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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/extras/big-question/the-big-question-as-the-100m-world-record-falls-again-how-much-faster-can-humans-run-838899.html "How much faster can humans run?"] article from ''[[The Independent]]''
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/extras/big-question/the-big-question-as-the-100m-world-record-falls-again-how-much-faster-can-humans-run-838899.html "How much faster can humans run?"] article from ''[[The Independent]]''
*[http://www.futuretimeline.net/21stcentury/2060-2069.htm#100msprint 2068 - A major landmark in the world of athletics]


{{records in athletics}}
{{records in athletics}}

Revision as of 16:04, 25 August 2009

Carl Lewis was the first to run under ten seconds at low altitude.
Olympic medallists Ato Boldon, Maurice Greene, and Obadele Thompson have all broken the barrier.

The 10-second barrier is a term used in track and field athletics which refers to the physical and psychological barrier of completing the men's 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement was traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a great sprinter, but its significance has become less important since the late 1990s as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark.[1]

The International Association of Athletics Federations states that runs are only legal if achieved with the use of fully automatic timing, a wind speed below 2.0 m/s, and without the use of performance enhancing substances.[5] Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may also cause sprinters' runs to be invalid.[6]

The first sub-10 second finishes were recorded through the use of manual timing by stopwatch. Following the introduction of electronic timing, which is a more accurate timing method, the barrier was first officially broken by American athlete Jim Hines on 14 October 1968. He ran a time of 9.95 seconds to win the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics, setting a new world record. Almost nine years passed before the barrier was broken again; Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance. Carl Lewis was the first sprinter to achieve the feat at a low altitude, with 9.97 seconds on 14 May 1983. Calvin Smith recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, and also became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, repeating the feat in August that year.

A number of athletes broke the barrier during the 1980s but the 100 m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds.[2] Maurice Greene was the first athlete to run under 9.80 seconds in 1999 and Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008 and 9.60 in 2009. The 10-second barrier has been broken by athletes from all six continental athletic associations with the exception of South America, where Brazilian Robson da Silva holds the area record with ten seconds flat.[3] As of July 2009, 69 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time.

Nearly all the sprinters who have beaten the 10-second barrier are of West African descent (with the exceptions of Australian runner Patrick Johnson and Namibian Frankie Fredericks).[4][5][6] No sprinter of predominantly white, Asian or East African descent has achieved this feat.[7][8][9][10] However, Colin Jackson (a mixed race athlete and former world record holder in the 110 metre hurdles)[11] noted that both his parents were talented athletes and suggested that biological inheritance was the greatest influence, rather than any perceived racial factor. Furthermore, successful black role models in track events may reinforce the racial disparity.[8]

