Michael Jackson: Difference between revisions
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The phrase that Jackson "has died" will not be here unless J.F.Kennedy's article will also state that he "has died" instead of stating that he has not died on its own. No double standards are tolerated here. |
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Jackson's 1982 album ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' is the [[List of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling album of all time]]. His other records, including ''[[Off the Wall (album)|Off the Wall]]'' (1979), ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991), and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I|HIStory]]'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other [[Records and achievements of Michael Jackson|achievements]] include multiple [[Guinness World Records]]; 13 [[Grammy Award]]s (as well as the [[Grammy Legend Award]] and the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]); 26 [[American Music Awards]] (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States#J|number-one singles in the United States]] in his solo career and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won [[List of awards received by Michael Jackson|hundreds of awards]], which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.<ref name="20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma"/> |
Jackson's 1982 album ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' is the [[List of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling album of all time]]. His other records, including ''[[Off the Wall (album)|Off the Wall]]'' (1979), ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991), and ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I|HIStory]]'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other [[Records and achievements of Michael Jackson|achievements]] include multiple [[Guinness World Records]]; 13 [[Grammy Award]]s (as well as the [[Grammy Legend Award]] and the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]); 26 [[American Music Awards]] (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 [[List of artists who reached number one in the United States#J|number-one singles in the United States]] in his solo career and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won [[List of awards received by Michael Jackson|hundreds of awards]], which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.<ref name="20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma"/> |
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Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing [[Michael Jackson's health and appearance|appearance]], [[Personal relationships of Michael Jackson|personal relationships]], and behavior, have generated controversy. In 1993, he was [[1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson|accused of child sexual abuse]], but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was [[People v. Jackson|tried and acquitted]] of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series [[This Is It (Michael Jackson concerts)|This Is It]], Jackson [[Death of Michael Jackson| |
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing [[Michael Jackson's health and appearance|appearance]], [[Personal relationships of Michael Jackson|personal relationships]], and behavior, have generated controversy. In 1993, he was [[1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson|accused of child sexual abuse]], but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was [[People v. Jackson|tried and acquitted]] of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series [[This Is It (Michael Jackson concerts)|This Is It]], Jackson [[Death of Michael Jackson|was involuntarily killed]] by his physician, with the direct cause being acute [[propofol]] intoxication, on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had been administered drugs including propofol and [[lorazepam]]. The [[Los Angeles County Coroner's Office|Los Angeles County Coroner]] declared his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of [[involuntary manslaughter]] in 2011. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his [[Michael Jackson memorial service|public memorial service]] on live television. In March 2010, [[Sony Music Entertainment]] signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Daniel Kreps |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-estate-sony-strike-massive-250-million-deal-to-release-king-of-pops-music-20100316 |title=Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive 250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music | Music News |publisher=Rolling Stone |date=2010-03-16 |accessdate=2011-11-09}}</ref> |
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==Life and career== |
==Life and career== |
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In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing [[conga]]s and [[tambourine]]. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to [[The Jackson 5]].<ref name = "Nelson George overview 20"/> The band toured [[Midwestern United States|the Midwest]] extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "[[chitlin' circuit]]", where they often opened [[striptease]]s and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of [[Motown]] hits and [[James Brown]]'s "[[I Got You (I Feel Good)]]", led by Michael.<ref name="RRHF"/> |
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing [[conga]]s and [[tambourine]]. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to [[The Jackson 5]].<ref name = "Nelson George overview 20"/> The band toured [[Midwestern United States|the Midwest]] extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "[[chitlin' circuit]]", where they often opened [[striptease]]s and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of [[Motown]] hits and [[James Brown]]'s "[[I Got You (I Feel Good)]]", led by Michael.<ref name="RRHF"/> |
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The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "[[Big Boy (The Jackson 5 song)|Big Boy]]", for the local record label [[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]] in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 20"/> ''Rolling Stone'' magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."<ref name="rollingstone"/> The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("[[I Want You Back]]", "[[ABC (song)|ABC]]", "[[The Love You Save |
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "[[Big Boy (The Jackson 5 song)|Big Boy]]", for the local record label [[Steeltown Records|Steeltown]] in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 20"/> ''Rolling Stone'' magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."<ref name="rollingstone"/> The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("[[I Want You Back]]", "[[ABC (song)|ABC]]", "[[The Love You Save |
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The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of [http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/28/michael.jackson.black.community/ black crossover artists]," [http://aaas.duke.edu/people?Gurl=%2Faas%2FAAAS&Uil=man9&subpage=profile Mark Anthony Neal], a professor of black popular culture at Duke University's Department of African and African American Studies, told CNN. "You basically had five working-class black boys with Afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars." |
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The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 [[disco]] single "[[Dancing Machine]]" and the top 20 hit "[[I Am Love (song)|I Am Love]]", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.<ref name="Nelson George overview 22"/> |
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===Move to Epic and ''Off the Wall'' (1975–81)=== |
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In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with [[Epic Records]], a subsidiary of [[Sony Music Entertainment|CBS Records]]<ref name = "Nelson George overview 22"/> and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.<ref name="tara 138–144"/> They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]", "[[This Place Hotel]]," and "[[Can You Feel It]]".<ref name="RRHF" /> In 1978, he starred as the [[Scarecrow (Oz)|scarecrow]] in the musical, ''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]'', a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with [[Quincy Jones]], who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, ''[[Off the Wall (album)|Off the Wall]]''.<ref name="Nelson George overview 23"/> In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent [[rhinoplasty]] was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. [[Steven Hoefflin]], who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.<ref name="tara 205–210"/> |
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Jones and Jackson produced the ''Off the Wall'' album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, [[Rod Temperton]], [[Stevie Wonder]], and [[Paul McCartney]]. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "[[Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough]]" and "[[Rock with You (Michael Jackson song)|Rock with You]]".<ref name = "Nelson George overview 37-38"/><ref name="MichaelJacksonIsBorn"/> It reached number three on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and eventually sold over {{Nowrap|20 million}} copies worldwide.<ref name="Off the Wall {{Nowrap|20 million}}">[http://www.virginmedia.com/music/classicalbums/michaeljackson-offthewall.php Michael Jackson: Off the Wall], [[Virgin Media]]. Retrieved December 12, 2008.</ref> In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the [[American Music Awards]] for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<ref name="AMAs 1980"/><ref name="AMAs 1980 2"/> That year, he also won [[Billboard Year-End]] for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".<ref name="Nelson George overview 37-38"/> Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.<ref name="AMAs 1981"/> Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.<ref name="taraborrelli2"/> In 1980, he secured the highest [[Royalties|royalty]] rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.<ref name="taraborrelli3"/> |
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===''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)=== |
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In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album)|storybook]] for the film ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.<ref name="MJ Grammy's"/><ref name="AMAs 1984"/> These awards were thanks to the ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide<ref name="Thriller best seller"/><ref name="Thriller best seller 1"/> and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,<ref name="RIAA certification"/> as well as the [[List of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling album of all time worldwide]], selling an estimated {{Nowrap|110 million}} copies so far.<ref name="Thriller {{Nowrap|110 million}} copies">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/specials/1430_jackson_photo/page7.shtml |title=Michael Jackson Photo Gallery 迈克•杰克逊影集 |work=[[BBC News|BBC China]] |accessdate=July 16, 2009 }}</ref> The album topped the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "[[Billie Jean]]", "[[Beat It]]," and "[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]."<ref name="lewis"/> ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]], giving it [[List of music recording certifications|Double Diamond]] status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding [[Bruce Swedien]] for his work.<ref name="Bruce Grammy's"/> |
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Jackson's attorney [[John Branca]] noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary ''The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller'' sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.<ref name="TIME"/> Biographer [[J. Randy Taraborrelli]] writes that, "''Thriller'' stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."<ref name="tara 226"/> In 1985, ''The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller'' won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.<ref name = "MJ Grammy's"/> In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]], "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.<ref name="Michael Jackson Thriller Induction"/><ref name="Reuters: U.S. registry 2009-12-30"/><ref name="'Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry"/> |
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''Time'' described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".<ref name=TIME/> ''The New York Times'' wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".<ref name="NYTimes"/> |
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In March 1983, Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a ''[[Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever]]'' television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of {{Nowrap|47 million}} viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black [[sequin]] jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the [[moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]], which former [[Soul Train]] dancer and [[Shalamar]] member, [[Jeffrey Daniel]] had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to [[Elvis Presley]]'s and [[The Beatles]]' appearances on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''.<ref name="taraborrelli4"/> Anna Kisselgoff of ''The New York Times'' later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."<ref name="Dancing feet of Michael Jackson"/> |
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===Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)=== |
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[[File:MichaelJacksonSnoopyKBFApr1984.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white image shows a man standing next to a person dressed in a full dog costume. The man on the left has his left arm around the waist of the other person and is smiling.|Jackson with a [[Knott's Berry Farm]] [[Snoopy]] mascot in April 1984]] |
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On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive [[Phil Dusenberry]],<ref name="nytt"/> from ad agency [[BBDO]] and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, [[Alan Pottasch]] at the [[Shrine Auditorium]] in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third [[rhinoplasty]] shortly thereafter.<ref name = "tara 205–210"/> Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in [[Culver City, California|Culver City]], California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.<ref name="tara 279–287"/> Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, ''Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising''. |
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On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President [[Ronald Reagan]] for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.<ref name="taraborrelli5"/> Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, ''Thriller'' did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 [[Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)|Victory Tour]], headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around {{Nowrap|$8 million}}) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.<ref name="taraborrelli6"/> He also co-wrote the charity single "[[We Are the World]]" in 1985 with [[Lionel Richie]], which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the [[USA for Africa]] idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.<ref name="USA for Africa Grammy's"/><ref name="AMAs 1986"/><ref name="AMAs 1986 2"/><ref name="taraborrelli7"/> |
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[[File:Michael Jackson with the Reagans.jpg|thumb|230px|left|alt=In the center of the photo four people can be seen. To the farthest left a medium skin colored man wearing a black suit with a white shirt can be seen. Second to the left a Caucasian man wearing a black suit with a white shirt and brown tie has his head turned to the right. To the right of the Caucasian male there is an African American man wearing a white shirt with a blue jacket that has a yellow strap across his chest. He is raising his right hand, which is covered with a white glove. To the farthest right, a Caucasian female with short blonde hair, who is wearing a white outfit, can be seen. In the background a cream colored building with an opened green door can be seen. |Jackson at the White House South Portico with President [[Ronald Reagan]] and first lady [[Nancy Reagan]], 1984]] |
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In 1984, [[ATV Music Publishing]], which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the [[Northern Songs]] catalog that contained the majority of the [[Lennon/McCartney]] compositions recorded by [[The Beatles]], was put up for sale by [[Robert Holmes à Court]].<ref name="hilburn"/> Jackson had become interested in owning [[music catalog]]s after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.<ref name="jdoyle"/> In 1981,<ref name="tara 333-338"/> McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).<ref name="jdoyle"/><ref name="mcca atv"/> According to McCartney, he contacted [[Yoko Ono]] about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.<ref name="jdoyle" /><ref name="mcca atv" /> When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.<ref name = "tara 333-338"/><ref name="mcca atv"/> |
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According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."<ref name="ch7news"/> Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey"<ref name="jdoyle"/><ref name = "tara 333-338"/> But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.<ref name="hilburn" /> Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.<ref name="hilburn" /> In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of [[due diligence]] and on the negotiations.<ref name="hilburn" /> |
