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==History==
==History==
According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of [[Sheikh|Shaykh]] Ishaq ibn Ahmad al-[[Hashimi]] from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], one of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s early followers.<ref name="McGown">Rima Berns McGown, ''Muslims in the diaspora'', (University of Toronto Press: 1999), pp. 27–28</ref><ref name="Lewis">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northernwestern Somalia, where he married into the local [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] clan.
According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of [[Sheikh|Shaykh]] Ishaq ibn Ahmad al-[[ Hashimi]] from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], <ref>http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html</ref> He settled in the coastal town of [[Maydh]] in modern-day northernwestern Somalia, where he married into the local [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] clan.
[[File:Sheikhisaaqmaydh.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in [[Maydh]].]] and is concedert one of the oldest tombs in Somalia. <ref>http://www.flickr.com/photos/27501398@N07/2679443456/</ref><ref>http://www.flickr.com/photos/charlesfred/439572306/</ref><ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA110&dq=isaaq+tomb&hl=en&ei=KnOhT9jwKaeH4gTD9MWoCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=isaaq%20tomb&f=false</ref><ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA131&dq=isaaq+tomb+in+yemen&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j3OhT4exJqii4gTbu8izCQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=isaaq%20tomb%20in%20yemen&f=false</ref>
[[File:Sheikhisaaqmaydh.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in [[Maydh]].]]
A similar tradition exists for the [[Darod]], who are said to have descended from one Sheikh [[Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti]], another [[Banu Hashim]] who came to Somalia around the same time.<ref name="McGown" /> As with Sheikh Darod, there are also numerous existing [[Hagiography|hagiologies]] in Arabic which describe Sheikh Isaaq's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.<ref name="RolandAnthony">Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, ''Journal of African history, Volume 3'' (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45</ref> Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Isaaq is the ''Amjaad'' of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in [[Aden]] in 1955.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.</ref>
There are numerous existing [[Hagiography|hagiologies]] in Arabic which describe Sheikh Isaaq's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.<ref name="RolandAnthony">Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, ''Journal of African history, Volume 3'' (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45</ref>
¨
== Travels ==
A southern Ashraf of Yemeni origin by the name of Aydarus Al-Barawi detailed the life and times of Sheekh Isaaq Ibn Ahmed Al-Alawi (d 560 A.H) both in his early life in Yemen where he became a father of four Isaaq Yemeni clans in the 12 century and the book also fallows his later migration to Zayla where he eventually died in [[Maydh]] after fathering the modern eight Isaaq sub-clans .and also Sharif Aydarus Ali Aydarus Al-Barawi who lived in southern Somalia and died in the year (d 1347 A.H) wrote a book titled (Thamratul Mushtaaq Fi Manaaqib al Sayid Isxaaq 1947.)which is a short book on the origin and history of the ancestor of the Isaaq clan. <ref>http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html</ref>
Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Isaaq is the ''Amjaad'' of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in [[Aden]] in 1955.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131.</ref>


==legacy==
Sheikh Isaaq's tomb is in Maydh, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.<ref name="RolandAnthony" /> Sheikh Darod is buried nearby in the ancient town of [[Haylaan]], situated in the Hadaaftimo Mountains.<ref name="LewisPeoples">I.M. Lewis, ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho, Issue 1'', (International African Institute: 1955), pp. 18-19</ref>
The legacy of sheikh Isaac in not only found in Somaliland but also in near by Yemen where there are four main family's who describe them self's to be from him .<ref>http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html</ref>
Sheikh Isaaq's tomb is in [[Maydh]], and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.<ref name="RolandAnthony" /> .


