefferson noted that "When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, there existed a society called the F.H.C. society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists."[32] The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution.[30] The society was revived from 1916 to 1943 and again in 1972.[33]

John Heath and William Short (Class of 1779) founded the Phi Beta Kappa Society at William & Mary on December 5, 1776 as a secret literary and philosophical society. Additional chapters were established in 1780 & 1781 Yale and at Harvard.[34], and there are now 276 chapters nationwide.[35] Alumni John Marshall and Bushrod Washington were two of the earliest members of Phi Beta Kappa, elected in 1778 and 1780, respectively.[36]

Although the pressures of the American Civil War forced many Societies to disappear, most were revived during the 20th century. Some of the secret societies known to currently exist at the College are the Seven Society, Order of the Crown and Dagger, Wren Society, Bishop James Madison Society, Flat Hat Club, Alpha Club, The Society, 13 Club, and W Society[30][37].

Yale University

Main article: List of Yale University student organizations

The term "Secret society" at Yale University encompasses organizations with many shared but not identical characteristics. The oldest surviving undergraduate secret societies at Yale derive from various 19th c. fraternal organization traditions, rooted in the Enlightenment society-founding boom,[5] and therefore the term "secret society" at Yale encompasses a variety of models: senior-only versus three-year, with or without Greek letters, affiliated with other campus chapters or stand-alone entities. From 1854-1956, "'Sheff'," the Sheffield Scientific School was the sciences and engineering college of Yale University, and it also had a fraternal culture that differed in some respects from the humanities campus, further enriching (and complicating) the picture.[38] In the Yale traditional secret society, meetings (typically held twice a week) focus on personal revelation and can involve arcane rituals.[1]

Skull and Bones "tomb" at Yale University

Yale's history contains numerous fraternal organizations that have become defunct, those remaining survived owing to confluences of endowments, real estate, and the vigor of their respective alumni organizations and their charitable Trusts.[39][40] Across this spectrum, common features of Yale secret societies are that they (usually) have fifteen members per class, they own their "tomb" which is wholly or partially closed to non-members (unlike a club such as the Elizabethan Club whose members may bring their guests).

Secret societies at Yale "tap" their members, mostly on the same "Tap Night," and a member is off-limits to recruitment by another secret society, i.e. reciprocal exclusivity -- in contrast to Yale's singing groups which also "tap," but whose members may also join a society.

As hybrids like Sage and Chalice and St. Anthony Hall demonstrate, it is not possible to draw clear distinctions between these secretive organizations. Yale's Buildings and Grounds Department refers to some as "senior societies" in its online architectural database.[41]

The Yale Alumni Magazine contains historical references to fraternities also possessing "tombs." A series of articles on Dartmouth and Yale secret society architecture provides an overview of the buildings as "a uniquely American representation of the joining spirit, (that) are crucial to an understanding of the organizations they represent."[42]

The current 'landed' societies (societies which own real property) include Skull and Bones (1832), Scroll and Key, (1841) and Wolf's Head, (1883). The surviving Sheffield societies are Berzelius (1848), Book and Snake (1863), and St. Elmo (1889), (senior societies), and St. Anthony Hall (1867), which calls itself a "final society".[43] There are any number of others without property.

The certain existence of societies without physical real property (Sage and Chalice), and the archives of this wikipedia article suggests that there may be any number of unknown secret societies at Yale. Certainly there have been many which did not last long enough to leave any significant records.

The secret society tendency for mortuary-themed concepts, and the prevalence of Yale men in the creation of the U.S. intelligence community[44] is often suggested to be why the term "spook" (an undergraduate society member) became a colloquialism for a spy. (For more on Yale secret society members' influences on intelligence agencies, see the book Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961 by historian Robin W. Winks). However, there is no verifiable source for this.