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In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that [[Charles Koppelman]]'s and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.<ref name="hilburn" /> But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.<ref name="hilburn" /> He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the [[Channel Seven Perth Telethon]].<ref name="hilburn"/><ref name="ch7news"/> Jackson's [[ATV Music Publishing#Acquisition|purchase of ATV Music]] was finalized August 10, 1985.<ref name="hilburn"/> |
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===Appearance, tabloids, ''Bad'' and films (1986–87)=== |
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{{See also|Michael Jackson's health and appearance}} |
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Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he was bleaching his skin.<ref name="campbell (1995) 14-16"/> According to [[J. Randy Taraborrelli]]'s biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with [[vitiligo]] and [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in [[remission (medicine)|remission]]; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.<ref name="Taraborrelli"/> Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.<ref name="Michael Jackson case report"/> By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.<ref name="abcnews"/> Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.<ref name="jackson 229-230"/> Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".<ref name="jackson 229-230" /> Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from [[anorexia nervosa]]; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.<ref name="tara 312–313"/> |
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During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. [[Arnold Klein]], and Klein's nurse [[Debbie Rowe]]. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.<ref name="Michael Jackson Secret Boyfriend Claims Draw Fury"/> |
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[[File:Michaeljackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=In the center for the photo, a light skinned male with black hair wearing a red shirt and blue cap can be seen. The male is smiling while titling his head to his right. Behind him, there is a black background and the shoulder of another person. |Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with [[vitiligo]], here in the early stages of the disease]] |
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Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a [[hyperbaric medicine|hyperbaric oxygen chamber]] to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.<ref name="tara 355-361"/><ref name="BBC, Jackson's image problems"/> When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called [[Bubbles (chimpanzee)|Bubbles]] from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.<ref name="Is Michael Jackson for Real?"/> It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of [[Joseph Merrick]] (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.<ref name = "tara 355-361"/><ref name="BBC, Jackson's image problems"/> Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.<ref name="BBC, Jackson's image problems"/><ref name="tara 370–373"/><ref name="Newswatch Magazine – The Man, His Weird Ways"/> These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko," which Jackson came to despise.<ref name="jackson8"/> Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli: |
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<blockquote>"Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars. Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything ''you'' say, because ''you're a reporter''. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is ''nuts''. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."<ref name="taraborrelli9"/></blockquote> |
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[[File:Michael Jackson's "Bad" Jacket and Belt.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black jacket with five round golden medals on its left and right shoulders and a gold band on its left arm sleeve. The jacket has two belt straps on the right bottom sleeve. Underneath the jacket is a golden belt, with a round ornament in its center. There is a red light reflecting on the jacket and belt as well as a gold colored plate on the left side of the jacket and belt. |Jackson wore a gold-plated military style jacket with belt in the ''Bad'' era]] |
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Jackson collaborated with [[Francis Ford Coppola]] on the 17-minute [[3-D film]] ''[[Captain EO]]'', which debuted in September 1986 at both the original [[Disneyland]] and at [[EPCOT]] in Florida, and in March 1987 at [[Tokyo Disneyland]]. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at [[Disneyland Park (Paris)|Euro Disneyland]] after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.<ref name="Nelson George overview 41"/> The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.<ref name="Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN"/> |
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In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the ''Thriller'' video.<ref name="ebony1"/> With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), was highly anticipated.<ref name="TIME2"/> It did not top ''Thriller'' as a commercial or artistic triumph, but ''Bad'' was still a substantial success in its own right. |
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The ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]", "[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]", "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]", "[[Man in the Mirror]]" and "[[Dirty Diana]]") reached number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including ''Thriller.''<ref name="A life in the spotlight—cnn"/> Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "[[Beat It]]", the [[Bad (Michael Jackson song)#Music video|"Bad" video]] still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the [[New York City Subway]] system, with costuming and choreography inspired by ''[[West Side Story]].'' As of 2008, the album had sold 30 million copies worldwide.<ref name="Bad {{Nowrap|30 million}} copies">Savage, Mark. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7448908.stm Michael Jackson: Highs and lows], BBC, August 29, 2008.</ref> Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and [[Humberto Gatica]] won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "[[Leave Me Alone]]" in 1989.<ref name = "MJ Grammy's"/><ref name = "Bruce Grammy's"/> In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because ''Bad'' is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.<ref name="AMAs 1989"/><ref name="AMAs 1989 2"/><ref name="AMAs 1989 3"/><ref name="Bad best seller"/> In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.<ref name="AMAs 1988"/> |
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The [[Bad World Tour]] began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.<ref name = "lewis 95-96"/> In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.<ref name="WashPost"/> Jackson broke a ''Guinness World Record'' {{citation}} when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]]. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii. |
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===Autobiography, and Neverland (1988–1990)=== |
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[[File:Michael Jackson The Way You Make Me Feel.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A male with black hair singing into a microphone. The man is wearing a blue jacket and a white shirt with black pants and a white belt.|Jackson performing "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]"]] |
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In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, ''[[Moonwalk (book)|Moonwalk]]'', which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.<ref name="Remembering Michael"/> Jackson wrote about his childhood, [[The Jackson 5]], and the abuse he had suffered.<ref name="jackson10"/> He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a [[cleft chin|dimple]] created in his chin.<ref name = "jackson 229-230"/> He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to [[puberty]], weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.<ref name = "jackson 229-230"/> ''Moonwalk'' reached the top position on ''The New York Times'' best sellers' list.<ref name="Nelson George overview 42"/> The musician then released a film called ''[[Moonwalker]]'', which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and [[Joe Pesci]]. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released [[direct-to-video]]. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the ''Billboard'' Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by ''Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues''.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 43-44"/> |
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In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near [[Santa Ynez, California|Santa Ynez]], California, to build [[Neverland Ranch]] at a cost of $17 million. He installed [[Ferris wheel]]s, a [[menagerie]], and a movie theater on the {{convert|2700|acre|km2|sing=on}} property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.<ref name="rollingstone"/><ref name="usatoday finances"/> In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.<ref name="World Records"/> Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name = "Nelson George overview 43-44"/> |
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His success resulted in his being dubbed the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|King of Pop]]".<ref name="broadcasting"/><ref name="Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll"/><ref name="Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?"/><ref name="Michael Jackson's Black or White Blues"/> |
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The nickname was popularized by [[Elizabeth Taylor]] when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."<ref name="campbell"/> President [[George H. W. Bush]] designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".<ref name="georgebush"/> From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the [[United Negro College Fund]], and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.<ref name="Blacks who give back"/><ref name="taraborrelli11"/> Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at [[Sammy Davis, Jr.|Sammy Davis Jr.'s]] 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 43-44"/> |
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===''Dangerous'', Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)=== |
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In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,<ref name="mtv"/> displacing [[Neil Diamond]]'s renewal contract with [[Columbia Records]].<ref name="Deal record"/> He released his eighth album ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' in 1991. As of 2008, ''Dangerous'' had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The ''Dangerous'' album was co-produced by [[Teddy Riley (producer)|Teddy Riley]], one of the pioneers of "[[new jack swing]]" which convinced Michael to feature a [[Rapping|rapper]] on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.<ref name="RIAA certifications"/><ref name="Dangerous 32 million copies worldwide"/><ref name="New jack swing"/> In the United States, the album's first single "[[Black or White]]" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.<ref name="KOP achievements"/> The album's second single "[[Remember the Time]]" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 singles chart.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/> At the end of 1992, ''Dangerous'' was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.<ref name="Best 1992"/> In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the [[Soul Train Music Awards]] in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.<ref name="taraborrelli12"/> In the UK and other parts of Europe, "[[Heal the World]]" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/> |
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Jackson founded the [[Heal the World Foundation]] in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, ''[[Dancing the Dream]]''. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The [[Dangerous World Tour]] grossed {{Nowrap|$100 million}}. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/><ref name="Jackson to Tour Overseas"/> He sold the broadcast rights to his ''Dangerous'' world tour to [[HBO]] for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.<ref name="taraborrelli13"/> |
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Following the illness and death of [[Ryan White]], Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton Administration]] at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.<ref name="Stars line up for Clinton celebration"/><ref name="Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala"/> In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them [[Gabon]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name="Ebony"/> His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."<ref name=Ebony/> In his trip to [[Côte d'Ivoire]], Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.<ref name=Ebony/> He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.<ref name=Ebony/> |
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In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at [[Super Bowl XXVII]]. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "[[Jam (song)|Jam]]", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's ''Dangerous'' album rose 90 places up the album chart.<ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16"/> Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the [[35th Grammy Awards]] in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/> The ''Dangerous'' album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (''Dangerous''), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("[[Remember the Time]]") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.<ref name = "MJ Grammy's"/><ref name = "Bruce Grammy's"/><ref name="AMAs 1993"/> |
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{{-}} |
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{{anchor|First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)}} |
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===First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)=== |
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{{Main|1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson}} |
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Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to [[Oprah Winfrey]] in February 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of [[Joseph Merrick|the Elephant Man]], slept in a [[hyperbaric]] oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had [[vitiligo]]. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. ''Dangerous'' re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.<ref name = "lewis 165-168"/><ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16"/><ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/> |
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In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of [[child sexual abuse]] by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.<ref name="looking back on 1993"/><ref name="tara 485-486"/><ref name="tara 477-478"/> The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.<ref name="tara 496-498"/> |
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Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.<ref name="tara 477-478"/> Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.<ref name = "tara 477-478"/> |
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Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute [[strip search]].<ref name = "tara 534-540"/> Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's [[intimate part]]s, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged [[human penis|penis]] was [[circumcision|circumcised]]; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually [[foreskin|uncircumcised]],<ref name="Michael Jackson Never Recovered from 1993 Police Strip Search"/> a fact confirmed in his autopsy.<ref name="Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph"/> His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.<ref name="Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 1994"/><ref name="Photos May Contradict Michael's Accuser USA Today (pre-1997 Fulltext) – McLean, Va. Date: Jan 28, 199414"/> Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.<ref name = "looking back on 1993"/><ref name="tara 534-540"/><ref name="campbell (1995) 47-50"/> On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.<ref name="Jackson Grand Jury Disbanded – 1994. May 2, 1994"/> After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.<ref name="STATEMENT OF DECLINATION ISSUED JOINTLY BY THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICES OF LOS ANGELES AND SANTA BARABARA COUNTIES. September 21, 1994"/><ref name="subpoena-objection"/><ref name="tara 540-545"/> The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.<ref name="thesmokinggun"/> The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".<ref name="latimes"/> A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.<ref name="subpoena-objection" /> |
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[[File:Lisa Marie Presley at car race.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Lisa Marie Presley|Jackson married [[Lisa Marie Presley]], daughter of Elvis Presley, in 1994.]] |
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In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of [[Elvis Presley]], [[Lisa Marie Presley]]. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the [[MGM Grand Hotel and Casino]], and were reconnected through a mutual friend.<ref name="tara 500-507"/> According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."<ref name="gliatto"/> They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.<ref name="tara 518–520"/> Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."<ref name="taraborrelli15"/> She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.<ref name = "tara 518–520"/> |
