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Find me one recognized Christian leader who can affirm that Kony's claim to be a Christian is true, and I will stop putting pseudo back in. Otherwise I can do this forever.
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| children = Thought to have 42 children as of 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-02-10-portrait-of-ugandas-rebel-prophet-painted-by-wives|title=Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|author=Beatrice Debut Gulu|date=10 February 2006|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>
| children = Thought to have 42 children as of 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2006-02-10-portrait-of-ugandas-rebel-prophet-painted-by-wives|title=Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|author=Beatrice Debut Gulu|date=10 February 2006|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Joseph Rao Kony''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|koɲ}};<ref>http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html</ref> born around about July/September of 1961)<ref name="Britannica bio" /> is the head of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA), a [[Uganda]]n [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla group]]. While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA allegedly turned on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the [[Acholi people]] and turn [[Uganda]] into a [[theocracy]].<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-deadly-cult-of-joseph-kony-1001084.html|work=The Independent |location=UK|title=The deadly cult of Joseph Kony|date=8 November 2008|author=Daniel Howden|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a [[spirit medium]], has nurtured a [[cult of personality]], and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.<ref name="independent"/> Ideologically, the group is a [[syncretic]] mix of [[mysticism]], [[Acholi people|Acholi nationalism]], and [[Christian fundamentalism]],<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite web|first1=Ruddy|last1=Doom|first2=Koen|last2=Vlassenroot|url=http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/390/5 |title=The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda|publisher=Afraf.oxfordjournals.org|date=1 January 1999|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="community.seattletimes.nwsource.com">[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960401&slug=2321945 "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"]</ref><ref name="cesnur.org">[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/uganda_004.htm Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda]</ref><ref name="entertainment.timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article3449276.ece |location=London |work=The Times | title=The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green |first=Christina | last=Lamb | date=2 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/05/world/christian-rebels-wage-a-war-of-terror-in-uganda.html | work=The New York Times | title=Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda| first=James C. | last=McKinley Jr | date=5 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/13/uganda.internationalcrime |location=London |work=The Guardian | title=Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court | first=Chris | last=McGreal | date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/18/AR2008031803054.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court | first=Nora | last=Boustany | date=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name='Haynes'>{{cite book | last = Haynes | first = Jeffrey | title = Politics in the developing world | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2002 | page = 121 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-0631225560 }}</ref><ref name='gpf'>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/wanted/2004/1231mystic.htm |title=The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel? |accessdate=4 March 2009 |last=McLaughlin |first=Abraham |date=31 December 2004 |work=Christian Science Monitor |publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]] }}</ref><ref name='gmu'>{{cite journal|title=Child Soldiers in the Lord’s Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process|journal=George Mason University|date=8 May 2008|first=Rachel|last=Muth|page=23|id= |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3005|accessdate=4 March 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the [[Ten Commandments]] and local [[Acholi]] tradition.<ref name="aa">{{cite journal|name=African Affairs|volume=98|issue=390|pages=5–36|author=Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot|year=1999|publisher=Oxford Journals / Royal African Society|title=Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Gus | title = Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues | publisher = SAGE | year = 2006 | pages = 196–197 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-1412927222 }}</ref><ref name="irininterview">[http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72472 "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command"] and [http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72445 " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations"] in ''[[IRIN]] In Depth'', June 2007</ref>
'''Joseph Rao Kony''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|koɲ}};<ref>http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html</ref> born around about July/September of 1961)<ref name="Britannica bio" /> is the head of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA), a [[Uganda]]n [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla group]]. While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA allegedly turned on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the [[Acholi people]] and turn [[Uganda]] into a [[theocracy]].<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-deadly-cult-of-joseph-kony-1001084.html|work=The Independent |location=UK|title=The deadly cult of Joseph Kony|date=8 November 2008|author=Daniel Howden|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a [[spirit medium]], has nurtured a [[cult of personality]], and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.<ref name="independent"/> Ideologically, the group is a [[syncretic]] mix of [[mysticism]], [[Acholi people|Acholi nationalism]], and [[pseudo]]-[[Christian fundamentalism]],<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite web|first1=Ruddy|last1=Doom|first2=Koen|last2=Vlassenroot|url=http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/390/5 |title=The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda|publisher=Afraf.oxfordjournals.org|date=1 January 1999|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="community.seattletimes.nwsource.com">[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960401&slug=2321945 "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"]</ref><ref name="cesnur.org">[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/uganda_004.htm Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda]</ref><ref name="entertainment.timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article3449276.ece |location=London |work=The Times | title=The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green |first=Christina | last=Lamb | date=2 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/05/world/christian-rebels-wage-a-war-of-terror-in-uganda.html | work=The New York Times | title=Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda| first=James C. | last=McKinley Jr | date=5 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/13/uganda.internationalcrime |location=London |work=The Guardian | title=Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court | first=Chris | last=McGreal | date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/18/AR2008031803054.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court | first=Nora | last=Boustany | date=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name='Haynes'>{{cite book | last = Haynes | first = Jeffrey | title = Politics in the developing world | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2002 | page = 121 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-0631225560 }}</ref><ref name='gpf'>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/wanted/2004/1231mystic.htm |title=The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel? |accessdate=4 March 2009 |last=McLaughlin |first=Abraham |date=31 December 2004 |work=Christian Science Monitor |publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]] }}</ref><ref name='gmu'>{{cite journal|title=Child Soldiers in the Lord’s Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process|journal=George Mason University|date=8 May 2008|first=Rachel|last=Muth|page=23|id= |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3005|accessdate=4 March 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the [[Ten Commandments]] and local [[Acholi]] tradition.<ref name="aa">{{cite journal|name=African Affairs|volume=98|issue=390|pages=5–36|author=Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot|year=1999|publisher=Oxford Journals / Royal African Society|title=Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Gus | title = Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues | publisher = SAGE | year = 2006 | pages = 196–197 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-1412927222 }}</ref><ref name="irininterview">[http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72472 "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command"] and [http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72445 " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations"] in ''[[IRIN]] In Depth'', June 2007</ref>