Electronically timed marks

Sprinters who have broken the 10-second barrier
# Date first broken Athlete Time
000(s) 		Nationality Continent[1] Best (year)[2]
 Notes
1 14 October 1968 Jim Hines 9.95 (A)[3]  United States North America 9.95 (1968)
2 11 August 1977 Silvio Leonard 9.98 (A)  Cuba North America 9.98 (1977)
3 14 May 1983 Carl Lewis 9.97  United States North America 9.86 (1991)
4 3 July 1983 Calvin Smith 9.93 (A)  United States North America 9.93 (1983)
5 5 May 1984 Mel Lattany 9.96  United States North America 9.96 (1984)
6[5] 24 September 1988 Linford Christie 9.97  United Kingdom Europe 9.87 (1993)
7 20 May 1989 Raymond Stewart 9.97  Jamaica North America 9.96 (1991)
8 16 June 1989 Leroy Burrell 9.94  United States North America 9.85 (1994)
9 25 August 1991 Dennis Mitchell 9.99  United States North America 9.91 (1991)
10 25 August 1991 Frankie Fredericks 9.95  Namibia Africa 9.86 (1996)
11 11 September 1991 Andre Cason 9.99  United States North America 9.92 (1993)
12 4 April 1992 Olapade Adeniken 9.97  Nigeria Africa 9.95 (1994)
13 18 April 1992 Michael Marsh 9.93  United States North America 9.93 (1992)
14 18 April 1992 Davidson Ezinwa 9.96  Nigeria Africa 9.94 (1994)
15 21 May 1993 Daniel Effiong 9.99  Nigeria Africa 9.98 (1993)
16 22 July 1994 Jon Drummond 9.99  United States North America 9.92 (1997)
17 22 April 1995 Donovan Bailey 9.99  Canada North America 9.84 (1996)
18 15 June 1995 Bruny Surin 9.97  Canada North America 9.84 (1999)
19 21 April 1996 Ato Boldon 9.93  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.86 (1998)
20 12 June 1997 Maurice Greene 9.96  United States North America 9.79 (1999)
21 12 June 1997 Kareem Streete-Thompson 9.96  United States North America 9.96 (1997)
22 12 June 1997 Tim Montgomery 9.96  United States North America 9.92 (1997)
23 20 June 1997 Percival Spencer 9.98  Jamaica North America 9.98 (1997)
24 13 July 1997 Seun Ogunkoya 9.97  Nigeria Africa 9.92 (1998)
25 9 August 1998 Vincent Henderson 9.95  United States North America 9.95 (1998)
26 11 September 1998 Obadele Thompson 9.87 (A)  Barbados North America 9.87 (1998)
27 5 June 1999 Leonard Myles-Mills 9.98  Ghana Africa 9.98 (1999)
28 13 June 1999 Dwain Chambers 9.99  United Kingdom Europe 9.97 (1999)
29 2 July 1999 Jason Gardener 9.98  United Kingdom Europe 9.98 (1999)
30 5 July 1999 Tim Harden 9.92  United States North America 9.92 (1999)
31 2 June 2000 Coby Miller 9.98  United States North America 9.98 (2000)
32 2 June 2000 Bernard Williams 9.99  United States North America 9.94 (2001)
33 21 June 2000 Francis Obikwelu 9.97  Nigeria[4] Africa 9.86 (2004)
34 12 April 2002 Shawn Crawford 9.99  United States North America 9.88 (2004)
35 21 April 2002 Joshua J. Johnson 9.95  United States North America 9.95 (2002)
36 4 May 2002 Brian Lewis 9.99  United States North America 9.99 (2002)
37 27 July 2002 Kim Collins 9.98  Saint Kitts and Nevis North America 9.98 (2002)
38 5 May 2003 Patrick Johnson 9.93  Australia Oceania 9.93 (2003)
39 19 July 2003 Deji Aliu 9.98  Nigeria Africa 9.95 (2003)
40 15 August 2003 John Capel 9.97  United States North America 9.95 (2004)
41 15 August 2003 Justin Gatlin 9.97  United States North America 9.85 (2004)
42 15 August 2003 Mickey Grimes 9.99  United States North America 9.99 (2003)
43 12 October 2003 Uchenna Emedolu 9.97  Nigeria Africa 9.97 (2003)
44 12 June 2004 Asafa Powell 9.99  Jamaica North America 9.72 (2008)
45 14 June 2005 Aziz Zakari 9.99  Ghana Africa 9.99 (2005)
46 25 June 2005 Marc Burns 9.96  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.96 (2005)
47 25 June 2005 Darrel Brown 9.99  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.99 (2005)
48 5 July 2005 Ronald Pognon 9.99  France Europe 9.99 (2005)
49 22 July 2005 Leonard Scott 9.94  United States North America 9.91 (2006)
50 25 May 2006 Olusoji Fasuba 9.93  Nigeria Africa 9.85 (2006)
51 21 July 2006 Tyson Gay 9.97  United States North America 9.71 (2009)
52 18 August 2006 Marcus Brunson 9.99  United States North America 9.99 (2006)
53 24 April 2007 Derrick Atkins 9.98  Bahamas North America 9.91 (2007)
54 8 June 2007 Walter Dix 9.93  United States North America 9.91 (2008)
55 26 July 2007 Samuel A. Francis 9.99  Qatar Asia 9.99 (2007)
56 28 September 2007 Wallace Spearmon 9.96  United States North America 9.96 (2007)
57 10 May 2008 Travis Padgett 9.96  United States North America 9.89 (2008)
58 17 May 2008 Usain Bolt 9.92  Jamaica North America 9.58 (2009) world record
59 18 May 2008 Richard Thompson 9.93  Trinidad and Tobago North America 9.89 (2008)
60 28 June 2008 Rodney Martin 9.95  United States North America 9.95 (2008) [12]
61 28 June 2008 Mark Jelks 9.99  United States North America 9.99 (2008) [12]
62 28 June 2008 Darvis Patton 9.89  United States North America 9.89 (2008) [12]
63 28 June 2008 Ivory Williams 9.94  United States North America 9.94 (2008) [12]
64 22 July 2008 Nesta Carter 9.98  Jamaica North America 9.98 (2008)
65 15 August 2008 Churandy Martina 9.99  Netherlands Antilles North America 9.93 (2008)
66 16 August 2008 Michael Frater 9.97  Jamaica North America 9.97 (2008)
67 24 May 2009 Daniel Bailey 9.99  Antigua and Barbuda North America 9.91 (2009)
68 7 June 2009 Michael Rodgers 9.94  United States North America 9.94 (2009) [13]
69 11 July 2009 Yohan Blake 9.96  Jamaica North America 9.93 (2009) [14]