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Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"<ref name = "tara 518–520"/> They married in the [[Dominican Republic]] in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.<ref name="MJ & Presley divorce"/> The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".<ref name="taraborrelli16"/> At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.<ref name="MJ & Presley divorce"/> The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.<ref name="tara 580–581"/> In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.<ref name="lmpoprah"/> |
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===''HIStory'', second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)=== |
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In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]]. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as [[List of Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists|the rights to even more songs]].<ref name="1995 music deal"/><ref name="sonydeal"/> He then released the double album ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]''. The first disc, ''HIStory Begins'', was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as ''[[Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I]]'' in 2001, while the second disc, ''HIStory Continues'', contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.<ref name="Top 100 Albums (Page 2)"/> It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.<ref name="KOP achievements"/><ref name="HIStory {{Nowrap|20 million}} copies">{{cite web|first=Laura |last=Putti |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/08/24/il-nuovo-michael-jackson-fa-un-tuffo.html |title=Il nuovo Michael Jackson fa un tuffo nel passato |work=[[La Repubblica]] |date=August 24, 2001 |accessdate=May 10, 2009}}</ref> ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]].<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/> |
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[[File:Michael Jackson Cannescropped.jpg|thumb|alt=A close-up image of a pale skinned man with black hair. He is wearing a black jacket with white designs on it.|upright|Michael Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival]] |
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The first single released from the album was the [[double A-side]] "[[Scream/Childhood]]". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister [[Janet Jackson|Janet]]. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".<ref name="Ultimate booklet 48–50"/> "[[You Are Not Alone]]" was the second single released from ''HIStory''; it holds the ''Guinness World Record'' for the first song ever to debut at number one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.<ref name="World Records"/> It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/> In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related [[panic attack]].<ref name="taraborrelli17"/> "[[Earth Song]]" was the third single released from ''HIStory'', and topped the [[UK Singles Chart]] for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/> The track "[[They Don't Care About Us]]" became controversial when the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and other groups criticized its allegedly [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.<ref name="ADL"/> In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.<ref name = "MJ Grammy's"/><ref name="AMAs 1996"/> |
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The album was promoted with the successful [[HIStory World Tour]]. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of {{Nowrap|$165 million}}. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.<ref name="lewis 95-96"/> During the tour, Jackson married his [[Personal relationships of Michael Jackson#Debbie Rowe|longtime friend]] [[Debbie Rowe|Deborah Jeanne Rowe]], a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.<ref name="taraborrelli18"/> Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.<ref name = "tara 580–581"/><ref name="taraborrelli19"/> The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.<ref name="tara 599-600"/><ref name="Jackson settles with Ex wife" /> |
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[[File:Michael Jackson in Perth Wheatley.jpg|thumb|left|Jackson at [[Perth Airport]] in 1996.]] |
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In 1997, Jackson released ''[[Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix]]'', which contained remixes of hit singles from ''HIStory'' and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at {{Nowrap|6 million}} copies as of 2007, it is the [[List of best-selling remix albums worldwide|best selling remix album ever released]].<ref name="Rojek2007"/> It reached number one in the UK, as did the [[Blood on the Dance Floor (song)|title track]].<ref name="Rojek2007" /><ref name="tara 610–611"/> In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.<ref name="RIAA certifications"/><ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/> Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.<ref name="usatoday finances"/> Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined [[Luciano Pavarotti]] for a [[benefit concert]] in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization [[War Child (charity)|War Child]], and raised a million dollars for the [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia]], as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.<ref name="Charity concert Italy"/> Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included [[Slash (musician)|Slash]], [[Scorpions (band)|The Scorpions]], [[Boyz II Men]], [[Luther Vandross]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Prabhu Deva|Prabhu Deva Sundaram]], [[Shobana]], [[Andrea Bocelli]] and [[Luciano Pavarotti]]. The proceeds went to the [[Nelson Mandela Children's Fund]], the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and [[UNESCO]].<ref name="Jackson & Friends"/> |
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===Label dispute, ''Invincible'' and third child (2000–03)=== |
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At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.<ref name="AMAs Poll"/> Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and [[Rodney Jerkins]], as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'', released in October 2001. ''Invincible'' was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, [[Sony Music Entertainment]]. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.<ref name = "tara 610–611"/> Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.<ref name = "tara 614–617"/> Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.<ref name = "tara 610–611"/> Just before the release of ''Invincible'', Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, [[Tommy Mottola]], that he was leaving Sony.<ref name = "tara 610–611"/> As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the ''Invincible'' album were suspended. |
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In September 2001, two [[Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special|30th Anniversary concerts]] were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by [[Mýa]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Whitney Houston]], [['N Sync]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[Monica (entertainer)|Monica]], Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 50-53"/> The second of the two shows took place the night before the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks]].<ref name="guardian"/> After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the [[United We Stand: What More Can I Give]] benefit concert at [[Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium|RFK Stadium]] in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "[[What More Can I Give]]" as the finale.<ref name = "tara 614–617"/> Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special entitled ''[[Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special|Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years]]'' which debuted in November 2001. |
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In spite of the events preceding its release, ''Invincible'' came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. ''Invincible'' proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.<ref name="RIAA certifications"/><ref name="KOP achievements"/><ref name="Invincible {{Nowrap|13 million}} copies">{{cite web|first=Tamara |last=Conniff |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html |title=We Killed Michael Jackson |work=Huffington Post |date=August 30, 2009 |accessdate=August 30, 2009}}</ref> However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.<ref name = "tara 614–617"/> The album cost {{Nowrap|$30 million}} to record, not including promotional expenditures.<ref name="guardian-02-07-08" /> ''Invincible'' spawned three singles, "[[You Rock My World]]", "[[Cry (Michael Jackson song)|Cry]]" and "[[Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)|Butterflies]]", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.<ref name="tara 614–617"/> He charged that Mottola had called his colleague [[Irv Gotti]] a "fat [[nigger]]".<ref name="Interview with Jermaine Jackson"/> Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a {{Nowrap|$25 million}} promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.<ref name="guardian-02-07-08"/> |
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{{anchor|Blanket Jackson}} |
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In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.<ref name="AMAs 2002"/> In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.<ref name="Michael Jackson"/> The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of [[artificial insemination]] from a [[surrogacy|surrogate mother]] and his own sperm.<ref name="tara 599-600"/> On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the [[Hotel Adlon]] in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".<ref name="Balcony incident"/> Sony released ''[[Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)|Number Ones]]'', a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least {{Nowrap|1.2 million}} units.<ref name="RIAA certifications"/><ref name="BPI"/> |
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===Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)=== |
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{{See|Living with Michael Jackson|People v. Jackson}} |
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Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality [[Martin Bashir]], to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as ''[[Living with Michael Jackson]]'', and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer. |
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In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.<ref name="tara 640"/> As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of [[Alcoholic beverage#United States of America|administering an intoxicating agent]] in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.<ref name = "tara 640"/> Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The ''[[People v. Jackson]]'' trial began on January 31, 2005, in [[Santa Maria, California|Santa Maria]], California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.<ref name="taraborrelli20"/><ref name="Michael Jackson health concerns"/><ref name="Michael Jackson jury reaches verdict"/> After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of [[Bahrain]], as a guest of [[Abdullah Bin Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa|Sheikh Abdullah]].<ref name="Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf"/> Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in ''[[The Times]]'' of London in September 2011.<ref name="Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael"/> |
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===Closure of Neverland, Final years and ''This Is It'' (2006–09)=== |
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[[File:Michael Jackson2 2006 cropped.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A group of adults and a child are shown in the photo. An African American female with short brown hair who is wearing a jean jacket and a light wash pair of jeans with a red shirt is seen holding a video camera, which is pointing forward. To the right of the female there is an opened black umbrella that is held above a light-skinned male with long black hair who is wearing all black clothes. In front of the male there is a child with black hair that is wearing a black cap with a blue shirt, a pair of white pants and black shoes. To the farthest right there are two Caucasian males with dark brown hair. In the background, trees, bushes and people can be seen. |Jackson with his children in [[Disneyland Paris]], 2006]] |
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In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.<ref name="Jackson Closes Neverland House"/> There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as {{Nowrap|$75 million}} a year.<ref name="Really Odd Facts About Michael Jackson"/> [[Bank of America]] sold the debt to [[Fortress Investment Group|Fortress Investments]]. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).<ref name="sonydeal"/> Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.<ref name="Jackson strikes deal over loans"/> Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time. |
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In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a [[Bahrain]]-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, [[Gut Records|Guy Holmes]], later stated that the deal had never been finalized.<ref name="2seas-billboard"/><ref name="2seas-bbc"/> Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the ''[[Visionary: The Video Singles|Michael Jackson: Visionary]]'' series, which subsequently became a [[box set]]. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.<ref name="Jackson settles with Ex wife"/> In October 2006, [[Fox News]] entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural [[County Westmeath|Westmeath, Ireland]]. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.<ref name="2seas-bbc" /><ref name="Who's Funding Jackson's Retreat to Irish Recording Studio?"/> |
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In November 2006, Jackson invited an ''[[Access Hollywood]]'' camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and [[MSNBC]] broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by [[will.i.am]] of [[The Black Eyed Peas]].<ref name="KOP achievements"/> Jackson performed at the [[2006 World Music Awards|World Music Awards]], in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over {{Nowrap|100 million}} records.<ref name="KOP achievements"/><ref name="2006 World Music Awards"/> Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend [[James Brown]]'s funeral in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."<ref name="jb"/> In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: [[Famous Music|Famous Music LLC]], formerly owned by [[Viacom]]. This deal gave him the rights to songs by [[Eminem]], [[Shakira]] and [[Beck]], among others.<ref name="2007 music deal"/> Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers [[Akon]] and [[RedOne]].<ref name="telegraph-june09"/><ref name="hitquarters.com"/> In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the [[Associated Press]] in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as [[Charles Dickens]] would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."<ref name="usatoday"/> |
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In September 2007 Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.<ref name="Will.i.am On Working With Michael Jackson"/> However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released ''[[Thriller 25]]'' to mark the 25th anniversary of the original ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]''. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.<ref name="National certifications for Thriller 25"/> Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "[[The Girl Is Mine 2008]]" (with [[will.i.am]]) and "[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008]]" (with [[Akon]]). The first single was based on an early demo version, without [[Paul McCartney]]. The album itself was a hit, however.<ref name="National certifications for Thriller 25" /><ref name="Thriller 25 chart positions at digitalproducer"/><ref name="Thriller 25 chart positions"/><ref name="Worldwide shipments of T25"/> In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called ''[[King of Pop (album)|King of Pop]]''. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.<ref name="KOP announced"/> ''King of Pop'' reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)<ref name="Michael Jackson—King of Pop"/><ref name="KOP chart positions at ultratop"/> |
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In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on [[Neverland Ranch]], which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to [[Colony Capital|Colony Capital LLC]]. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra {{Nowrap|$35 million}} from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.<ref name="Neverland peters out for pop's Peter Pan"/><ref name="association"/><ref name="Ten Most Expensive Michael Jackson Collectibles"/> In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with [[Julien's Auctions|Julien's Auction House]] to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.<ref name="Michael Jackson Exhibition – 2009"/> An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.<ref name="Michael Jackson: The fantastic possessions revealed – Americas, World"/> |
