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[[File:Peruvian fishing boats.jpg|thumb|right|[[Totora (plant)|Totora]] reed fishing boats on the beach at [[Huanchaco]], [[Peru]]]]
A vehicle of which rapist carried their dead bodies to a safe place. it is also where babies come from.

'''Reed boats''' and '''[[raft]]s''', along with [[dugout canoe]]s and other rafts, are among the oldest known types of [[boat]]s. Often used as [[traditional fishing boat]]s, they are still used in a few places around the world, though they have generally been replaced with [[planked boat]]s. Reed boats can be distinguished from reed rafts, since reed boats are usually waterproofed with some form of tar.<ref>McGrail S (1985) [http://www.jstor.org/pss/124536 Towards a classification of Water transport] ''World Archeology'', '''16''' (3).</ref> As well as boats and [[raft]]s, small [[floating island]]s have also been constructed from reeds.

The earliest discovered remains from a reed boat are 7000 years old, found in [[Kuwait]]. Reed boats are depicted in early [[petroglyph]]s and were common in Ancient Egypt. A famous example is the [[ark of bulrushes]] in which the baby [[Moses]] was set afloat. They were also constructed from early times in Peru and Bolivia, and boats with remarkedly similar design have been found in [[Easter Island]]. Reed boats are still used in Peru, Bolivia, Ethiopia, and until recently in Corfu. The explorations and investigations of the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer [[Thor Heyerdahl]] have resulted in a better understanding of the construction and capabilities of reed boats.

==History==
[[File:Petroglyphs in Gobustan 09.jpg|thumb|right|[[Petroglyph]]s of a reed boat and men]]
The image on the right shows [[petroglyph]]s of a reed boat and men. The reed boat is similar to those depicted in cave paintings in Scandinavia, something that led Thor Heyerdahl to theorise that the Scandinavians came from the area that today is [[Azerbaijan]]. In the [[Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape|Gobustan Petroglyph Reserve]] there are more than 6,000 petroglyphs carved by the [[hunter-gatherer]]s that lived in these caves 12,000 years ago. At that time the Caspian Sea was much higher and washed against the lower rocks of the hill.

Another site is [[Wadi Hammamat]] in [[Qift]], Egypt, where there are drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BC<ref>McGrail, Seán (2004) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?hl=en&lr=&id=C8GLGNrxxQMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR16&dq=%22Wadi+Hammamat%22+reed+boat&ots=lCffUnWzkB&sig=RcfCLdNWV8DCJiwt5lNDfVzQcfM#v=onepage&q=%22Wadi%20Hammamat%22%20reed%20boat&f=false ''Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times''] Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199271863</ref>

[[File:Cyperus papyrus6.jpg|thumb|120px|left|The Ancient Egyptian used [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]] reeds to make boats]]

The oldest known remnants of a boat made with reeds (and tar) are from a 7000 year-old sea going boat found in Kuwait.<ref name="Lawler2002">{{cite journal
| last = Lawler
| first = Andrew
| title = Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes
| journal = Science
| volume = 296
| issue = 5574
| pages = 1791–1792
| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]
| date = June 7, 2002
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/296/5574/1791
| doi = 10.1126/science.296.5574.1791
| accessdate = 2008-05-05
| pmid = 12052936}}</ref>

The Ancient Egyptians built boats from [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]] reeds, which were widely cultivated along the Nile River and Delta. This reed was also used for many other purposes, especially for providing papyrus writing parchments.<ref name=eb1911>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Papyrus ''Papyrus''] Encyclopædia Britannica, [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Eleventh Edition]]</ref> Other reeds of the genus [[Cyperus]] may have been used as well.<ref name=eb1911 /> [[Theophrastus]] in his ''[[Historia Plantarum|History of Plants]]''<ref>Sir Arthur F. Hort, (1916), ''Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants'' [[Loeb Classical Library]].</ref> states that the rigging on King Antigonus' fleet, used to fasten the doors when Ulysses slew the suitors in his hall,<ref>[[Odyssey]] xxi. 390.</ref> was made from papyrus reed.<ref name=eb1911 /> Light [[skiff]]s suitable for the navigation of the Nile were constructed with stems cut from papyrus reed, as shown by [[bas-relief]]s from the [[Fourth dynasty of Egypt|fourth dynasty]] where men cut papyrus, and use it to make [[cordage]] and [[sail]]s and to build a reed boat.<ref name=eb1911 />