Notes

  • 1 The continental athletic association that governs the country which the athlete competes for internationally.
  • 2 The personal career best time achieved by the sprinter
  • 3 Denotes a run achieved at a high altitude.
  • 4 Francis Obikwelu now competes for Portugal but he first broke the 10-second barrier while competing for Nigeria.
  • 5 Canadian Ben Johnson was the sixth runner to achieve the feat (having recorded multiple finishes under ten seconds), but all these runs were aided by banned substances.
  • 6 British sprinter Mark Lewis-Francis recorded a time of 9.97 seconds in 2001 but the wind gauge malfunctioned, invalidating the run.

Totals

Hand timed marks

The following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9 seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been entirely accurate.

Sprinters who have broken the 10-second barrier with manual timing
Date first broken Athlete Nationality No. of times broken
20 June 1968 Jim Hines[15]  United States 2
20 June 1968 Ronnie Ray Smith  United States 1
20 June 1968 Charles Greene  United States 1
21 June 1972 Steve Williams  United States 4
1 July 1972 Edward Hart  United States 1
1 July 1972 Reynaud Robinson  United States 1
5 June 1975 Silvio Leonard  Cuba 1
3 April 1976 Harvey Glance  United States 2
22 May 1976 Don Quarrie  Jamaica 1

References

General
Specific
  1. ^ Gardener, Jason. (2008-08-09). Jason Gardener: I'm backing Tyson Gay to win one of the greatest 100 metres finals. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
  2. ^ World Championships: A History. Sporting Life. Retrieved on 2009-08-06. Archived 2009-08-10.
  3. ^ 100 metres records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
  4. ^ Will Swanton and David Sygall, (2007-07-15). Holy Grails. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-06-20.
  5. ^ The above source fails to mention that Namibian Frankie Fredericks was the first runner of non-West African descent to break the barrier.
  6. ^ Athlete Profiles - Patrick Johnson. Athletics Australia. Retrieved 2009-06-19. Archived 2009-06-20.
  7. ^ Syed, Matthew (2007-08-03). So black runners are naturally faster? Wrong. The Times. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  8. ^ a b Barling, Kurt (2000-09-04). Runaway success in the sports arena is never simply a question of race. The Independent. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  9. ^ Powell, David (2005-07-23). British sprint success as easy as 1-2-3. The Times. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  10. ^ Farookhi, Mariam (2008-03-05). The Bath Bullet. National Student. Retrieved on 2009-06-18. Archived 2009-07-20.
  11. ^ Who Do You Think You Are - Colin Jackson. BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.
  12. ^ a b c d US Olympic Trials Men 100 Meter Dash Quarter Finals. USATF (2008-06-28). Retrieved on 2009-06-03.
  13. ^ Lee, Kirby (2009-06-08). Phillips sails 8.74m in Eugene for best Long Jump in world since 1991 – IAAF World Athletics Tour. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-06-10.
  14. ^ Ramsak, Bob (2009-07-10). Gay powers back with 9.77 in Rome – REPORT - ÅF Golden League. IAAF. Retrieved on 2009-07-11. Archived 2009-07-20.
  15. ^ "A History of World Records - Interactive Graphic". NYTimes.com. August 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
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