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In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's [[The O2 Arena (London)|O<sub>2</sub> Arena]] and announced a series of comeback concerts titled [[This Is It (Michael Jackson concerts)|This Is It]]. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and [[Mumbai]]. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately {{Nowrap|£50 million}}.<ref name="Michael Jackson grand finale curtain-raiser"/> The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.<ref name="Rolling Stone 50 dates, {{Nowrap|1 million}} tickets">{{Cite news|first=Daniel |last=Kreps |title=Michael Jackson's "This Is It!" Tour Balloons to 50-Show Run Stretching Into 2010 |publisher=Jann Wenner LLC |work=Rolling Stone |date=March 12, 2009}}</ref> Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer [[Kenny Ortega]]. Most of these rehearsals took place at the [[Staples Center]], which was owned by AEG.<ref name="Michael Jackson: The Last Rehearsal"/> The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.<ref name="Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest"/> Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with [[Christian Audigier]]; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.<ref name="Christian Audigier Michael Jackson Clothing Collection Confirmed"/><ref name="Michael Jackson Christian Audigier Clothing Line Was In The Works"/> |
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Jackson's first posthumous single was a song entitled "[[This Is It (Michael Jackson song)|This Is It]]" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with [[Paul Anka]]. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals entitled ''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]'' was released.<ref name="Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film"/> Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than {{Nowrap|$260 million}} worldwide.<ref name="boxofficemojo"/> Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.<ref name="Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal"/> The film was accompanied by a [[Michael Jackson's This Is It (album)|compilation album of the same name]]. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem entitled "Planet Earth".<ref name="New Michael Jackson Song, Album Due In October"/> At the [[American Music Awards of 2009|2009 American Music Awards]] Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album ''Number Ones'', bringing his total American Music Awards total to 26.<ref name="AMAs MJ"/><ref name="AMAs 2009"/> |
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==Death and memorial== |
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{{Main|Death of Michael Jackson|Michael Jackson memorial service}} |
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[[File:Michael Jackson Star on Hollywood Blvd (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A pink star with the writing "Michael Jackson" and a gold colored rim. The star is surrounded by a metal silver colored barrier and flowers. There are also blue confetti and pink rose bud pedals on top of the star. |Jackson's fans paid tribute to him at his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, shortly after the announcement of his death.]] |
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On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the [[Holmby Hills, Los Angeles|Holmby Hills]] district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his [[personal physician]], were unsuccessful.<ref name="Times6580897"/> [[Los Angeles Fire Department]] paramedics received a [[9-1-1|911]] call at 12:22 ([[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]], 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.<ref name="Los Angeles Fire Department recording of the emergency phone call made from Michael Jackson's home"/><ref name="Transcript of 911 call"/> He was reportedly not breathing and [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR]] was performed.<ref name="MSNBC"/> Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]], and for an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).<ref name="Michael Jackson, King of Pop, dies of cardiac arrest in Los Angeles"/><ref name="reuters"/> Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.<ref name="Times6580897"/> |
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The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and [[Crash (computing)|crash]] from user overload. Both [[TMZ.com|TMZ]] and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' suffered outages.<ref name="Rawlinson"/> [[Google]] initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under [[Distributed denial-of-service attack|DDoS attack]], and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did [[Wikipedia]] at {{Nowrap|3:15 p.m.}} PDT (22:15 UTC).<ref name="bbc21"/> The [[Wikimedia Foundation]] reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.<ref name="wikipedia"/> [[AOL Instant Messenger]] collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."<ref name="WoodJune27"/> |
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Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 [[wikt:tweet#Noun|tweets]] per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,<ref name="crash"/><ref name="Wortham"/> compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the [[2009 Iranian election|Iranian elections]] or the [[2009 flu pandemic|flu pandemic]] that had made headlines earlier in the year.<ref name=Wortham/> Overall, [[web traffic]] ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.<ref name=crash/><ref name="cnet"/> MTV and [[Black Entertainment Television]] (BET) aired [[Marathon (television)|marathons]] of Jackson's music videos.<ref name="mtvjackson"/> Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'' added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.<ref name="Jacko news spreads to Eastenders"/> Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' for about two weeks following his death.<ref name="SunHeadlines"/> During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—[[ABC World News]], [[CBS Evening News]], and [[NBC Nightly News]]—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.<ref name="newsbusters"/> Magazines including ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' published commemorative editions.<ref name="people"/> A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film ''[[Brüno]]'' out of respect toward Jackson's family.<ref name="nydailynews"/> |
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Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the [[Staples Center]] in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)#Court of Liberty|Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty]]. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,<ref name="bucci" /><ref name="cnn"/> the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated {{Nowrap|35.1 million}} that watched the [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan|2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan]], and the estimated {{Nowrap|33.1 million}} Americans who watched the [[Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales|1997 funeral for Princess Diana]].<ref name="scott"/> |
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[[Mariah Carey]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Lionel Richie]], [[John Mayer]], [[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Jermaine Jackson]], and [[Shaheen Jafargholi]] performed at the event. [[Berry Gordy]] and [[Smokey Robinson]] gave eulogies, while [[Queen Latifah]] read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by [[Maya Angelou]].<ref name="telegraph"/> The Reverend [[Al Sharpton]] received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."<ref name="macleans"/> Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, [[Paris Katherine]], cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."<ref name="guardian"/> Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.<ref name="radiolive"/> On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.<ref name="LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide"/><ref name="Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'"/> At the time of death, Jackson had been administered [[propofol]], [[lorazepam]] and [[midazolam]].<ref name="'WebMD'"/> |
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Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, [[Conrad Murray]].<ref name="Michael Jackson Homicide Ruling"/> On February 8, 2010, [[People of the State of California v. Conrad Robert Murray|Murray was charged]] with [[involuntary manslaughter]] by prosecutors in Los Angeles.<ref name="Michael Jackson's doctor charged with manslaughter"/> Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] in [[Glendale, California|Glendale]], California.<ref name="Michael Jackson finally laid to rest in Los Angeles"/> |
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[[File:Forest Lawn2010.jpg|thumb|alt= Portrait tribute, other tribute items, mural and messages from 650 Spanish fans, letters, pictures, teddy bears, etc.), sunflowers and other kind of flowers were dropped off by fans from all over the world at Forest Lawn Memorial Park on the first anniversary of Michael Jackson. |Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on his first anniversary of death]] On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans came to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.<ref name="One year later: Fans gather to pay tribute to Michael Jackson"/><ref name="Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte"/> Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".<ref name="Gary Indiana Hosts Michael Jackson Tribute June 25, 2010"/><ref name="Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana"/> On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.<ref name="A year after Michael Jackson's death, fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive"/><ref name="MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary"/> The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".<ref name="gimenez"/><ref name="michaeljackson"/><ref name="Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes"/> |
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===Death aftermath=== |
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After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009; in the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of {{Nowrap|35 million}} albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.<ref name="Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle for 2009's Top-Selling Album"/><ref name="Jackson sells 35 million albums since death - Entertainment - Access Hollywood - TODAYshow.com"/> Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.<ref name="wallstreet-sony"/> On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its [[Columbia/Epic Label Group]] division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of ''[[Michael (album)|Michael]]'', the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, entitled "[[Breaking News (song)|Breaking News]]".<ref name="MICHAEL Album Announcement"/> The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying {{Nowrap|$250 million}} for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.<ref name="wallstreet-sony"/><ref name="bbc22"/> Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game entitled ''[[Michael Jackson: The Experience]]'' will be among the first to use [[Kinect]] and [[PlayStation Move]], the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.<ref name="Michael Jackson Fans Will Moonwalk In Motion-Sensing Game"/> |
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On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company [[Cirque du Soleil]] announced that it would launch "[[Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour]]" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.<ref name="People: Cirque du Soleil mounting Michael Jackson tour – San Jose Mercury News"/> The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.<ref name="www"/> The tour was written and directed by [[Jamie King]]<ref name="Where to see Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson tour – News & Advice, Travel"/> and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."<ref name="Michael Jackson 'Immortal' tour opens advance ticket sales – Music, Arts & Entertainment"/> On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album ''[[Immortal (Michael Jackson album)|Immortal]]'' was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.<ref name="Immortal_newsletter"/> |
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In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman [[Mohamed Al-Fayed]], chairman of [[Fulham F.C.]], unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, [[Craven Cottage]].<ref name="English Premier League: Fans can 'go to hell', says Fulham owner Mohamed Al Fayed"/> Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.<ref name="Fulham fans cry foul over 'bizarre' Michael Jackson statue"/> Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.<ref name="Michael Jackson Fulham FC statue defended by Al Fayed"/> |
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==Artistry== |
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===Influences=== |
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[[File:Michael Jackson sculpture.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A silver colored statue of a male. The statue is placed standing up with its arms bent inward and both legs spaced apart. The statue's clothes have wrinkles and it is wearing heeled shoes. In the background, a tree and a light blue sky with multiple clouds can be seen. |One of many identical statues, positioned throughout Europe to promote ''HIStory'']] |
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Jackson's music took root in [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], pop and [[soul music|soul]]. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as [[Little Richard]], [[James Brown]], [[Jackie Wilson]], [[Diana Ross]], [[David Ruffin]], [[Gene Kelly]], [[Fred Astaire]], [[Sammy Davis, Jr.]], [[The Isley Brothers]], the [[Bee Gees]] and the [[West Side Story]] dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "[[Beat It]]" and in the "Bad" video.<ref name="Jones2005"/> According to [[David Winters (choreographer)|David Winters]], who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 [[Diana Ross]] TV Special "[[Diana!]]", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of [[The Jackson 5]]), Jackson watched [[West Side Story]] almost every week and it was his favorite film.<ref name="Magickpapers.com"/><ref name="Thank you BigBearJohn: here's also David Winters"/><ref name="Remembering Michael Jackson, On Screen"/> While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,<ref name="Michael Jackson saved my life"/><ref name="imdb"/> James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."<ref name="James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral – Contactmusic News"/> |
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The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."<ref name="taraborrelli23"/> But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the ''oooh'' interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of ''oooh''. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with [[The Supremes]].<ref name="taraborrelli24"/> |
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===Musical themes and genres=== |
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Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.<ref name="taraborrelli25"/> In most of his songs, such as "[[Billie Jean]]", "[[Who Is It (Michael Jackson song)|Who Is It]]", and "[[Tabloid Junkie]]", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of [[Allmusic]] said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.<ref name=allmusic/> As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to [[techno]] and [[house music|house]]-edged [[new jack swing]] to work that incorporates both [[funk]] rhythms and [[hard rock]] guitar.<ref name="rollingstone"/> |
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According to Huey, ''Thriller'' refined the strengths of ''Off the Wall''; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.<ref name=allmusic/> Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "[[The Girl Is Mine]]"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"; and the disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]".<ref name=allmusic/><ref name="Slant Thriller"/><ref name="AMG Thriller"/><ref name="RS Thriller"/> With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of [[paranoia]] and darker imagery.<ref name="RS Thriller"/> Allmusic's [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".<ref name="AMG Thriller"/> In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.<ref name=allmusic/> In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.<ref name="RS Thriller"/> "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''[[West Side Story]]'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.<ref name="rollingstone"/><ref name=allmusic/> He also observed that the title track "[[Thriller (song)|Thriller]]" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the [[supernatural]], a topic he revisited in subsequent years.<ref name=allmusic/> In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "[[We Are the World]]"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.<ref name=allmusic/> |
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{{Listen |
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|filename = Michael Jackson Thriller.ogg |
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|title = "Thriller" |
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|description = One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 23"/> |
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|filename2 = Smooth Criminal by Michael Jackson.ogg |
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|title2 = "Smooth Criminal" |
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|description2 = A single from the album ''Bad'', released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 24"/> |
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}} |