According to the [[Bible]], when the [[Pharaoh]] issued a decree to kill all the Israelite males, the [[Shemot (parsha)#Baby Moses|baby Moses]] was saved by his mother, who set him adrift on the Nile in an [[ark of bulrushes]].<ref>[[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] [http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=2&CHAPTER=1 Chapter 1] Pages 15-16.</ref> The bulrushes this small boat or basket was built with may have been papyrus.<ref name=eb1911 /> Casting babies adrift in reed boats on the Nile was a common practice in that period.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

{{clear}}

==Thor Heyerdahl==
[[File:Schilfboot Ra II.jpg|thumb|The reed boat Ra II]]

In more recent years, the explorations and investigations of the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer [[Thor Heyerdahl]], 1914–2002, have resulted in a better appreciation of the construction and capabilities of reed boats.

Heyerdahl wanted to demonstrate that ancient Mediterranean or African people could have crossed the [[Atlantic]] and reached the Americas by sailing with the [[Canary Current]]. In 1969, Heyerdahl constructed a reed boat he named ''[[Ra]]'' after the ancient Egyptian sun god. Its design was based on ancient Egyptian models and drawings. The boat was built by boatmen from [[Lake Chad]] in the [[Republic of Chad]] with [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]] reeds from [[Lake Tana]] in [[Ethiopia]]. It was launched off the coast of [[Morocco]], and set sail in an attempt to cross the Atlantic. After several weeks, its crew modified the vessel in a manner that caused ''Ra'' to sag and take on water. Eventually ''Ra'' broke apart and was abandoned.

The following year, Heyerdahl organised the building of another similar boat, the ''[[Ra II]]''. Boat builders from [[Lake Titicaca]] built this in [[Bolivia]]. Again, the vessel set sail from Morocco, succeeding this time and reaching [[Barbados]].<ref>Ryne, Linn. [http://www.norway.org/history/expolorers/heyerdahl/heyerdahl.htm ''Voyages into History''] at [http://www.norway.org Norway].</ref>

In 1978, Heyerdahl constructed a third reed boat, the [[The Tigris|''Tigris'']]. The purpose of building this vessel was to demonstrate that [[Mesopotamia]] could have been linked through trade and migration to the [[Indus Valley Civilization]], now modern-day Pakistan. ''Tigris'' was constructed in Iraq and sailed along the [[Persian Gulf]], then to Pakistan, finally entering the [[Red Sea]]. She remained at sea in a seaworthy manner for five months. Then in [[Djibouti]], ''Tigris'' was burnt deliberately in protest at the wars that were then raging everywhere around the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Horn of Africa]].

{{clear}}

==Reed boats of Lake Titicaca==
[[File:Reed Islands of Lake Titicaca -b.jpg|thumb|300px|left|This sturdy reed boat of the Uros Islands can hold more than 20 people]]

[[Totora (plant)|Totora]] reeds grow in [[South America]], particularly around [[Lake Titicaca]], and also on [[Easter Island]]. These reeds have been used by various [[pre-Columbian]] [[South American]] civilizations to build reed boats. The boats, called [[Balsa (ship)|balsa]], vary in size from small fishing canoes to thirty meters long. They are still used on [[Lake Titicaca]], located on the border of [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]], 3810 meters above sea level.<ref name="mincetur">{{cite web
|url=http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/newweb/Portals/0/PUNO.pdf
|title=Puno
|publisher=Mincetur
}}</ref>

