The Twelve Apostles (Victoria): Difference between revisions
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The Twelve Apostles is a collection of eight [[miocene]] limestone rock stacks<ref name="study">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/20_1037.pdf|title=Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 1 - Twelve Apostles Marine National Park|page=38|accessdate=31 May 2010|work=Marine Natural Values Study|publisher=Parks Victoria}}</ref> jutting from the water in [[Port Campbell National Park]], between [[Princetown, Victoria|Princetown]] and [[Peterborough, Victoria|Peterborough]] on the Great Ocean Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/cars/Pedal+metal/3044031/story.html|title=Pedal to the metal|publisher=Reuters|date=18 May 2010|accessdate=27 May 2010|work=www.montrealgazette.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
The Twelve Apostles is a collection of eight [[miocene]] limestone rock stacks<ref name="study">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources/20_1037.pdf|title=Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 1 - Twelve Apostles Marine National Park|page=38|accessdate=31 May 2010|work=Marine Natural Values Study|publisher=Parks Victoria}}</ref> jutting from the water in [[Port Campbell National Park]], between [[Princetown, Victoria|Princetown]] and [[Peterborough, Victoria|Peterborough]] on the Great Ocean Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/cars/Pedal+metal/3044031/story.html|title=Pedal to the metal|publisher=Reuters|date=18 May 2010|accessdate=27 May 2010|work=www.montrealgazette.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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Tourism activities (including helicopter tours)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvictoria.com/ |
Tourism activities (including helicopter tours)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvictoria.com/Regions/Great-Ocean-Road/Activities-and-attractions/Outdoor-activities/Scenic-flights.aspx|title=Scenic Flights, Great Ocean Road|accessdate=21 July 2011|work=Visit Victoria|publisher=Tourism Victoria}}</ref> are conducted from a visitor centre, situated on the inland side of the Great Ocean Road; with parking and viewing areas.<ref>[http://www.aila.org.au/victoria/awards2003/projects/twelveapostles.htm Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre] 2003 AILA Victoria & Tasmania Awards in Landscape Architecture</ref> [[Parks Victoria]] classifies the structure as nationally significant,<ref name="study" /> with the area being one of Victoria's major tourist features; attracting approximately two million visitors a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/tourists-banned-from-twelve-apostles-platform/story-e6frg8ro-1225889243236|title=Tourists banned from Twelve Apostles viewing platforms|publisher=Herald Sun|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=28 July 2010|work=www.theaustralian.com.au|}}</ref> Parks Victoria was responsible for the construction of board-walks, tracks, and viewing areas.<ref name="visitVic" /> |
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==Formation and history== |
==Formation and history== |
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Revision as of 02:08, 21 July 2011
| The Twelve Apostles | |
|---|---|
 The Twelve Apostles, Victoria, Australia | |
| Nearest city | Princetown, Victoria |
  Location of The Twelve Apostles in Victoria | |
The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of the Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia. Their proximity to one another has made the site a popular tourist attraction.
Features
The Twelve Apostles is a collection of eight miocene limestone rock stacks[1] jutting from the water in Port Campbell National Park, between Princetown and Peterborough on the Great Ocean Road.[2]
Tourism activities (including helicopter tours)[3] are conducted from a visitor centre, situated on the inland side of the Great Ocean Road; with parking and viewing areas.[4] Parks Victoria classifies the structure as nationally significant,[1] with the area being one of Victoria's major tourist features; attracting approximately two million visitors a year.[5] Parks Victoria was responsible for the construction of board-walks, tracks, and viewing areas.[6]
Formation and history
The apostles were formed by erosion: the harsh weather conditions from the Southern Ocean gradually eroded the soft limestone to form caves in the cliffs, which then became arches, which in turn collapsed; leaving rock stacks up to 45 metres high.[6] The site was known as the Sow and Piglets until 1922 (Muttonbird Island, near Loch Ard Gorge, was the Sow, and the smaller rock stacks the Piglets);[7] after which it was renamed to The Apostles for tourism purposes. The formation eventually became known as the Twelve Apostles, despite only ever having nine stacks.[8]
In 2002, the Port Campbell Professional Fishermen's Association unsuccessfully attempted to block the creation of a proposed marine national park at the Twelve Apostles location,[9] but were satisfied with the later Victorian Government decision to not allow seismic exploration at the same site by Benaris Energy;[10] believing it would harm marine life.[11]
The stacks are susceptible to further erosion from the waves. On 3 July 2005, a 50 metre tall stack collapsed, leaving eight remaining.[12] On 25 September 2009, it was thought that another of the stacks fell, but this was actually one of the smaller stacks of the Three Sisters formation.[13] The rate of erosion at the base of the limestone pillars is approximately 2 cm per year.[14] Due to wave action eroding the cliff face existing headlands are expected to become new limestone stacks in the future.[15]
Gallery
-
The Twelve Apostles from the air, December 2010 -
The Twelve Apostles in 2006 -
The leftmost stack disintegrated on 3 July 2005 -
An hour after a stack had crashed on 3 July 2005 -
The Twelve Apostles as seen eastward from the lookout point -
The Twelve Apostles -
The Twelve Apostles, taken in April 2007 -
Sunset at the Twelve Apostles -
An evening shot of the Twelve Apostles -
The Twelve Apostles in 1998 -
Entrance to The Twelve Apostles, Victoria. -
Lone Apostle. 2010.
.jpg)
See also
- Australian Landmarks
- Gibson Steps
- London Arch (formerly London Bridge)
- Loch Ard Gorge
References
- ^ a b "Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 1 - Twelve Apostles Marine National Park" (PDF). Marine Natural Values Study. Parks Victoria. p. 38. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ "Pedal to the metal". www.montrealgazette.com. Reuters. 18 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Scenic Flights, Great Ocean Road". Visit Victoria. Tourism Victoria. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Twelve Apostles Visitor Centre 2003 AILA Victoria & Tasmania Awards in Landscape Architecture
- ^ "Tourists banned from Twelve Apostles viewing platforms". www.theaustralian.com.au. Herald Sun. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ a b "Twelve Apostles". Visit Victoria. Tourism Victoria. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
- ^ Twelve Apostles Sign.
- ^ La Canna, Xavier and Murphy, Mathew (4 July 2005). "Ninth Apostle crumbles". The Age.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Port Campbell bid to block marine national park". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 April 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Fishermen welcome decision against national park seismic exploration". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 October 2003. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Otway Basin seismic survey work set to start". www.abc.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Apostles lose one of their own". CNN. 4 July 2005.
- ^ Hunter, Thomas (28 September 2009). Sister, not apostle, crumbles into sea. The Age.
- ^ (At a destructive rate of 2-3 cm per year)
- ^ Porter, Geoff (2006). Little Bites of Australia. Pegasus Elliot Mackenzie Pu. p. 203.