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In ''Bad'', Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "[[Dirty Diana]]".<ref name="NYT Bad"/> The lead single "[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]" is a traditional love ballad, while "[[Man in the Mirror]]" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.<ref name="TIME2"/> "[[Smooth Criminal]]" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.<ref name="TIME2"/> Allmusic's [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] states that ''Dangerous'' presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.<ref name="ALG Dangerous"/> He comments the album is more diverse than his previous ''Bad'', as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "[[Heal the World]]".<ref name="ALG Dangerous"/> The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "[[Jam (song)|Jam]]" and "[[Remember the Time]]".<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> ''Dangerous'' contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "[[In the Closet]]".<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "[[Will You Be There]]", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> In the ballad "[[Gone Too Soon]]", Jackson gives tribute to his friend [[Ryan White]] and the plight of those with AIDS.<ref name="TWP Dangerous"/> |
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''HIStory'' creates an atmosphere of paranoia.<ref name="ALG HIStory"/> Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "[[Scream/Childhood|Scream]]" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "[[You Are Not Alone]]", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.<ref name="RS HIStory"/> In the introspective ballad "[[Stranger in Moscow]]", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "[[Earth Song]]", "[[Scream/Childhood|Childhood]]", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.<ref name="ALG HIStory"/><ref name="RS HIStory"/> In the track "[[D.S. (song)|D.S.]]", Jackson launched a verbal attack against [[Tom Sneddon]]. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".<ref name="Sneddon profile"/> ''Invincible'' found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.<ref name="allmusic"/> It is a record made up of urban soul like "[[Cry (Michael Jackson song)|Cry]]" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "[[Speechless (Michael Jackson song)|Speechless]]", "Break of Dawn" and "[[Butterflies (Michael Jackson song)|Butterflies]]" and mixes [[hip hop music|hip-hop]], pop and [[R&B]] in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".<ref name="ALG Invincible"/><ref name="NME Invincible"/> |
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===Vocal style=== |
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Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.<ref name="brac 414"/> Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from [[The Jackson 5]]'s ''[[G.I.T.: Get It Together]]'' album.<ref name="brown"/> Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of ''[[Off the Wall (album)|Off the Wall]]'': it can be seen in full force in the "[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]" promotional video.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 22"/> With the arrival of ''Off the Wall'' in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, ''Rolling Stone'' compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling [[falsetto]] that's used very daringly".<ref name="AMG OTW"/><ref name="RS OTW"/> 1982 saw the release of ''Thriller'', and ''Rolling Stone'' was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".<ref name="RS Thriller"/> |
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{{Listen |help = no |filename = Michael Jackson - Black Or White.ogg |title = "Black or White" |description = The lead single from ''Dangerous'', the danceable [[hard rock]] song "Black or White" was one of Jackson's most successful recordings.<ref name="SM Dangerous"/><ref name="Michael Jackson: Un mito indescifrable (in Spanish)"/><ref name="ramage; bean; johnson (2001) 491"/> It contains many features of Jackson's vocal style, including the vocal hiccup he is known for.}} |
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A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelt "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.<ref name="Pink Grease"/> The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album ''Dangerous''. ''The New York Times'' noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.<ref name="NYT Dangerous"/> When commenting on ''Invincible'', ''Rolling Stone'' were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".<ref name="RS Invincible"/> Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".<ref name="Nelson George overview 24"/> |
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===Music videos and choreography=== |
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Referred to as the King of Music Videos,<ref name="collecters"/> Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.<ref name="allmusic" /> Before ''Thriller'', Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.<ref name="blender"/> Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.<ref name="Jackson changes the rules of the music video"/> MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.<ref name="findarticles"/> The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.<ref name="Jackson changes the rules of the music video"/><ref name="ABCNews"/> His performance on ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.<ref name="MT25"/> Short films like ''[[Michael Jackson's Thriller|Thriller]]'' largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.<ref name="The Thriller Special Edition Audio"/> The choreography in ''Thriller'' has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from [[Cinema of India|Indian films]] to [[Thriller (viral video)|prisons in the Philippines]].<ref name="Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller"/> The ''Thriller'' short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the ''Guinness World Records''.<ref name="World Records"/> |
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In the 19-minute music video for "[[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Bad]]"—directed by [[Martin Scorsese]]—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; ''Time'' magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured [[Wesley Snipes]]; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.<ref name="tara 370–373"/><ref name="Who's Bad? TIME"/> For "[[Smooth Criminal]]", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.<ref name="tompkins"/> Although the music video for "[[Leave Me Alone]]" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for four ''Billboard'' Music Video Awards, winning three; the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for [[Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video|Best Music Video, Short Form]].<ref name="Nelson George overview 43-44"/> |
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The [[MTV Video Vanguard Award|MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award]] was given to Jackson to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; the following year the award was renamed in his honor.<ref name="Nelson George overview 45-46"/> "[[Black or White]]" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.<ref name="KOP achievements"/> It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.<ref name="''Dangerous'' on Film"/> Along with Jackson, it featured [[Macaulay Culkin]], [[Peggy Lipton]] and [[George Wendt]]. It helped usher in [[morphing]] as an important technology in music videos.<ref name="campbell26"/> |
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"[[Remember the Time]]" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in [[ancient Egypt]], it featured groundbreaking [[visual effects]] and appearances by [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Iman (model)|Iman]] and [[Magic Johnson]], along with a distinct complex dance routine.<ref name="campbell27"/> The video for "[[In the Closet]]" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel [[Naomi Campbell]] in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46"/> |
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The music video for "[[Scream/Childhood|Scream]]", directed by [[Mark Romanek]] and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 [[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award Nominations]]—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".<ref name="TCI"/> The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.<ref name="Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions, Answers"/> A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards ''Guinness World Records'' listed it as the [[List of most expensive music videos|most expensive music video ever made]] at a cost of $7 million.<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/><ref name="Guinness World Records 2006"/> |
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"[[Earth Song]]" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/><ref name="''HIStory'' on Film volume II"/> Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 [[Cannes Film Festival]], ''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]'' was a short film written by Jackson and [[Stephen King]] and directed by [[Stan Winston]]. The video for ''Ghosts'' is over 38 minutes long and holds the ''Guinness World Record'' as the world's longest music video.<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50"/><ref name = "tara 610–611"/><ref name="lewis28"/><ref name="guinness"/> |
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==Legacy and influence== |
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{{See also|Records and achievements of Michael Jackson}} |
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[[File:MJ Star.jpg|thumb|alt=A pink star with a gold colored rim and the writing "Michael Jackson" in its center. The star is indented into the ground and is surrounded by a marble colored floor. |Jackson's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], set in 1984]] |
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Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' writer [[Tom Utley]] described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".<ref name="telegraph"/> For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.<ref name="ADL"/> Jackson's music and videos, such as ''Thriller'', [[MTV#Breaking the color barrier|fostered racial diversity]] in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous [[hip hop music|hip hop]], rock, pop and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] artists, including [[Patrick Stump]],<ref name="Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence"/> [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]],<ref name="Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson"/> [[Mariah Carey]],<ref name="rollingstone 2"/> [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]],<ref name="CNN"/> [[Green Day]],<ref name="Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael"/> [[Britney Spears]],<ref name = "rollingstone 2"/> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],<ref name="Michael Jackson Is The Reason"/> [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Alien Ant Farm]]<ref name = "tara 614–617"/> and [[Ludacris]], among others.<ref name="Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'"/> |
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Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".<ref name=allmusic /> In the mid-1980s, ''Time'' magazine's pop music critic, [[Jay Cocks]], noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since [[The Beatles]]. He is the hottest single phenomenon since [[Elvis Presley]]. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".<ref name=TIME/> In 1990, ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 43-44"/> In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."<ref name="Michael Jackson in His Own Words"/> |
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Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.<ref name="A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50"/> The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.<ref name="More adds, loose ends, and lament"/> At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of [[Motown Records]] Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".<ref name="Farewell to a King"/><ref name="Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute"/><ref name="Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer, best dad"/> |
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In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into [[academia]], and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.<ref name="Chandler"/><ref name="Hidalgo"/> The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an [[annotated bibliography]] of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a [[peer-reviewed journal]], and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".<ref name="Hidalgo_15"/> The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of [[chemistry]] can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.<ref name="Hidalgo_25"/> One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".<ref name="Chandler"/> |
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==Honors and awards== |
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{{See also|List of awards received by Michael Jackson}} |
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[[File:Thriller platinum record, Hard Rock Cafe Hollywood.JPG|upright|thumb|''Thriller'' platinum record on display at the [[Hard Rock Cafe]], Hollywood in Universal City, California.]] |
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Michael Jackson was inducted onto the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in 1980 as member of [[The Jacksons]] and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the [[World Music Awards]]' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the [[American Music Award]]'s Artist of the Century Award and the [[Bambi (prize)|Bambi]] Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.<ref name="Nelson George overview 50-53"/><ref name="Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin"/> He was a double-inductee of the [[List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees#Performers|Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including [[Vocal Group Hall of Fame#Vocal Group Hall of Fame Inductees|Vocal Group Hall of Fame]] (as [[The Jackson 5]] member) in 1999, [[Inductees of the Songwriters Hall of Fame#J|Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 2002 and [[Hit Parade Hall of Fame]] (with his brothers) in 2009.<ref name = "Nelson George overview 50-53"/><ref name="HPHH"/> In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.<ref name="newstimes1"/> His awards include many ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' (eight in 2006 alone),<ref name="Michael Jackson Named Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time"/> 13 [[Grammy Award]]s (as well as the [[Grammy Legend Award]] and the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]), 26 [[American Music Awards]] (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 [[List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)#J|number one singles in the US]]<ref name="Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)"/>—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the [[List of best-selling music artists|world's best selling male solo pop artist]].<ref name = "MJ Grammy's"/><ref name="World Records"/><ref name="KOP achievements"/><ref name="AMAs Poll"/><ref name="AMAs MJ"/><ref name="AMAs 2009"/><ref name="Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout"/><ref name="Living Legend"/><ref name="Lifetime Achievement"/><ref name="AMAs Poll2"/><ref name="AMAs Poll3"/> On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's passing as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie ''This Is It''."<ref name="Michael Jackson's Death Among 2009's Major Moments"/> Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund <ref name="Michael Jackson Achievements"/> and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.<ref name="Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics, Received PhD"/> |
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{{Clear}} |
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==Lifetime earnings== |
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His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at [[US$]]500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.<ref name="usatoday finances"/><ref name="Witness: Jacko Lived Way Above Means"/> This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was {{Nowrap|$236 million}}.<ref name="cbsnews1"/> ''Billboard'' has estimated that Jackson has generated at least {{Nowrap|$1 billion}} in revenue in the year following his death.<ref name="christman"/> |
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==Discography== |
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{{Main|Michael Jackson albums discography|Michael Jackson singles discography|Michael Jackson videography}} |
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{{See also|Jackson 5 discography}} |
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* ''[[Got to Be There]]'' (1972) |
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* ''[[Ben (album)|Ben]]'' (1972) |
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* ''[[Music & Me]]'' (1973) |
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* ''[[Forever, Michael]]'' (1975) |
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* ''[[Off the Wall (album)|Off the Wall]]'' (1979) |
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* ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' (1982) |
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* ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987) |
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* ''[[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]'' (1991) |
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* ''[[HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I]]'' (1995) |