The [[Uros]] are an indigenous people pre-dating the [[Incas]]. They live, still today, on man-made [[floating island]]s scattered across [[Lake Titicaca]]. These islands are also constructed from totora reeds.<ref name="EB">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online: [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-600556/totora Lake Titicaca]. Retrieved 12 July 2007.</ref> Each floating island supports between three and ten houses, also built of reeds.<ref name="mincetur" /> The Uros still build totora reed boats, which they use for fishing and hunting seabirds.<ref name="EB"/>

Reed boat craftsmen from Suriqui, a town on the Bolivian side of lake Titicaca, helped [[Thor Heyerdahl]] construct ''[[Ra II]]'' and ''Tigris''.<ref name="footprint">{{cite book | title=[[South American Handbook]] | last=Box | first=Ben | publisher=[[Footprint Books|Footprint Handbooks]] | year=1998 | pages=292 | isbn=0-8442-4886-X}}</ref> Thor Heyerdahl attempted to prove that the reed boats of Lake Titicaca derived from the papyrus boats of Egypt.

Near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca lie the ruins of the ancient city state of [[Tiwanaku]]. Tiwanaku contains monumental architecture characterized by large stones of exceptional workmanship.<ref name="Isbell2004a">Isbell, W. H., 2004, ''Palaces and Politics in the Andean Middle Horizon.'' in S. T. Evans and J. Pillsbury, eds., pp. 191-246. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/EVAPAL.html?show=contents Palaces of the Ancient New World.] Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.</ref> Green [[andesite]] stones, that were used to create elaborate carvings and monoliths, originated from the Copacabana peninsula, located across Lake Titicaca.<ref name="Sangines1970">Ponce Sanginés, C. and G. M. Terrazas, 1970, ''Acerca De La Procedencia Del Material Lítico De Los Monumentos De Tiwanaku.'' Publication no. 21. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia</ref> One theory is that these giant andesite stones, which weigh over 40 tons were transported some 90 kilometres across Lake Titicaca on reed boats.<ref>Harmon, P., 2002, [http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/tiwanaku/project/experiment.html Experimental Archaeology], Interactive Dig - Archaeology Magazine's Online Excavations web page, [http://www.archaeology.org/ Archaeology Magazine ].</ref>

{{clear}}

<center>
<gallery widths=180>
File:Reed Islands of Lake Titicaca.jpg|A [[Floating island|floating reed island]] on Lake Titicaca
File:Iles Flottantes Titicaca (pixinn.net).jpg|[[Uros]] harvesting [[Totora (plant)|totora]] on [[Lake Titicaca]], used traditionally to build reed boats
File:Urso man pulling boat.jpg|[[Uros|Uro]] man pulling a boat made of [[Totora (plant)|totora reeds]]
File:Titicaca.JPG|Uro-Indian at work in a reed boat
File:Titicaca 9921a.jpg|Back on the floating island with the catch
</gallery>
</center>

Reed boats were also constructed using totora reeds on [[Easter Island]]. Intriguingly, the design of these boats closely matches the design used in Peru.<ref>Heiser C. B. (1974) [http://www.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/psb-1974-20-2.php "Totoras, Taxonomy, and Thor"] ''Plant ScienceBulletin'', '''20''' (2).</ref>