Kony has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become [[Child sexuality|child-sex slaves]] and [[child soldiers]].<ref name=warrants>International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). ''[http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/related%20cases/icc%200204%200105/press%20releases/warrant%20of%20arrest%20unsealed%20against%20five%20lra%20commanders Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders]''. Retrieved 2 June 2009.</ref> An estimated 66,000 children became soldiers and two million people have been internally displaced since 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2478 |title=Read The Bill: H.R. 2478 |publisher=GovTrack.us |date=19 May 2009 |accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref> Kony was indicted for [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] by the [[International Criminal Court]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands, in 2005 but has evaded capture.<ref name="bbcannounce"/> The LRA operates in Uganda, the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[South Sudan]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11558746 Four African nations crack down on LRA] retrieved 11 February 2012</ref>
Kony has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become [[Child sexuality|child-sex slaves]] and [[child soldiers]].<ref name=warrants>International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). ''[http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200204/related%20cases/icc%200204%200105/press%20releases/warrant%20of%20arrest%20unsealed%20against%20five%20lra%20commanders Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders]''. Retrieved 2 June 2009.</ref> An estimated 66,000 children became soldiers and two million people have been internally displaced since 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2478 |title=Read The Bill: H.R. 2478 |publisher=GovTrack.us |date=19 May 2009 |accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref> Kony was indicted for [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] by the [[International Criminal Court]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands, in 2005 but has evaded capture.<ref name="bbcannounce"/> The LRA operates in Uganda, the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]] and [[South Sudan]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11558746 Four African nations crack down on LRA] retrieved 11 February 2012</ref>

Revision as of 13:02, 23 April 2012

"Kony" redirects here. For other uses, see Kony (disambiguation).