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* ''[[Invincible (Michael Jackson album)|Invincible]]'' (2001) |
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<!--Please do not add the album of "Michael" to this section, as it is a compilation of Jackson's work, not a studio album. Thank you.--> |
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==Filmography== |
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{{Main|Michael Jackson videography}} |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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|- |
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!Year!!Film!!Role!!Director |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||1978||''[[The Wiz (film)|The Wiz]]''<ref name="quincy"/>||[[Scarecrow (Oz)|Scarecrow]]||{{Sortname|Sidney|Lumet}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||1986||''[[Captain EO]]''<ref name="tara 355-356"/>||Captain EO||{{Sortname|Francis Ford|Coppola}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||1988||''[[Moonwalker]]''<ref name="tara 413-414"/>||Himself||{{Sortname|Jerry|Kramer|nolink=1}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||1997||''[[Michael Jackson's Ghosts]]''<ref name="tara 610"/>||Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton||{{Sortname|Stan|Winston}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||2002||''[[Men in Black II]]''<ref name="Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug"/>||Agent M (cameo)||{{Sortname|Barry|Sonnenfeld}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||2004||''[[Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls]]''<ref name="'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad"/>||Agent MJ (cameo)||{{Sortname|Bryan Michael|Stoller}} |
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|- style="text-align:center;" |
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||2009||''[[Michael Jackson's This Is It]]''<ref name="Michael Jackson's "/>||Himself||{{Sortname|Kenny|Ortega}} |
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|} |
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==Tours== |
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{{Main|List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5}} |
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* [[Bad World Tour]] (1987–89) |
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* [[Dangerous World Tour]] (1992–93) |
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* [[HIStory World Tour]] (1996–97) |
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* [[This Is It (Michael Jackson concerts)|This Is It]] (2009–10) (cancelled) |
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==See also== |
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{{Wikipedia books|Michael Jackson}} |
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{{Portal box|Michael Jackson|The Jackson Family|African American}} |
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* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]] |
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* [[List of best-selling music artists]] |
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* [[List of best-selling music artists in the United States]] |
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* [[List of unreleased Michael Jackson material]] |
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* [[List of artists who have covered Michael Jackson]] |
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{{-}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
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<ref name = "1995 music deal">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E7DD1439F93BA35752C1A963958260 Michael Jackson sells Beatles songs to Sony], ''The New York Times'', November 8, 1995.</ref> |
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<ref name = "Bruce Grammy's">[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Bruce+Swedien&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy Awards Past Winners Search], [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]. Retrieved February 14, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name = "KOP chart positions at ultratop">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=king+of+pop&cat=a |title=King of Pop |work=www.ultratop.be |accessdate=September 5, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name = "MJ Grammy's">[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Michael+Jackson&title=&year=All&genre=All Grammy Awards Past Winners Search], [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]. Retrieved February 14, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 20">George, p. 20</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 22">George, p. 22</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 23">George, p. 23</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 37-38">George, pp. 37–38</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 41">George, p. 41</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 42">George, p. 42</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 43-44">George, pp. 43–44</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 45-46">George, pp. 45–46</ref> |
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<ref name = "Nelson George overview 50-53">George, pp. 50–53</ref> |
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<ref name = "USA for Africa Grammy's">[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=We+Are+The+World&year=All&genre=All Grammy Awards Past Winners Search], [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]. Retrieved February 14, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name = "Ultimate booklet 48–50">George, pp. 48–50</ref> |
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<ref name = "brac 414">Brackett, pp. 414</ref> |
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<ref name = "bucci">Bucci, Paul and Wood, Graeme.[http://www.vancouversun.com/Entertainment/Michael+Jackson+billion+people+estimated+watching+gold+plated+casket+memorial+service/1767503/story.html Michael Jackson RIP: One billion people estimated watching for gold-plated casket at memorial service]{{dead link|date=June 2011}}. ''The Vancouver Sun'', July 7, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name = "campbell (1995) 14-16">Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16</ref> |
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<ref name = "campbell (1995) 47-50">Campbell (1995), pp. 47–50</ref> |
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<ref name = "lewis 165-168">Lewis, pp. 165–168</ref> |
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<ref name = "lewis 95-96">Lewis, pp. 95–96</ref> |
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<ref name = "looking back on 1993">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_2512000/2512077.stm |title=1993: Michael Jackson accused of child abuse |date=(February 8, 2003)|publisher=BBC |accessdate=November 11, 2006}}</ref> |
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<ref name = "quincy">Jones, pp. 229, 259</ref> |
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<ref name = "rollingstone 2">{{Cite news|first=Antonio |last=Reid |title=Michael Jackson |publisher=Jann Wenner LLC |work=Rolling Stone}}</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 138–144">Taraborrelli, pp. 138–144</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 20-22">Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 205–210">Taraborrelli, pp. 205–210</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 279–287">Taraborrelli, pp. 279–287</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 312–313">Taraborrelli, pp. 312–313</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 333-338">Taraborrelli, pp. 333–338</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 355-356">Taraborrelli, pp. 355–356</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 355-361">Taraborrelli, pp. 355–361</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 370–373">Taraborrelli, pp. 370–373</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 413-414">Taraborrelli, pp. 413–414</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 477-478">Taraborrelli, pp. 477–478</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 485-486">Taraborrelli, pp. 485–486</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 496-498">Taraborrelli, pp. 496–498</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 500-507">Taraborrelli, pp. 500–507</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 518–520">Taraborrelli, pp. 518–520</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 534-540">Taraborrelli, pp. 534–540</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 540-545">Taraborrelli, pp. 540–545</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 580–581">Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 610">Taraborrelli, p. 610</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 610–611">Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 614–617">Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617</ref> |
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<ref name = "tara 640">Taraborrelli, p. 640</ref> |
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<ref name="''Dangerous'' on Film">Michael Jackson ''Dangerous'' on Film VHS/DVD</ref> |
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<ref name="''HIStory'' on Film volume II">Michael Jackson ''HIStory'' on Film volume II VHS/DVD</ref> |
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<ref name="'Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad">{{Cite news|first=Jen|last=Chaney|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/18/AR2005071800641_pf.html|title='Miss Cast Away': You Know It's Bad|work=The Washington Post|date=July 19, 2005|accessdate=February 7, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="'Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/arts/music/31arts-THRILLERVIDE_BRF.html |title='Thriller' Video Added to U.S. Film Registry |author=Dave Itzkoff |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 30, 2009 |accessdate=April 28, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="'WebMD'">{{Cite news| first=Kathleen | last=Doheny | coauthors= Louise Chang, Hector Vila Jr |authorlink= | title=Propofol Linked to Michael Jackson's Death | date=August 24, 2009 | work=[[WebMD]] | url =http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/news/20090824/propofol-linked-to-michael-jacksons-death | pages = | accessdate =August 25, 2009 | language = }}</ref> |
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<ref name="20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/AP/story/139458.html?storylink=mirelated&referer=www.clickfind.com.au|title=20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma|last=Lewis|first=Monica|date=June 14, 2007|publisher=[[Miami Herald]]|accessdate=November 22, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="2006 World Music Awards">{{cite web| title = 2006 World Music Awards | work = Chiff | url = http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/world-music-awards.htm| accessdate =February 13, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="2007 music deal">{{Cite news|title=Michael Jackson buys rights to Eminem tunes and more, |work=Rolling Stone |publisher=Wenner Media LLC |date=May 31, 2007}}</ref> |
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<ref name="2seas-bbc">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5380654.stm |title=Jackson parts with Bahrain label |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC Online |date=September 26, 2006 |accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="2seas-billboard">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673#/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002345673 |title=Michael Jackson Sails With Two Seas |work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |accessdate=April, 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50">{{Cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brokes|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries|work=New York Times|date=June 25, 2009|accessdate=July 12, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="A life in the spotlight—cnn">{{Cite news|first=Todd |last=Leopold |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/30/jackson.life/ |title=Michael Jackson: A life in the spotlight |publisher=CNN|date=June 6, 2005|accessdate=May 5, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="A year after Michael Jackson's death, fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive">{{Cite news|url=http://blog.taragana.com/e/2010/06/23/a-year-after-michael-jacksons-death-fan-base-remains-committed-to-keeping-memory-alive-143386|title=A year after Michael Jackson's death, fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive|accessdate=June 23, 2010 | agency=Associated Press| location=Los Angeles| date=June 23, 2010 | first=Anthony| last=Mccartney}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ABCNews">{{cite web|first=Bryan |last=Robinson |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/LegalCenter/story?id=464753&page=1|title=Why Are Michael Jackson's Fans So Devoted? |publisher=ABC News |date=February 23, 2005 |accessdate=April 6, 2007}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASUS_12/2471_12.asp |title=ADL happy with Michael Jackson decision |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=(June 22, 1995) |accessdate=July 1, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ALG Dangerous">{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine |authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r10095|pure_url=yes}} |title=Dangerous Overview |work=Allmusic |accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ALG HIStory">{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine |authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r216079|pure_url=yes}} |title=Michael Jackson HIStory Overview |work=Allmusic |accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ALG Invincible">{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |url={{allmusic|album|r553140/review|pure_url=yes}}|title=Michael Jackson:Invincible |work=Allmusic |accessdate=September 9, 2007}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1980 2">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=EaMkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Zf4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3100,419518&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Donna No. 1, Pop and Soul; Michael Jackson King of Soul |work=The Afro American |date= (February 2, 1980) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1980">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=wYEsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776,1201107&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Donna Summer and Michael Jackson sweep Annual American Music Awards |work=Lakeland Ledger |date= (January 20, 1980) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1981">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=sPIcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3GcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6226,95260&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Few Surprises In Music Awards |work=Sarasota Herald |date= (February 1, 1981) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1984">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=eQUbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5127,2841948&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Michael Jackson sweeps American Music Awards |work=Daily News |date= (January 17, 1984) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1986 2">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=Michael+Jackson+won+American+Music+Awards+Appreciation&q=Michael%20Jackson%20won%20American%20Music%20Awards%20Appreciation |title=Michael Jackson: the King of Pop |author=Lisa D. Campbell |page=114 |accessdate=June 16, 2010 | isbn=978-0-8283-1957-7 | year=1993 | publisher=Branden Books}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1986">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=MRgiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7aUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1658,3425033&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Bruce shows who's Boss |work=The Montreal Gazette |date= (January 28, 1986) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1988">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=pqxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4496,2784310&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Winners of American Music Awards |publisher=''Lodi News-Sentinel'' |date= (January 26, 1988) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1989 2">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mfIqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=39cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3513,3619658&dq=michael+jackson+american+music+awards&hl=en |title=American Music Awards Monday |publisher=The Modesto Bee |date= (January 27, 1989) |accessdate=June 18, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1989 3">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&pg=PA251&dq=Michael+Jackson+Moonwalker+251&q=Michael%20Jackson%20Moonwalker%20251 |title=Michael Jackson: the King of Pop |author=Lisa D. Campbell |page=251 |accessdate=July 5, 2010 | isbn=978-0-8283-1957-7 | year=1993 | publisher=Branden Books}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1989">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Michael, Travis top Music Award winners |publisher=''Lodi News-Sentinel'' |date= (January 30, 1989) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1993">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=mBIVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TQMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6811,6756235&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Cyrus, Bolton please the fans |publisher=Toledo Blade |date= (January 27, 1993) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 