==Other examples==
* [[Tule]] reeds, which are widespread in [[North America]], were used to construct reed boats by various [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] groups. People from [[Ohlone]], [[Coast Miwok]] and [[Bay Miwok]] used tule to build boats for use in the San Francisco Bay estuary.<ref>Jones TL and Klar K (2007) [http://books.google.com/books?id=fFX066QfQv8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''California prehistory: colonization, culture, and complexity''] Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.</ref> Northern groups of [[Chumash people|Chumash]] also used tule to construct reed fishing canoes.<ref>Hogan CM (2008) [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502 ''Morro Creek''] Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham.</ref>
* As well as Peru and Bolivia, reed boats are still built in [[Ethiopia]]<ref>de Graafa M, van Zwietenb PAM, Machielsb MAM, Lemmac E, Wudnehd T, Dejene E and Sibbing FA () [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6N-4K3N5PK-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=945973133&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=52cd42b08087fa104d94afa29375d19b "Vulnerability to a small-scale commercial fishery of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) endemic Labeobarbus compared with African catfish and Nile tilapia: An example of recruitment-overfishing?"] ''Fisheries Research'', '''82''' (1-3) 304-318.</ref> and were used until recently in [[Corfu]].<ref>Sordinas A (1970) [http://cmm.corfuculture.gr/default.asp?id=25&mnu=25&LangID=English "Stone implements from northwestern Corfu"], Anthropological Research Center , [[University of Memphis]].</ref>
* In the account given by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] of the [[Sumerian flood myth]] is the claim that the reed boat constructed by [[Xisuthrus]] survived, at least until [[Berossus]]' day, in the "Corcyrean Mountains" of [[Armenia]].
* Mokihi are made traditionally from raupo or korari in New Zealand. Still being constructed on the Waitaki river [http://www.waitaha.org/traditional-mokihi-sails-again/] and in South Westland [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/es/ramsar-activities-wwds-world-wetlands-day-2002-19749/main/ramsar/1-63-78%5E19749_4000_2__]
* Prayer boats are used in a Hindu religious festival which takes place every year on the banks of the river Ganges where thousands of people burn incense and candles on small reed boats and float them down the river at night, the boats carrying their wishes and prayers.
* In 1836, [[Narcissa Whitman]] described reed boats pulled by Indians on horse back at Snake Fort, [[Fort Boise]].<ref>{{cite book
|last=Eells
|first=Myron
|title=Marcus Whitman, pathfinder and patriot
|publisher=Alice Harriman Company
|year=1909
|accessdate=2009-12-10
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=REgFAAAAYAAJ&vq=fort+hall&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref>
* In 2007, the reed boat ''[[Abora|Abora3]]'', captained by the German scientist Dominique Görlitz, set out from New York to prove that other intercontinental sea journeys were possible in reed boats.
* Some [[coracle]] boats are also built out of reeds (see photo below).

<gallery>
File:Passengers Maneuver Motorcycle out of Reed Boat - Near Hampi - India.JPG|Passengers manoeuvre a motorcycle out of a woven-reed [[coracle]] ferry, near [[Hampi]] village, India. July 2008.
File:HMB AE 368 - Barke mit Menschenfiguren.jpg|Burial object, barque with two human figures, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Probably Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Clay-covered reed, 46 cm in length.
File:Tigris Model Pyramids of Guimar.jpg|Model of the ''Tigris'' at the [[Pyramids of Güímar]], [[Tenerife]].
File:Peru Huanchaco Typical Fisherman reed boats.jpg|Contemporary reed boats stacked on a beach in Peru
</gallery>