Joseph Kony
File:Joseph Kony AFP.jpg
Joseph Kony in 2006
Born
Joseph Rao Kony

July-September 1961 (age 50)[1]
Odek, Uganda[2][3]
NationalityUgandan
Known forLeader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
Height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)[citation needed]
SpouseThought to have 88 wives as of 2007[4]
ChildrenThought to have 42 children as of 2006[5]

Joseph Rao Kony (pronounced IPA: [koɲ];[6] born around about July/September of 1961)[1] is the head of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Ugandan guerrilla group. While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA allegedly turned on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy.[2] Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium, has nurtured a cult of personality, and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.[2] Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, and pseudo-Christian fundamentalism,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.[17][18][19]

Kony has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become child-sex slaves and child soldiers.[20] An estimated 66,000 children became soldiers and two million people have been internally displaced since 1986.[21] Kony was indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, in 2005 but has evaded capture.[22] The LRA operates in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic and South Sudan.[23]

Biography

Early life

Kony was born in 1961[1] in Odek, a village east of Gulu in northern Uganda,[2][24] to father Luizi Obol and mother Nora, both farmers.[25] He is a member of the Acholi people.[2][26] Kony enjoyed a good relationship with his siblings, but was quick to retaliate in a dispute and when confronted he would often resort to physical violence.[27] His father was a lay catechist of the Catholic Church and his mother was an Anglican.

Kony was an altar boy for several years but stopped attending church around the age of 15[27] and also dropped out of school.[2] As a teenager, Kony was apprenticed as the village witch doctor under Jamie Brow, his older brother, and when Jamie died, Kony took over the position.[28]

Cult leader

Kony first came to prominence in January 1986, as the leader of one of the many premillennialist groups that sprang up in Acholiland in the wake of the wildly popular Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Auma (also known as Lakwena and to whom Kony is thought to be related).[2] Their relative loss of influence after the overthrow of Acholi President Tito Okello by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA) during the Ugandan Bush War (1981–1986) spurred resentment among the Acholi. Kony, along with a small group of followers, first moved beyond his home village of Odek on 1 April 1987.[29] A few days later, he met with a small group of former Uganda National Liberation Front soldiers and managed to recruit them for his group. His first raid, carried out shortly afterwards, was on the city of Gulu.[29]

Lord's Resistance Army

Further information: Lord's Resistance Army
Lord's Resistance
Army insurgency
Conflict history
Related articles

Kony's group was originally called the United Holy Salvation Army (UHSA), and was not perceived as a threat by the NRA. By 1988 it had become a major player in Ugandan affairs: an agreement between the NRA and the Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) left members of the UPDA unsatisfied, and many joined the UHSA as a form of rebellion. One such person was the UPDA founder Odong Latek, who convinced Kony to use standard military tactics instead of attacking in cross-shaped formations and sprinkling holy water. The new tactics proved successful, and the UHSA won several small victories against the NRA.[30] The NRA responded by significantly weakening Kony's group through a military campaign named Operation North. The operation was devastating to the UHSA and, with their numbers reduced from thousands to hundreds, they engaged in retaliatory attacks against NRA collaborators and terror against general civilian population. The LRA say that spirits were sent to communicate this mission directly to Kony.[30]

The bulk of Kony's foot soldiers were children.[27] While estimates of the number of children conscripted since 1986 vary, some put the figure as high as 104,000.[27] When abducting the children, Kony and his army often killed their family and neighbors, thus leaving the children with little choice but to fight for him.[27] In 1992, Kony renamed the group the United Democratic Christian Army.[31] For a decade, starting in the mid-1990s, the LRA was strengthened by military support from the government of Sudan, which was retaliating against Ugandan government support for rebels in what would become South Sudan.[1]

Indictment

Main article: International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda

On 6 October 2005, the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day Ugandan defense minister Amama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. According to spokesmen for the military, the Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on 12 August 2006.[22] The BBC received information that Otti had been killed on 2 October 2007, at Kony's home.[32]

On 12 November 2006, Kony met Jan Egeland, the United Nations Undersecretary-General for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief.[citation needed] Journeyman Pictures released a 2006 interview with Kony in which he proclaims, "I am a freedom fighter not a terrorist."[33][34] He told Reuters: "We don't have any children. We only have combatants."[35]

Religious beliefs

Kony was thought among followers and detractors alike to have been possessed by spirits; he has been portrayed as either the Messiah or the Devil. He reportedly made annual trips to the Ato Hills in Uganda, where he would allegedly ascend to the highest of the hills and lie down in the hot sun for days. Kony believes in the literal protection provided by a cross symbol and tells his child soldiers a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets.[27] He also believes in polygamy, and as of 2007 he was thought to have 88 wives, claiming Old Testament authority for this, along with 42 children.[4][36] Kony insists that he and the Lord's Resistance Army are fighting for the Ten Commandments. He defends his actions: "Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by LRA. No, those commandments were given by God."[37]