1996">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=LWUwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YzMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5552,8128572&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Brooks turns down award for favorite artist of the year |work=Rome News-Tribune |date= (January 30, 1996) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 2002">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,889435&dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&hl=en |title=Keys, Destiny's Child, McGraw win at American Music Awards |work=Lodi-News Sentinel |date= (January 10, 2002) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs 2009">{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/11/2009-american-music-awards-scorecard.html |title=2009 American Music Awards: Scorecard |publisher=Tribune Company |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 22, 2009 |accessdate=November 23, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs MJ">{{Cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/10/taylor-swift-michael-jackson-dominate-american-music-awards-nominations.html |title=Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations (Updated) |publisher=Tribune Company |work=Los Angeles Times |date= October 13, 2009 |accessdate=October 14, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs Poll">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml |title=Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards |publisher=MTV |date= (January 18, 2000) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs Poll2">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZMwgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tmoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3529,2860414&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=List of American Music Awards winners |work=Sun Journal |date= (January 18, 2000) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMAs Poll3">{{cite web|url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=essyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bskEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3817,2301247&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en |title=Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards |work=Times Daily |date= (January 18, 2000) |accessdate=June 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMG OTW">{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |url={{allmusic|album|r10088/review|pure_url=yes}}|title=Off the Wall Overview |work=Allmusic |accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="AMG Thriller">{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas |last=Erlewine|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |url={{allmusic|album|r10089/review|pure_url=yes}}|title=Thriller Overview |work=Allmusic |accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes">{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.com.py/abc/nota/139624-Aniversario-de-muerte-de-Michael-Jackson-pasar%E1-sin-grandes-homenajes/|title= Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes|accessdate=June 23, 2010 |work=EFE| location=Los Angeles| date=June 26, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph">{{cite web|title=Autopsy of Jackson, Michael Joseph|url=http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/images/02/09/mj_autopsy.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BBC, Jackson's image problems">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/4584367.stm |title=Music's misunderstood superstar |work=BBC |date=June 13, 2005 |accessdate=July 14, 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="BPI">{{Cite news|title=BPI Searchable database—Gold and Platinum |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Bad best seller">{{Cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title=JACKSON TOUR ON ITS WAY TO U.S. |publisher=San Josè Mercury News |date= (January 12, 1988) |accessdate=July 5, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Balcony incident">{{cite web|first=Jennifer |last=Vineyard |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458799/20021120/jackson_michael.jhtml |title=Michael Jackson Calls Baby-Dangling Incident A 'Terrible Mistake'|publisher=MTV|date=November 20, 2002|accessdate=March 3, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute">{{cite web|title=Berry Gordy-Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/gordy-brings-mourners-to-their-feet-with-jackson-tribute_1108973|work=Contact Music |date=July 7, 2009 |accessdate=November 26, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Best 1992">{{Cite news|title=Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DbUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493&dq=best+selling+album+1992+worldwide&hl=en |work=[[Allegheny Times]] |date=December 10, 1992 |accessdate=July 4, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson">{{cite web|title=Beyoncé, Top Stars Tip Their Hats to Michael Jackson |url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288067,00.html|work=People |date=June 27, 2009 |accessdate=June 27, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Blacks who give back">{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v45/ai_8540117 |title=Blacks who give back' |work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] |month=March |year=1990 |accessdate=March 14, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|first=Rosemary |last=Jean-Louis |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/01/usher/|title=Usher, Usher, Usher: The new 'King of Pop'? |publisher=CNN |date=November 1, 2004|accessdate=March 6, 2007}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/107/1071393p1.html?RSSwhen2010-02-23_111800&RSSid=1071393 |title=Captain EO is Back to Change the World – Movies News at IGN |publisher=Movies.ign.com |date=February 23, 2010 |accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Chandler">{{cite web|author=Chandler, Cory |title=Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature |publisher=[[Texas Tech University]] |url=http://today.ttu.edu/2010/05/librarians-prove-michael-jackson-was-a-rock-star-in-academic-literature/ |accessdate=June 6, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Charity concert Italy">{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml |title=Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit |publisher=VH1 |date=(May 5, 1999) |accessdate=May 30, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Christian Audigier Michael Jackson Clothing Collection Confirmed">{{cite web|title=Christian Audigier Michael Jackson Clothing Collection Confirmed|work=Popcrunch.com|date=June 24, 2008|url=http://www.popcrunch.com/christian-audigier-michael-jackson-clothing-collection-confirmed/|accessdate=January 4, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Dancing feet of Michael Jackson">Kisselgoff, Anna. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DE1539F935A35750C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Dancing feet of Michael Jackson], ''The New York Times'', March 6, 1988.</ref> |
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<ref name="Dangerous 32 million copies worldwide">{{cite web|title=Michael Jackson sulla sedia a rotelle |url=http://www.affaritaliani.it/entertainment/micheal-jackson110708.html |publisher=[[Affari Italiani]] |date=August 11, 2008 |accessdate=May 10, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Deal record">{{Cite news|title=Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-613061.html |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=October 3, 2002 |accessdate=March 24, 2010 | location=London | first1=Chris | last1=Gray | first2=Saeed | last2=Shah}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug">{{Cite news|first=A. O|last=Scott|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/movies/03BLAC.html?ex=1234155600&en=1e9c4a5a1eafc54f&ei=5070|title=Defending Earth, With Worms and a Talking Pug|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 7, 2009 | date=July 3, 2002}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ebony">{{Cite news|first= Robert| last= Johnson |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n7_v47/ai_12288831| title= Michael Jackson: crowned in Africa |work=Ebony |month=May | year=1992 |accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="English Premier League: Fans can 'go to hell', says Fulham owner Mohamed Al Fayed">{{cite web|url=http://sportshaze.com/england/english-premier-league/english-premier-league-fans-can-go-to-hell-says-fulham-owner-mohamed-al-fayed-2659 |title=English Premier League: Fans can 'go to hell', says Fulham owner Mohamed Al Fayed|publisher=Sports Haze |date=April 4, 2011 |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala">{{Cite news| title = Facing the music and the masses at the presidential gala | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | date = January 20, 1992 | author = Smith, Patricia | authorlink = Patricia Smith (poet)}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte">{{Cite news|url= http://www.lavanguardia.es/cultura/noticias/20100625/53952933686/familia-y-fans-de-jackson-le-recuerdan-en-el-aniversario-de-su-muerte-los-angeles-michael-jackson-nu.html|title= Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte|accessdate=June 26, 2010 | work=La Vanguardia| location=Los Angeles | date=June 26, 2010 | last=EFE}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana">{{Cite news|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7519910|title= Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary, Indiana|accessdate=June 25, 2010 | work=WLS| location=Gary, Ind.| date=June 25, 2010 | first=Ravi| last=Baichwal}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Farewell to a King">{{Cite news|title=Farewell to a King|work=People |date=July 20, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Fulham fans cry foul over 'bizarre' Michael Jackson statue">{{cite web|author=Barney Ronay |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/apr/01/fulham-michael-jackson-statue-fans |title=Fulham fans cry foul over 'bizarre' Michael Jackson statue |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Gary Indiana Hosts Michael Jackson Tribute June 25, 2010">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/gary-indiana-hosts-michael-jackson-tribute-june-25-2010-2633317.html|title= Gary Indiana Hosts Michael Jackson Tribute June 25, 2010|accessdate=June 25, 2010 | work=Glendale News-Press | location=Gary, Indiana| date=June 25, 2010 | first=Amy | last=Judd}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael">{{cite web|title=Green Day Look Forward To Janet Jackson's VMA Tribute To Michael|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621362/20090913/green_day.jhtml|work=MTV |date=September 13, 2009 |accessdate=September 13, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Guinness World Records 2006">''Guinness World Records 2006''</ref> |
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<ref name="HPHH">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitparadehalloffame.com/Inductees_all/Jackson5withMichaelJackson.html |title=Jackson 5 with Michael Jackson |work=[[Hit Parade Hall of Fame]] |accessdate=September 11, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Hidalgo">{{Cite journal|author=Hidalgo, Susan and Weiner, Robert G. |title=Wanna Be Startin' Somethin': MJ in the Scholarly Literature: A Selected Bibliographic Guide |year=2010 |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=14–28 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol3no7/3.7MJ-Wanna-3.pdf}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Hidalgo_15">Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 15.</ref> |
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<ref name="Hidalgo_25">Hidalgo and Weiner (2010), p. 25.</ref> |
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<ref name="Immortal_newsletter">{{cite web|title=IMMORTAL, the highly anticipated musical tapestry for Cirque du Soleil’s Michael Jackson THE IMMORTAL World Tour|url=http://m.fans.sonymusicemail.com/nl/jsp/m.jsp?c=3176d0f1a67d41fce6|publisher=Sony Music Entertainment|accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Interview with Jermaine Jackson">{{cite interview |last=Jackson |first=Jermaine |subjectlink=Jermaine Jackson |interviewer=[[Connie Chung]]| title=Interview with Jermaine Jackson |date=(December 31, 2002) |program=''[[Connie Chung Tonight]]'' |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/31/cct.00.html |accessdate=July 2, 2008 | work=CNN}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Is Michael Jackson for Real?">{{Cite news|last1=Goldberg |first=1Michael |last2=Handelman |first2=David |title=Is Michael Jackson for Real? |work=Rolling Stone |publisher=Wenner Media LLC |date=September 24, 1987}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?">{{Cite news|author=Staff writer|date=July 27, 1987|title=Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?|work=Sacramento Bee|page=B3}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jacko news spreads to Eastenders">{{cite web|title=Jacko news spreads to Eastenders |work=[[MSN|MSN Entertainment]] |date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson & Friends">{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1429785/19990527/guns_n_roses.jhtml |title=Slash, Scorpions, Others Scheduled For 'Michael Jackson & Friends' |publisher=VH1 |date=(May 27, 1999) |accessdate=May 30, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8219362.stm|title=Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'|date=August 25, 2009|accessdate=August 25, 2009|work=BBC News}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson Closes Neverland House">{{Cite news|last=McNamara |first=Melissa |url=http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml |title=Jackson Closes Neverland House |work=CBS News |date=March 17, 2006 |accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf">{{cite web|first=Habib |last=Toumi |url=http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/23/10013403.html |title=Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf |accessdate=November 11, 2006 |work= [[Gulf News]] |date= January 23, 2006}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson settles with Ex wife">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5394792.stm |title=Jackson child custody battle ends |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC Online |date=September 30, 2006 |accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson strikes deal over loans">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4909412.stm |title=Jackson strikes deal over loans |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC Online |date=April 14, 2006 |accessdate=April 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jackson to Tour Overseas">{{Cite news| title = Jackson to Tour Overseas | work = The Washington Post | date = February 5, 1992 | author = Harrington, Richard}}</ref> |
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<ref name="James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral – Contactmusic News">{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/jackson%20attends%20browns%20public%20funeral_1017673 |title=James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral – Contactmusic News |work=Contactmusic.com |date=January 2, 2007 |accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael">{{cite news|url=http://hosted2.ap.org/PAPRI/a6ce7ad62f4a4c5c8250b21416094092/Article_2011-09-10-EU-Britain-Michael-Jackson/id-e252a4862bc04271938b75a1ab78bac5 |title=Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael |work=Associated Press |date=2011-09-10 |accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Jones2005">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Jel D. Lewis|title=Michael Jackson, the king of pop: the big picture : the music! the man! the legend! the interviews : an anthology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LuEPnk7irOMC|accessdate=16 August 2011|date=2005-06-01|publisher=Amber Books Publishing|isbn=9780974977904}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film">{{Cite news| author=Joyce Eng | title=Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film | url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Michael-Jackson-Film-1008827.aspx | work=TV Guide | date=August 10, 2009 | accessdate=August 10, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal">{{Cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32360110 |title=Judge OKs Jackson performance film deal |agency=Associated Press |work=[[MSNBC]] |date=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=March 3, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence">{{cite web|title=Justin Timberlake, Usher, Ne-Yo Talk About Michael Jackson's Influence |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615102/justin-timberlake-usher-talk-about-michael-jacksons-influence.jhtml |work=MTV.com |date=July 1, 2009 |accessdate=June 25, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="KOP achievements">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15529981/ |title=The return of the King of Pop |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=(November 2, 2006) |accessdate=June 8, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="KOP announced">{{cite web|url=http://www.sonybmg.com.au/news/details.do;.tomcat2?newsId=20030829005656 |title=Choose The Tracks On Michael Jackson's 50th Birthday Album! |publisher=Sony BMG |date=(June 20, 2008)|accessdate=June 20, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6808546.ece|title=LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide|work=The Times|date=August 24, 2009|accessdate=August 24, 2009|first=Kaya|last=Burgess | location=London}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Legal name">County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2009). [[:File:Michael Jackson death certificate.jpg|Michael Jackson death certificate]].</ref> |