List of selected North American collegiate secret societies

Name Year Established College or University Location Member Limit
The NoZe Brotherhood 1924 Baylor University Waco, Texas, United States
Franklin Society 1824 Brown University Providence, RI, United States
Seven Society, Order of the Crown and Dagger ?, 1826 College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA, United States Senior Men
Bishop James Madison Society 1812, revived 20th c. College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA, United States
Flat Hat Club 1750, revived 1916 College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA, United States Senior
Wren Society 1832, revived 20th c. College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA, United States
St. Anthony Hall 1847 Columbia University New York, NY, United States Three Year
Sphinx Head 1890 Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Senior
Quill and Dagger 1893 Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Senior
The Sphinx[45] 1886 Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, United States Senior
Casque and Gauntlet[45][46] 1887 Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, United States Senior
Dragon Society[45] 1898 Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, United States Senior
Fire & Skoal[45] 1975 Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, United States Senior
Raven's Claw Society 1896 Dickinson College Carlisle, PA, United States Senior
D.V.S. Senior Honor Society 1902 Emory University Atlanta, GA, United States
Burning Spear Society 1939 Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, United States Senior
ANAK Society 1908 Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Senior
Chi 1900 Longwood University Farmville, VA, United States
Red Dragon Society 1898 New York University New York, NY, United States Senior
Eucleian Society 1832 New York University New York, NY, United States
Cap and Skull 1900 Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ, United States Senior
Khoda 1909 Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, United States Senior
Order of the Golden Bear[47] 1900 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, United States Senior
Petal and Thorn 1927 University of Delaware Newark, DE, United States Senior
Ma-Wan-Da[9] 1912 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, United States Senior
The Senior Skull Honor Society[48] 1906 University of Maine Orono, ME, United States Senior Men
Order of Angell 1902 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI, United States Senior
QEBH 1897 University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States Senior
Mystical Seven 1907 University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States Senior
LSV Society[49] 1907 University of Missouri Columbia, MO, United States Senior Women
Order of Gimghoul 1889 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, United States Senior
Friars senior society[50] 1901 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States Senior
Sphinx Senior Society[51] 1900 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States Senior
Friar Society[52] 1911 University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, United States Senior
Episkopon 1858 University of Trinity College Toronto, ON, Canada All
Eli Banana 1878 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
T.I.L.K.A. 1889 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
IMP Society 1902 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
Seven Society 1905 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
Z Society 1892 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
Society of the Purple Shadows 1963 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
P.U.M.P.K.I.N. Society ca. 1967 University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, United States
Mystical Seven[53] 1867 Wesleyan University Middletown, CT, United States Senior
Theta Nu Epsilon 1870 Wesleyan University Middletown, CT, United States Sophomore
Skulls of Seven[54] 1898 Westminster College Fulton, MO, United States Senior
Skull society[55] [56] 1911 Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester, MA, United States Senior
Skull and Bones 1832 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Scroll and Key 1842 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Berzelius 1848 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Book and Snake 1863 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
St. Anthony Hall 1867 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Three Year
Wolf's Head 1883 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Elihu 1903 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Manuscript Society 1952 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Sage and Chalice Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior
Mace and Chain 1956 Yale University New Haven, CT, United States Senior