Betty Bigombe remembered that the first time she met Kony, his followers used oil to ward off bullets and evil spirits.[38] In a letter regarding future talks, Kony stated that he must consult his self-styled holy spirit. When the talks did occur, they insisted on the participation of religious leaders and opened the proceedings with prayers, led by LRA's Director of Religious Affairs Jenaro Bongomi. During the 1994 peace talks, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinkling holy water.[24] According to Francis Ongom, a former LRA officer who defected, Kony "has found Bible justifications for killing witches, for killing [those who farm or eat] pigs because of the story of the Gadarene swine, and for killing [other] people because God did the same with Noah's flood and Sodom and Gomorrah."[39]

Action against Kony

Uganda

The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In Uganda's attempt to track Kony down, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the Central African Republic, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where he was last seen.[40]

United States

After the 11 September attacks, the United States declared the Lord's Resistance Army a terrorist group.[41] On 28 August 2008, the United States Treasury Department placed Kony on its list of "Specially Designated Global Terrorists", a designation that carries financial and other penalties.[42]

In November 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush personally signed the directive to the United States Africa Command to provide financial and logistical assistance to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful Garamba Offensive, code-named Operation Lightning Thunder.[43] No U.S. troops were directly involved, but 17 U.S. advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts.[43] The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, but he was not captured. One hundred children were rescued.[43]

In May 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act,[44] legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the United States Senate on 11 March. On 12 May 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives.[45] In November 2010, President Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress, asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA.[46] In October 2011, President Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa.[47] Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. "Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense," President Obama said in a letter to Congress.[48][49]

African Union

On 23 March 2012 the African Union announced its intentions to "send 5,000 soldiers to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony" and to "neutralize" him while isolating the scattered LRA groups responsible for 2,600 civilian killings since 2008. This international task force was stated to include soldiers "from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony’s reign of terror has been felt over the years." Prior this announcement, the hunt for Kony has primarily been carried out by troops from Uganda. The soldiers will begin their search in South Sudan on 24 March 2012 and that the search "will last until Kony is caught".[50]

Kony 2012

Main article: Kony 2012

Kony received a surge of attention in early March 2012 when a 30-minute documentary titled Kony 2012 by film maker Jason Russell for the campaign group Invisible Children Inc was released. The intention of the production is to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase United States involvement in the issue. The Huffington Post commented: "The 27-minute video was posted on Vimeo and YouTube by Invisible Children and became a worldwide trending topic on the Internet. Personally, I have never seen an outpour of support from people on my Facebook news feed like this."[51] The video has been viewed more than 80 million times as of 17 March. The film has quickly received attention from celebrities.[52] Elizabeth Flock, writer for the Washington Post, offered more background on the LRA as well as Invisible Children in response to the documentary.[53] Flock and The Toronto Star stated that Invisible Children hoped to raise Kony's notoriety enough to provoke a massive overnight poster campaign, planned for 20 April 2012.[53][54]