==See also==
{{multicol}}
* [[Abora]]
* [[Balsa (ship)]]
* [[Bipod mast]]
* [[Cyperus papyrus]]
* [[Kon-Tiki]]
* [[Kitín Muñoz]]
{{multicol-break}}
* [[Traditional fishing boats]]
* [[Totora (plant)]]
* [[Tormod Granheim]]
* [[Tule]]
* [[Xisuthros]]
{{multicol-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{Cite book
| last1 = Swall
| first1 = Corinne
| last2 = Nuyens III
| first2 = Louis
| authorlink =
| title = Tule reed boat workbook : a voyage of adventure
| publisher = Mother Lode Musical Theatre, Watershed Preservation Network
| year = 2003
| location = Kentfield, CA
| url = http://www.motherlodemusical.org/tule.html
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldofboats.org/boats/view/175/39 World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Vietnamese Basket Boat]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/majesticmoose/2425279698/ Papyrus reed boat or "tankwa", Lake Tana] by Majestic Moose. Flikr, April 2008, retrieved March 26, 2010
* [http://www.window2baku.com/eng/Ancient/9gobustan.htm Gobustan] from "Window to Baku"
* [http://donsmaps.com/gobustan.html The Rock Engravings of Gobustan]
* [http://www.atlantisbolivia.org/porfiriolimachi.htm Porfirio Limachi, reed ship builder]
* [http://www.cargo-link.de/sponsoring.html The Viracocha Expedition], construction photo
* [http://www.wpn.org/wpn/photogallery_tuleboat.htm Tule Boat Photo Gallery]
* [http://nativecc.com/Ohlonecanoe.html Tule reed canoe], [[Ohlone]], launched on Lake Merced, San Francisco
* [http://www.nps.gov/labe/historyculture/modochomeland.htm Tule reed canoe], [[Modoc people|Modoc]]

{{fishing vessel topics}}
{{fisheries and fishing}}

[[Category:Reed boats]]
[[Category:Indigenous boats]]

[[no:Sivbåt]]

Revision as of 21:31, 17 February 2012

Totora reed fishing boats on the beach at Huanchaco, Peru

Reed boats and rafts, along with dugout canoes and other rafts, are among the oldest known types of boats. Often used as traditional fishing boats, they are still used in a few places around the world, though they have generally been replaced with planked boats. Reed boats can be distinguished from reed rafts, since reed boats are usually waterproofed with some form of tar.[1] As well as boats and rafts, small floating islands have also been constructed from reeds.

The earliest discovered remains from a reed boat are 7000 years old, found in Kuwait. Reed boats are depicted in early petroglyphs and were common in Ancient Egypt. A famous example is the ark of bulrushes in which the baby Moses was set afloat. They were also constructed from early times in Peru and Bolivia, and boats with remarkedly similar design have been found in Easter Island. Reed boats are still used in Peru, Bolivia, Ethiopia, and until recently in Corfu. The explorations and investigations of the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl have resulted in a better understanding of the construction and capabilities of reed boats.

History

Petroglyphs of a reed boat and men

The image on the right shows petroglyphs of a reed boat and men. The reed boat is similar to those depicted in cave paintings in Scandinavia, something that led Thor Heyerdahl to theorise that the Scandinavians came from the area that today is Azerbaijan. In the Gobustan Petroglyph Reserve there are more than 6,000 petroglyphs carved by the hunter-gatherers that lived in these caves 12,000 years ago. At that time the Caspian Sea was much higher and washed against the lower rocks of the hill.

Another site is Wadi Hammamat in Qift, Egypt, where there are drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BC[2]

The Ancient Egyptian used papyrus reeds to make boats

The oldest known remnants of a boat made with reeds (and tar) are from a 7000 year-old sea going boat found in Kuwait.[3]

The Ancient Egyptians built boats from papyrus reeds, which were widely cultivated along the Nile River and Delta. This reed was also used for many other purposes, especially for providing papyrus writing parchments.[4] Other reeds of the genus Cyperus may have been used as well.[4] Theophrastus in his History of Plants[5] states that the rigging on King Antigonus' fleet, used to fasten the doors when Ulysses slew the suitors in his hall,[6] was made from papyrus reed.[4] Light skiffs suitable for the navigation of the Nile were constructed with stems cut from papyrus reed, as shown by bas-reliefs from the fourth dynasty where men cut papyrus, and use it to make cordage and sails and to build a reed boat.[4]

According to the Bible, when the Pharaoh issued a decree to kill all the Israelite males, the baby Moses was saved by his mother, who set him adrift on the Nile in an ark of bulrushes.[7] The bulrushes this small boat or basket was built with may have been papyrus.[4] Casting babies adrift in reed boats on the Nile was a common practice in that period.[citation needed]

Thor Heyerdahl

The reed boat Ra II

In more recent years, the explorations and investigations of the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl, 1914–2002, have resulted in a better appreciation of the construction and capabilities of reed boats.