References

  1. ^ a b c Yale Herald article accessed 2008-06-01
  2. ^ Bagg, Lyman Hotchkiss (1871). Four Years at Yale. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield & Co. pp. 87–105.
  3. ^ Earle, Corey (2007-02-28). "The Secret Life of A.D. White". Cornell Daily Sun.
  4. ^ a b "Senior Societies". Trustees of Dartmouth College. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  5. ^ a b Scott Meacham (1999). "Halls, Tombs, and Houses: Student Society Architecture at Dartmouth". Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  6. ^ Gomstyn, Alice (2001-05-18). "Secret societies remain veiled in mystery". The Dartmouth. Retrieved 2007-02-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "Facts on Final Clubs". The Harvard Crimson. 1999-03-03. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  8. ^ Yee, April H.N. (2004-11-04). "Cutting Final Clubs Out of the Picture". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  9. ^ a b c d "Ma-Wan-Da Home". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  10. ^ "Ma-Wan-Da Plaque". University of Illinois Archives. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  11. ^ "Michigamua Image Gallery". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  12. ^ "Michigamua Exposed". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  13. ^ West, Elliot (2006-10-31). "Halloween: Secret Society In [[Chapel Hill]] Owns Gimghoul Castle". Raleigh Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-05-04. {{cite news}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  14. ^ "Gimghoul Castle". Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  15. ^ a b c "Inventory of the Order of Gimghoul Records, 1832-2006 (bulk 1940-1997)". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  16. ^ "The Legend of Gimghoul". Ghost Stories of North Carolina. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  17. ^ Oppenheim, Gabe (2006-08-11). "The Jekyll and Hyde of ZBT". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  18. ^ Ghiselli, Margherita (2003-01-14). "Mystique of secret societies no secret among college students". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  19. ^ "Skull and Bones Senior Society (Home Page)". Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  20. ^ "Cannon to reopen in Spring 2008". Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  21. ^ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1921). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man. Vol. IV. New York: Macmillan. pp. 97–99, 338.
  22. ^ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1922). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man. Vol. V. New York: Macmillan. p. 283.
  23. ^ Dabney, Virginius (1981). Mr. Jefferson's University: A History. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 305–306. ISBN 081390904X.
  24. ^ Bruce, IV:100.
  25. ^ "P.U.M.P.K.I.N.'s To Make Yearly Roll". Cavalier Daily. 1970-10-30.
  26. ^ Dabney, 502.
  27. ^ Dabney, 501.
  28. ^ Steer, Jay (1968-09-11). "Noted For Eccentricity, Mysteriousness: Societies Beneficial to University". Cavalier Daily.
  29. ^ Patton, John S. (1906). Jefferson, Cabell, and the University of Virginia. New York: Neale Publishing Company
  30. ^ a b c Milfeld, Becca (2004-11-04). "Shhh! The Secret Side to the College's Lesser Known Societies". Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  31. ^ "F.H.C. Society," University Archives Subject File Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary
  32. ^ Hastings, William T. (1965). Phi Beta Kappa as a Secret Society with its Relations to Freemasonry and Antimasonry Some Supplementary Documents. Richmond, Virginia: United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. pp. 38–39.
  33. ^ Flat Hat Club
  34. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa: The First Fraternity". Sigma Chi/Brief History of Fraternities. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  35. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa Society". Phi Beta Kappa homepage. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite web}}: Text "History" ignored (help)
  36. ^ "Letters" (PDF). The Key Reporter. 69 (4): 13. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  37. ^ Johnson, Chase (2008-04-08). "Peeking Into Closed Societies". The Flat Hat.
  38. ^ Branch, Mark Alden (2001-03). "Yale's Lost Landmarks". Yale Alumni Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "Tombs and Taps: An inside look at Yale's Fraternities, Sororities and Societies". Light & Truth: The Yale Journal of Opinion and Investigative Reporting. 8 (1). 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  40. ^ Francis-Wright, Tim (2001). "These are Charities? The Seamy Side of Yale's Most Exclusive Clubs". Bear Left!. 1. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  41. ^ "Buildings and Grounds". Yale University Office of Facilities. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  42. ^ Branch, Mark Alden (2001). "Yale's Lost Landmarks: Delta Kappa Epsilon "Tomb," 1861-1927". Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  43. ^ "An Irrepressible Urge to Join". Yale Alumni Magazine. 2001-03. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Heer, Jeet (2008-12-28). "School for spies: What the CIA learned (and mislearned) in the groves of academe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  45. ^ a b c d Dartmouth list of senior societies accessed 2008-05-16.
  46. ^ Good, Jonathan (2000-04). ""King Arthur made new knights": The Founding of Casque & Gauntlet". Dartmouth Library Bulletin. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Frost, Jacqueline (Summer 1999). "Order of the Golden Bear". Berkeley Magazine.
  48. ^ "Senior Skull Honor Society". University of Maine Alumni Association. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  49. ^ "Honors Societies". University of Missouri–Columbia Department of Religious Studies. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  50. ^ "Friars Senior Society of the University of Pennsylvania (Home Page)". Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  51. ^ "Sphinx Senior Society of the University of Pennsylvania". Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  52. ^ "The Beginnings of the Society: Friar Society History". Friar Society (Home Page). Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  53. ^ Wyatt-Greene, Benjamin. "Mystical 7: A History". Wesleyan History Project. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  54. ^ "Skulls of Seven Home". Student Life, Westminster College. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  55. ^ "The Skull (Home Page)". Retrieved 2008-05-30.
  56. ^ "Virtual Tour: Skull Tomb". WPI Virtual Tour. Retrieved 2008-05-30.

Bibliography

  • Robbins, Alexandra (2004). Pledged: The Secret Life of Sororities. New York, NY: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8859-8.
  • Winks, Robin W. (1996). Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2nd edition. ISBN 0-30006524-8.
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