See also

{{{inline}}}

References

  1. ^ a b c d Craine, Anthony. "Joseph Kony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Daniel Howden (8 November 2008). "The deadly cult of Joseph Kony". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  3. ^ "Joseph Kony". Nndb.com. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  4. ^ a b Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 136. ISBN 9781846270314.
  5. ^ Beatrice Debut Gulu (10 February 2006). "Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  6. ^ http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html
  7. ^ Doom, Ruddy; Vlassenroot, Koen (1 January 1999). "The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda". Afraf.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  8. ^ "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"
  9. ^ Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda
  10. ^ Lamb, Christina (2 March 2008). "The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green". The Times. London.
  11. ^ McKinley Jr, James C. (5 March 1997). "Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda". The New York Times.
  12. ^ McGreal, Chris (13 March 2008). "Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court". The Guardian. London.
  13. ^ Boustany, Nora (19 March 2008). "Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey (2002). Politics in the developing world. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN 978-0631225560.
  15. ^ McLaughlin, Abraham (31 December 2004). "The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel?". Christian Science Monitor. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  16. ^ Muth, Rachel (8 May 2008). "Child Soldiers in the Lord's Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process". George Mason University: 23. Retrieved 4 March 2009.[dead link]
  17. ^ Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot (1999). "Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda". 98 (390). Oxford Journals / Royal African Society: 5–36. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1412927222.
  19. ^ "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command" and " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations" in IRIN In Depth, June 2007
  20. ^ International Criminal Court (14 October 2005). Warrant of Arrest unsealed against five LRA Commanders. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  21. ^ "Read The Bill: H.R. 2478". GovTrack.us. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  22. ^ a b "Ugandan army 'kills senior rebel'". BBC News. 13 August 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  23. ^ Four African nations crack down on LRA retrieved 11 February 2012
  24. ^ a b "Profile: Joseph Kony". BBC News. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  25. ^ Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 215. ISBN 9781846270314.
  26. ^ Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 121. ISBN 9781846270314.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Jimmie Briggs (2005). Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to war. pp. 105–144.
  28. ^ Peter Eichstaedt, First Kill Your Family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army, p. 206
  29. ^ a b Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781846270314.
  30. ^ a b "Joseph Kony". The New York Times. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  31. ^ "Crises in Sudan and Northern Uganda". Subcommittee on Africa. U.S. House of Representatives. 29 July 1998. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  32. ^ "Otti 'executed by Uganda rebels'". BBC News. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  33. ^ "Meeting Joseph Kony – Uganda June 2006". Journeyman Pictures. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  34. ^ "Joseph Kony News". The New York Times. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
  35. ^ "[AlertNet]". (subscription required)
  36. ^ Beatrice Debut Gulu (10 February 2006). "Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  37. ^ "I will use the Ten Commandments to liberate Uganda". The Times. UK. (subscription required)
  38. ^ Boustany, Nora (11 July 2007). "The Woman Behind Uganda's Peace Hopes". The Washington Post. p. 3. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  39. ^ Childhood's End | Politics | Vanity Fair
  40. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (10 April 2010). "Uganda Enlists Former Rebels to End a War". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  41. ^ Philip T. Reeker (6 December 2001). "Statement on the Designation of 39 Organizations on the USA PATRIOT Act's Terrorist Exclusion List". U.S. Department of State.
  42. ^ Capaccio, Tony (14 October 2011). "Obama Sends Troops Against Uganda Rebels". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  43. ^ a b c Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt (6 February 2009). "U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels". Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  44. ^ "LRA Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009". Resolve Uganda. 24 May 2010.
  45. ^ 2010 Congressional Record, Page H3416.
  46. ^ Kavanagh, Michael J. (25 November 2010). "Obama Administration Asks for Funds to Boost Uganda's Fight Against Rebels". Bloomberg. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  47. ^ Gerson, Michael (26 January 2011). "Joseph Kony and the international effort to bring him to justice". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  48. ^ USA Today – The Oval: "Obama dispatches 100 troops to Africa" 14 October 2011
  49. ^ ABC News: "Obama Sends 100 US Troops to Uganda to Help Combat Lord’s Resistance Army" 14 October 2011
  50. ^ Rodney Muhumuza (23 March 2012). "Kony 2012: African Union ramps up hunt for Uganda rebel leader in wake of viral video". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  51. ^ "Michael Geheren, "Kony 2012: Changing the World, One Tweet at a Time", March 7 2012". Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  52. ^ "Joseph Kony 2012: online video campaign to bring Uganda war criminal to justice goes viral". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  53. ^ a b "Invisible Children’s ‘Stop Kony’ campaign", Elizabeth Flock, Washington Post: BlogPOST, 7 March 2012.
  54. ^ "Casey, "Kony 2012 campaign goes viral in an effort to help hunt down Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony", March 7 2012". Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

Bibliography

  • Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. ISBN 978-1846270307.
  • Briggs, Jimmie (2005). The Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to War. Basic Books.
  • Bussman, Jane (2009). The Worst Date Ever: War Crimes, Hollywood Heart-Throbs and Other Abominations. Macmillan. ISBN 0230737129.

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