Heyerdahl wanted to demonstrate that ancient Mediterranean or African people could have crossed the Atlantic and reached the Americas by sailing with the Canary Current. In 1969, Heyerdahl constructed a reed boat he named Ra after the ancient Egyptian sun god. Its design was based on ancient Egyptian models and drawings. The boat was built by boatmen from Lake Chad in the Republic of Chad with papyrus reeds from Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It was launched off the coast of Morocco, and set sail in an attempt to cross the Atlantic. After several weeks, its crew modified the vessel in a manner that caused Ra to sag and take on water. Eventually Ra broke apart and was abandoned.

The following year, Heyerdahl organised the building of another similar boat, the Ra II. Boat builders from Lake Titicaca built this in Bolivia. Again, the vessel set sail from Morocco, succeeding this time and reaching Barbados.[8]

In 1978, Heyerdahl constructed a third reed boat, the Tigris. The purpose of building this vessel was to demonstrate that Mesopotamia could have been linked through trade and migration to the Indus Valley Civilization, now modern-day Pakistan. Tigris was constructed in Iraq and sailed along the Persian Gulf, then to Pakistan, finally entering the Red Sea. She remained at sea in a seaworthy manner for five months. Then in Djibouti, Tigris was burnt deliberately in protest at the wars that were then raging everywhere around the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.

Reed boats of Lake Titicaca

This sturdy reed boat of the Uros Islands can hold more than 20 people

Totora reeds grow in South America, particularly around Lake Titicaca, and also on Easter Island. These reeds have been used by various pre-Columbian South American civilizations to build reed boats. The boats, called balsa, vary in size from small fishing canoes to thirty meters long. They are still used on Lake Titicaca, located on the border of Peru and Bolivia, 3810 meters above sea level.[9]

The Uros are an indigenous people pre-dating the Incas. They live, still today, on man-made floating islands scattered across Lake Titicaca. These islands are also constructed from totora reeds.[10] Each floating island supports between three and ten houses, also built of reeds.[9] The Uros still build totora reed boats, which they use for fishing and hunting seabirds.[10]

Reed boat craftsmen from Suriqui, a town on the Bolivian side of lake Titicaca, helped Thor Heyerdahl construct Ra II and Tigris.[11] Thor Heyerdahl attempted to prove that the reed boats of Lake Titicaca derived from the papyrus boats of Egypt.

Near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca lie the ruins of the ancient city state of Tiwanaku. Tiwanaku contains monumental architecture characterized by large stones of exceptional workmanship.[12] Green andesite stones, that were used to create elaborate carvings and monoliths, originated from the Copacabana peninsula, located across Lake Titicaca.[13] One theory is that these giant andesite stones, which weigh over 40 tons were transported some 90 kilometres across Lake Titicaca on reed boats.[14]

Reed boats were also constructed using totora reeds on Easter Island. Intriguingly, the design of these boats closely matches the design used in Peru.[15]