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<ref name="Lifetime Achievement">{{cite web |url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards |title=Lifetime Achievement Award |publisher=[[Grammy]] |accessdate=September 5, 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'">{{cite web|title=Ludacris Says Michael Jackson Inspired Him to 'Shoot for the Sky'|url=http://www.spinner.com/2009/06/27/ludacris-says-michael-jackson-inspired-him-to-shoot-for-the-sky/|work=MTV |date=June 27, 2009 |accessdate=June 27, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary">{{Cite news|url=http://www.michaeljackson.com/us/node/841578|title= MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary|accessdate=June 5, 2010 |work=LAWeekly| location=Los Angeles| date=June 4, 2010 | first=Dennis| last=Romero}}</ref> |
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<ref name="MJ's secret childhood">[http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/vh1_news_presents/82010/episode_about.jhtml Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood], [[VH1]], June 20, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name="Michael Jackson Exhibition – 2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.juliensauctions.com/auctions/2009/michael-jackson/index.html |title=Michael Jackson Exhibition – 2009 |publisher=Juliensauctions.com |date=April 25, 2009 |accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="NYTimes">Pareles, John. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40F10FB3A5C0C778DDDA80894DC484D81 Michael Jackson at 25: A Musical Phenomenon], ''The New York Times'', January 14, 1984.</ref> |
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<ref name="National certifications for Thriller 25">{{cite web|url=http://zm.nu/detalle.php?base=zmnews&lay=cgi&form=detalle&tok4=notici&tok5=Noticias&id=17840 |title=Zona Musical |publisher=zm.nu |accessdate=April 5, 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080329232427/http://zm.nu/detalle.php?base=zmnews&lay=cgi&form=detalle&tok4=notici&tok5=Noticias&id=17840 |archivedate = March 29, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Nelson George overview 24">George, p.24</ref> |
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<ref name="broadcasting">Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the [[Grammy Award]]s, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "[[Black or White]]" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.</ref> |
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<ref name="maltreatment">[[Daniel Schechter]], Erica Willheim (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In [[Charles H. Zeanah]] (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.</ref> |
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<ref name="mtvjackson">Stelter, Brian. [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/the-michael-jackson-channel/?scp=2&sq=MTV&st=cse MTV's Jackson Marathon] ''The New York Times'', June 26, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8121599.stm Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?], BBC, June 27, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="newsbusters">[http://newsbusters.org/blogs/jeff-poor/2009/07/10/jacko-telethon-primetime-broadcast-network-coverage-devotes-one-third-all Jacko Telethon: Primetime Broadcast Network Coverage Devotes One Third of All News to Pop Star's Death], ''newsbusters.org'', July 10, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="newstimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Photos-Michael-Jackson-induction-ceremony-617034.php |title=Photos: Michael Jackson induction ceremony |work=NewsTimes |date=August 15, 2010 |accessdate=September 10, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="nydailynews">Hill, Catey. [http://www.nydailynews.com/money/2009/06/26/2009-06-26_scene_with_michael_jackson_and_laytoya_jackson_cut_from_sacha_baron_cohens_bruno.html Scene with Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson cut from Sacha Baron Cohen's "Bruno"], ''New York Daily News'', June 26, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="nytt">{{Cite news|first=Louise|last=Story|title=Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html |work=New York Times |date=December 31, 2007 |accessdate=July 17, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="people">[http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20287787_20288156,00.html Time Magazine to Publish Special Jackson Issue], ''People'', June 27, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="radiolive">[http://www.radiolive.co.nz/Rev-Lucious-Smith-on-conducting-the-memorial-service-for-Michael-Jackson/tabid/506/articleID/14351/Default.aspx Interview with Reverend Lucious Smith, one year since the death of Michael Jackson].</ref> |
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<ref name="ramage; bean; johnson (2001) 491">{{Cite book|last1=Ramage |first1=John D. |last2=Bean |first2=John C. |last3=Johnson |first3=June |title=Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings |publisher=Allyn and Bacon |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nDnUQkn28lUC&q=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22&dq=%22black+or+white%22+%22rock+'n'+roll+dance+song%22+%22michael+jackson%22 |year=2001 |isbn=0-205-31745-6 |page=491 |accessdate=July 14, 2009 |quote='Black or White', described by the record company as 'a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony'}}</ref> |
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<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE55O6AK20090626|title=King of Pop Michael Jackson is dead: official|first=Bob|last=Tourtellotte|work=Reuters|date=June 25, 2009|accessdate=June 25, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="rollingstone">[http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080220071720/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/michaeljackson/biography Michael Jackson: Biography], Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name="scott">{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Andrew |url=http://television.aol.com/insidetv/2009/07/09/michael-jackson-memorial-earns-31-million-viewers/ |title=Michael Jackson Memorial Earns {{Nowrap|31 Million}} Viewers & More TV News – Inside TV Blog |work=Television.aol.com |date= |accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="sonydeal">{{Cite news|last=Leeds |first=Jeff |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |title=Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close| work=The New York Times |date=April 13, 2006 |accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="subpoena-objection">{{cite web|url=http://www.sbscpublicaccess.org/docs/ctdocs/032205mjmemospprtobj.pdf|title=Objection to Subpoena of Settlement Document|author=Attorneys for Michael Jackson|publisher=Superior Court of California|date=March 22, 2005}}</ref> |
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<ref name="tara 226">Taraborrelli, p. 226</ref> |
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<ref name="tara 599-600">Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli">Taraborrelli, p. 14</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli1">Taraborrelli, p. 602</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli11">Taraborrelli, p. 382</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli12">Taraborrelli, p. 459</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli13">Taraborrelli, pp. 452–454</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli15">Taraborrelli, p. 510</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli16">Taraborrelli, pp. 562–564</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli17">Taraborrelli, pp. 576–577</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli18">Taraborrelli, pp. 570–586</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli19">Taraborrelli, p. 597</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli2">Taraborrelli, p. 188</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli20">Taraborrelli, p. 661</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli23">Taraborrelli, p. 60</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli24">Taraborrelli, p. 64</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli25">Taraborrelli, pp. 209–210</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli3">Taraborrelli, p. 191</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli4">Taraborrelli, pp. 238–41</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli5">Taraborrelli, pp. 304–307</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli6">Taraborrelli, pp. 315–320</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli7">Taraborrelli, pp. 340–344</ref> |
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<ref name="taraborrelli9">Taraborrelli, p. vii</ref> |
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<ref name="telegraph">Allen, Nick. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5771156/Michael-Jackson-memorial-service-the-biggest-celebrity-send-off-of-all-time.html Michael Jackson memorial service: the biggest celebrity send-off of all time], ''The Daily Telegraph'', July 7, 2009.</ref> |
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<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2003/02/08/do0801.xml&sSheet=/opinion/2003/02/08/ixopinion.html |author=Utley, Tom |title=Of course Jackson's odd—but his genius is what matters |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=March 8, 2003 |accessdate=July 23, 2008 | location=London |authorlink=Tom Utley}}</ref> |
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<ref name="telegraph-june09">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5656918/Michael-Jackson-the-unreleased-album.html |title=Michael Jackson: the unreleased album |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=June 27, 2009 |accessdate=March 19, 2010 | location=London | first=Murray | last=Wardrop}}</ref> |
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<ref name="thesmokinggun">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0616041jacko5.html |title=Michael Jackson's Big Payoff. Agreed to pay {{Nowrap|$15 million}} to settle boy's 1993 sex abuse claim. The Smoking Gun, June 16 |work=Thesmokinggun.com |date= |accessdate=June 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="tompkins">{{Cite patent|US|5255452|Michael J. Jackson, Michael L. Bush, Dennis Tompkins: "Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion", filed June 29, 1992, issued Oct 26, 1993}}</ref> |
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<ref name="usatoday finances">{{Cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-11-24-jackson-finances_x.htm |title=For Jackson, scandal could spell financial ruin |last=Gunderson, |first=Edna |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=Gannett Co. Inc |date=February 19, 2007 |accessdate=March 14, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="usatoday">Talmadge, Eric. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2007-03-08-2208485574_x.htm Michael Jackson 'wouldn't change anything'], Associated Press, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name="wallstreet-sony">{{Cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704588404575124023860735864.html|title=Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen 'King' |date=March 16, 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate={{Nowrap|17 March}} 2010 | first=Ethan | last=Smith}}</ref> |
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<ref name="wikipedia">Phoebe. [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-06-29/News and notes|The King of Pop vs. Wikipedia]], ''The Wikipedia Signpost'', June 29, 2009; see {{Stats.grok.se|Michael Jackson|year=2009|month=6|text = October 2009 stats}}</ref> |
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<ref name="www">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2010/11/03/cirque-michael-jackson-immortal-tour.html#ixzz14SQrjPED |title=CBC News – Music – Cirque plans $57M touring Jackson show |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=November 3, 2010 |accessdate=November 7, 2010}}</ref> |
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}} |
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;Bibliography |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Brackett|first=Nathan|authorlink=Nathan Brackett|coauthors=Christian Hoard|title=[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=Fireside|year=2004|isbn=0-7432-0169-8}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lisa|title=Michael Jackson: The King of Pop|publisher=Branden|year=1993|isbn=0-8283-1957-X}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lisa|title=Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour|publisher=Branden|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|year=1995|isbn=0-8283-2003-9}} |
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* [[Nelson George|George, Nelson]] (2004). ''[[Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection]]'' booklet. [[Sony BMG]]. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Guinness World Records |title=Guinness World Records 2004 |year=2003 |publisher=Guinness |isbn=1-892051-20-6}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Guinness World Records |title=Guinness World Records 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Guinness |isbn=1-904994-02-4}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Jackson |first=Michael |title=Moonwalk |year=2009 |origyear=First published 1988|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780307716989 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} |
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* {{Cite book|last1=Ramage |first1=John D. |last2=Bean |first2=John C. |last3=Johnson |first3=June | title=Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings| publisher=Allyn and Bacon| year=2001| isbn=0-205-31745-6}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Taraborrelli |first=J. Randy |authorlink=J. Randy Taraborrelli |title=Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009 |year=2009 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing, 2009 |location=Terra Alta, WV |isbn=0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Dineen|first=Catherine|title=Michael Jackson: In His Own Words|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]|year=1993|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=0-7119-3216-6}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Grant |first=Adrian |title=Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary |year=1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005 |publisher=Omnibus Press |isbn=1-84449-432-2}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Jackson |first=Michael |title=My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1 |year=2006 |publisher=Triumph International |isbn=0-9768891-1-0}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Bob|title=Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask|publisher=Select Books Inc|year=2005|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=1-59079-072-3}} |
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* {{cite book|first= Margo |last=Jefferson|title=On Michael Jackson|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-307-27765-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |last2=Brown}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Noonan |first=Damien |title=Michael Jackson |format= Audio book |year= 1994|publisher=Carlton Books |isbn=1-85797-587-1}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Sister project links|n=Category:Michael Jackson|commons=Category:Michael Jackson|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|s=no}} |
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* {{Official website|http://www.michaeljackson.com}} |
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* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/29232/michael-jackson-live-best-pics Michael Jackson Live: Best Pics] – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' |
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* [http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/jackson_michael/artist.jhtml Michael Jackson] at MTV |
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* [http://vault.fbi.gov/Michael%20Jackson FBI file on Michael Jackson ] |
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|NAME=Jackson, Michael Joseph |
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|DATE OF BIRTH= August 29, 1958 |
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|DATE OF DEATH= June 25, 2009 |
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Revision as of 05:49, 11 November 2011
Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | Michael Joe Jackson |
| Born | August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009 (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, New jack swing |
| Occupation(s) | Singer-songwriter, record producer, composer, musician, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy |
| Website | www Michael Jackson's signature |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, pop, contemporary R&B, and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, have generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series This Is It, Jackson was involuntarily killed by his physician, with the direct cause being acute propofol intoxication, on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. Before his death, Jackson had been administered drugs including propofol and lorazepam. The Los Angeles County Coroner declared his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in 2011. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[4]
Life and career
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[5] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[6] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[7]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[8][9][10] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[10] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[8] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[11] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[12]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[13][14]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[6] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[15]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[6] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[16] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "[[The Love You Save
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