== Demography ==
Reer Shiekh Isaac inhibit the major towns and cities of the northren Somalia which are called [[Somaliland]] such as [[Hargeisa]], [[Berbera]], [[Burco]], and [[Erigavo]]. The total population of Isaaq clan is estimated between 2 to 3 million. The traditional way of life for this tribe is animal grazing nomads similar to all Somalian tribes.
Sheikh Isaaq's ''[[mawlid]]'' (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his ''manaaqib'' (a collection of glorious deeds).<ref name="Lewisapd"/>
Sheikh Isaaq's ''[[mawlid]]'' (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his ''manaaqib'' (a collection of glorious deeds).<ref name="Lewisapd"/>


==Treaties==
The three major sub-clans of the Isaaq signed treaties with the British in the 1880s containing clauses obligating them to suppress [[Slave trade in Africa|slave-trafficking]] in their domains, pledging them and their successors not to cede or otherwise alienate any part of their lands except to the British, and allowing the British Government to appoint agents who would reside in the territories of the clans. These groups were the Habr Awal, (dated 14 July 1884), the Habr Toljallo (dated 26 December 1884), and the Habr Garhadjis (13 January 1885).<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=755848|title=The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=5|year=1956|pages=245–264|author=D. J. Latham Brown|issue=2}}</ref>
The three major sub-clans of the Isaaq signed treaties with the British in the 1880s containing that the English will maintenance there independence and in response the Isaaq people pledging them and their successors not to cede or otherwise alienate any part of their lands except to the British, and allowing the British Government to appoint agents who would reside in the territories of the clans. These groups were the Habr Awal, (dated 14 July 1884), the Habr Toljallo (dated 26 December 1884), and the Habr Garhadjis (13 January 1885).<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=755848|title=The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute|journal=International and Comparative Law Quarterly|volume=5|year=1956|pages=245–264|author=D. J. Latham Brown|issue=2}}</ref><ref>http://books.google.se/books?id=h-Tk_Zr5PagC&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=somaliland+treaties+with+the+British+in+the+1880s&source=bl&ots=-u8L-IIaLV&sig=lpvka-CVoBXeMJDr0kpwknS23A8&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=HZhvT-vWLOX34QTG07W_Ag&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>


==Clan tree==
==Clan tree==
[[File:Isaaq.jpg|thumb|right|Partial breakdown of the Isaaq clan structure.]]
[[Image:Isaaq.jpg|thumb|right|Partial breakdown of the Isaaq clan structure.]]


In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions as shown in genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by an Ethiopian women – the Habar Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by a women of the magaadle clan – the Habar Magaadle. Indeed most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.156.</ref> This is illustrated in the following structure.
In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions as shown in genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by an Ethiopian women – the Habar Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by a women of the magaadle clan – the Habar Magaadle. Indeed most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances.<ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.156.</ref> This is illustrated in the following structure.
Line 38: Line 47:
''1. Habar Habuusheed''
''1. Habar Habuusheed''
* Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
* Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
* Muuse
* Muuse (Habr Jaclo)
* Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
* Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
* Mahammad (‘Ibraan)
* Mahammad (‘Ibraan)
Line 48: Line 57:
* Ismail
* Ismail


There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the [[World Bank]]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Home Office]] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">[http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure], p. 43</ref>
There is clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the [[World Bank]]'s ''Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics'' from 2005 and the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Home Office]] publication, ''Somalia Assessment 2001''.<ref name="worldbank55">Worldbank, ''[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics]'', January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1</ref><ref name="ind01b_somalia_ca">[http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure], p. 43</ref>


*'''Isaaq'''
*'''Isaaq'''
Line 65: Line 74:
***Ahmad (Toljaalo)
***Ahmad (Toljaalo)


Issaq ( = Isaac), father and married
One tradition maintains that Isaaq had twin sons: Ahmed or Arap, and Ismail or Gerhajis.<ref name="laurence">{{Cite book|last=Laurence|first=Margaret|authorlink=Margaret Laurence|title=A Tree for Poverty: Somali Poetry and Prose|page=145|isbn=1-55022-177-9|publisher=[[McMaster University]]|location=[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]|year=1970|quote=Then Magado, the wife of Ishaak, bore him twin sons, and their names were Ahmed, nick-named Arap, and Ismail, nick-named Gerhajis.}}</ref>