Other examples

  • Tule reeds, which are widespread in North America, were used to construct reed boats by various Native American groups. People from Ohlone, Coast Miwok and Bay Miwok used tule to build boats for use in the San Francisco Bay estuary.[16] Northern groups of Chumash also used tule to construct reed fishing canoes.[17]
  • As well as Peru and Bolivia, reed boats are still built in Ethiopia[18] and were used until recently in Corfu.[19]
  • In the account given by Eusebius of Caesarea of the Sumerian flood myth is the claim that the reed boat constructed by Xisuthrus survived, at least until Berossus' day, in the "Corcyrean Mountains" of Armenia.
  • Mokihi are made traditionally from raupo or korari in New Zealand. Still being constructed on the Waitaki river [1] and in South Westland [2]
  • Prayer boats are used in a Hindu religious festival which takes place every year on the banks of the river Ganges where thousands of people burn incense and candles on small reed boats and float them down the river at night, the boats carrying their wishes and prayers.
  • In 1836, Narcissa Whitman described reed boats pulled by Indians on horse back at Snake Fort, Fort Boise.[20]
  • In 2007, the reed boat Abora3, captained by the German scientist Dominique Görlitz, set out from New York to prove that other intercontinental sea journeys were possible in reed boats.
  • Some coracle boats are also built out of reeds (see photo below).
  • Passengers manoeuvre a motorcycle out of a woven-reed coracle ferry, near Hampi village, India. July 2008.
    Passengers manoeuvre a motorcycle out of a woven-reed coracle ferry, near Hampi village, India. July 2008.
  • Burial object, barque with two human figures, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Probably Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Clay-covered reed, 46 cm in length.
    Burial object, barque with two human figures, Gebelein, Upper Egypt. Probably Naqada II, 3400-3200 BC. Clay-covered reed, 46 cm in length.
  • Model of the Tigris at the Pyramids of Güímar, Tenerife.
    Model of the Tigris at the Pyramids of Güímar, Tenerife.
  • Contemporary reed boats stacked on a beach in Peru
    Contemporary reed boats stacked on a beach in Peru

See also

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Notes

  1. ^ McGrail S (1985) Towards a classification of Water transport World Archeology, 16 (3).
  2. ^ McGrail, Seán (2004) Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199271863
  3. ^ Lawler, Andrew (June 7, 2002). "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes". Science. 296 (5574). AAAS: 1791–1792. doi:10.1126/science.296.5574.1791. PMID 12052936. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
  4. ^ a b c d e Papyrus Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition
  5. ^ Sir Arthur F. Hort, (1916), Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants Loeb Classical Library.
  6. ^ Odyssey xxi. 390.
  7. ^ Exodus Chapter 1 Pages 15-16.
  8. ^ Ryne, Linn. Voyages into History at Norway.
  9. ^ a b "Puno" (PDF). Mincetur.
  10. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Lake Titicaca. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  11. ^ Box, Ben (1998). South American Handbook. Footprint Handbooks. p. 292. ISBN 0-8442-4886-X.
  12. ^ Isbell, W. H., 2004, Palaces and Politics in the Andean Middle Horizon. in S. T. Evans and J. Pillsbury, eds., pp. 191-246. Palaces of the Ancient New World. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C.
  13. ^ Ponce Sanginés, C. and G. M. Terrazas, 1970, Acerca De La Procedencia Del Material Lítico De Los Monumentos De Tiwanaku. Publication no. 21. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia
  14. ^ Harmon, P., 2002, Experimental Archaeology, Interactive Dig - Archaeology Magazine's Online Excavations web page, Archaeology Magazine .
  15. ^ Heiser C. B. (1974) "Totoras, Taxonomy, and Thor" Plant ScienceBulletin, 20 (2).
  16. ^ Jones TL and Klar K (2007) California prehistory: colonization, culture, and complexity Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
  17. ^ Hogan CM (2008) Morro Creek Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham.
  18. ^ de Graafa M, van Zwietenb PAM, Machielsb MAM, Lemmac E, Wudnehd T, Dejene E and Sibbing FA () "Vulnerability to a small-scale commercial fishery of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) endemic Labeobarbus compared with African catfish and Nile tilapia: An example of recruitment-overfishing?" Fisheries Research, 82 (1-3) 304-318.
  19. ^ Sordinas A (1970) "Stone implements from northwestern Corfu", Anthropological Research Center , University of Memphis.
  20. ^ Eells, Myron (1909). Marcus Whitman, pathfinder and patriot. Alice Harriman Company. Retrieved 2009-12-10.

References

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