Behavior: Difference between revisions
StaticGull (talk | contribs) m Reverted edits by 80.229.142.199 to last version by Thijs!bot (using Huggle) |
restore {mergefrom} tagging dated March 2008, Though I believe the original date on that was really Sept 2007 from my history inspection |
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⚫ | '''Behavior''' or '''behaviour''' (see [[American and British English spelling differences#-our .2F -or|spelling differences]]) refers to the [[action (philosophy)|action]]s or [[reaction]]s of an [[object (philosophy)|object]] or [[organism]], usually in [[relation]] to the [[natural environment|environment]]. Behavior can be [[conscious]] or [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]], [[overt]] or [[covert]], and [[voluntary]] or involuntary. In animals, behavior is controlled by the [[endocrine system]] and the [[nervous system]]. The complexity of the behavior of an organism is related to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior. |
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The '''behavior''' of a [[system]] is what it does (contrast [[structure]]). It is the processes executed or supported by a system. |
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[[Human behavior]] (and that of other [[organism]]s and mechanisms) can be common, unusual, acceptable, or [[deviant behavior|unacceptable]]. Humans evaluate the [[taboo|acceptability]] of behavior using [[social norm]]s and regulate behavior by means of [[social control]]. In [[sociology]], behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people and thus is the most basic human [[Action (philosophy)|action]]. Animal behavior is studied in [[comparative psychology]], [[ethology]], [[behavioral ecology]] and [[sociobiology]]. |
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Behavior became an important construct in early 20th century Psychology with the advent of the paradigm known subsequently as "behaviorism." Behaviorism was a reaction against so-called "faculty" psychology which purported to see into or understand the mind without the benefit of scientific testing. Behaviorism insisted on working only with what can be seen or manipulated and in the early views of [[John B. Watson]], a founder of the field, nothing was inferred as to the nature of the entity that produced the behavior. Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of so-called "classical conditioning" (see under [[Ivan Pavlov]] led to the rise of Operant Conditioning, a theory advocated by [[B.F. Skinner]], which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with "behaviorism" for many. |
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⚫ | Behavior or behaviour (see [[American and British English spelling differences#-our |
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For studies on behavior [[ethogram]]s are used. |
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[[Ronald J. Konopka]] and [[Seymour Benzer]] of [[Caltech]] were the first to establish the genetic basis of behavior, when they isolated three [[circadian rhythm]] mutants in [[Drosophila melanogaster]] which were later mapped to a single gene [[Period (gene)|Period]]<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/9/2112 Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster - Konopka and Benzer 68 (9): 2112 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, <ref>[http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/transgenic_fly/content/clockexhibitframe.html HHMI Virtual Exhibit 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. |
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==Outside psychology== |
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This material was present for well over a year as I sampled history of this article trying to figure out the best way to help it 28 July 2008, user:Fabartus |
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'''Behavior''' as used in [[computer science]] is an anthropomorphic construct that assigns “life” to the activities carried out by a computer, computer application, or computer code in response to stimuli, such as user input. Also, "a behavior" is a reusable block of computer code or script that, when applied to an [[object (computer science)]], especially a graphical one, causes it to respond to user input in meaningful patterns or to operate independently, as if alive. |
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In environmental [[Environmental science|modeling]] and especially in [[hydrology]], a '''behavioral model''' means a model |
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that is acceptably [[consistent]] with observed natural [[processes]], i.e. that [[simulation|simulates]] well, for example, observed [[discharge (hydrology)|river discharge]]. It is a key concept of the so-called Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation [[GLUE (uncertainty assessment)|(GLUE)]] methodology to quantify how uncertain environmental [[predictions]] are. |
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[[Ethogram]]s are used for studies on behavior. |
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==References== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Animal behavior]] |
* [[Animal behavior]] |
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* [[Theories of political behavior]] |
* [[Theories of political behavior]] |
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* [[Work behavior]] |
* [[Work behavior]] |
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* [[Behavior therapy]] |
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Revision as of 06:27, 29 July 2008
It has been suggested that human behavior and Talk:human behavior#Merger proposal be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2008. |
Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. In animals, behavior is controlled by the endocrine system and the nervous system. The complexity of the behavior of an organism is related to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior. Human behavior (and that of other organisms and mechanisms) can be common, unusual, acceptable, or unacceptable. Humans evaluate the acceptability of behavior using social norms and regulate behavior by means of social control. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people and thus is the most basic human action. Animal behavior is studied in comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology and sociobiology.
Behavior became an important construct in early 20th century Psychology with the advent of the paradigm known subsequently as "behaviorism." Behaviorism was a reaction against so-called "faculty" psychology which purported to see into or understand the mind without the benefit of scientific testing. Behaviorism insisted on working only with what can be seen or manipulated and in the early views of John B. Watson, a founder of the field, nothing was inferred as to the nature of the entity that produced the behavior. Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of so-called "classical conditioning" (see under Ivan Pavlov led to the rise of Operant Conditioning, a theory advocated by B.F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with "behaviorism" for many.
For studies on behavior ethograms are used.
Outside psychology
Behavior as used in computer science is an anthropomorphic construct that assigns “life” to the activities carried out by a computer, computer application, or computer code in response to stimuli, such as user input. Also, "a behavior" is a reusable block of computer code or script that, when applied to an object (computer science), especially a graphical one, causes it to respond to user input in meaningful patterns or to operate independently, as if alive.
In environmental modeling and especially in hydrology, a behavioral model means a model that is acceptably consistent with observed natural processes, i.e. that simulates well, for example, observed river discharge. It is a key concept of the so-called Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology to quantify how uncertain environmental predictions are.
See also
- Animal behavior
- Applied behavior analysis
- Behaviorism
- Radical behaviorism
- Experimental analysis of behavior
- Forms of activity and interpersonal relations
- Human behavior
- Human sexual behavior
- Instinct
- Motive
- Normal (behavior)
- Psychology
- Reasoning
- rebellion
- Taboo
- Theories of political behavior
- Work behavior