1_Hannifa: Hagar: mother who gave birth to Tolja'lo, or Ahmad Habar Habuusheed Ja'lo, or Muusaa Sanbuuru, or Ibraahiim 'Ibraan, or Muhammad
2_Magaado: Sarah: mother who gave birth to Garhajis, or Ismaa'iil Habar Magaadle (e.g. Habar Awal and Habar Ayuub clans) Arab
3_unknown :Keturah: mother who gave birth to Awal and Ayuub.<ref>http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=syATJKcx5A0C&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=history+isaaq+clan+tree&source=bl&ots=qk1LYARVlI&sig=lyOd-BUtTfdRr0mHr0xL43odogw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yKxTT46HGc6L4gTI89HfDQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>



==Notable Isaaq people==
==Notable Isaaq people==
Line 93: Line 107:
== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Ahmed Nuh Ismail]]
* [[Ahmed Nuh Ismail]]
* [[Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi']]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:30, 22 May 2012

Main article: Somali clan
Isaaq
إسحاق
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni, Sufism)
Related ethnic groups
Dir, Darod, Hawiye, other Somali clans

The Isaaq (also Isaq, Ishaak) ([Reer Sheik Isaxaaq] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Arabic: إسحاق) is one of the main Somali clans. Members of the clan principally live in the northwestern Somaliland region of Somalia, and the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The populations of five major cities of Somaliland – Hargeisa, Burco, Berbera, Erigavo and Gabiley – are predominantly Isaaq. As of the late 1980s, the Sacad Muuse, Habar Awal and Jibriil Abokor sub-clans of the Isaaq were also the main inhabitants of Gabiley.[1]

History

According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, the Isaaq clan was founded in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of Shaykh Ishaq ibn Ahmad al-Hashimi from Arabia, [2] He settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northernwestern Somalia, where he married into the local Dir clan.

The tomb of Sheikh Isaaq, the founding father of the Isaaq clan, in Maydh.

and is concedert one of the oldest tombs in Somalia. [3][4][5][6]

There are numerous existing hagiologies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Isaaq's travels, works and overall life in northern Somalia, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.[7] ¨

Travels

A southern Ashraf of Yemeni origin by the name of Aydarus Al-Barawi detailed the life and times of Sheekh Isaaq Ibn Ahmed Al-Alawi (d 560 A.H) both in his early life in Yemen where he became a father of four Isaaq Yemeni clans in the 12 century and the book also fallows his later migration to Zayla where he eventually died in Maydh after fathering the modern eight Isaaq sub-clans .and also Sharif Aydarus Ali Aydarus Al-Barawi who lived in southern Somalia and died in the year (d 1347 A.H) wrote a book titled (Thamratul Mushtaaq Fi Manaaqib al Sayid Isxaaq 1947.)which is a short book on the origin and history of the ancestor of the Isaaq clan. [8] Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Isaaq is the Amjaad of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in Aden in 1955.[9]

legacy

The legacy of sheikh Isaac in not only found in Somaliland but also in near by Yemen where there are four main family's who describe them self's to be from him .[10] Sheikh Isaaq's tomb is in Maydh, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.[7] .

Demography

Reer Shiekh Isaac inhibit the major towns and cities of the northren Somalia which are called Somaliland such as Hargeisa, Berbera, Burco, and Erigavo. The total population of Isaaq clan is estimated between 2 to 3 million. The traditional way of life for this tribe is animal grazing nomads similar to all Somalian tribes. Sheikh Isaaq's mawlid (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his manaaqib (a collection of glorious deeds).[9]

Treaties

The three major sub-clans of the Isaaq signed treaties with the British in the 1880s containing that the English will maintenance there independence and in response the Isaaq people pledging them and their successors not to cede or otherwise alienate any part of their lands except to the British, and allowing the British Government to appoint agents who would reside in the territories of the clans. These groups were the Habr Awal, (dated 14 July 1884), the Habr Toljallo (dated 26 December 1884), and the Habr Garhadjis (13 January 1885).[11][12]

Clan tree

Partial breakdown of the Isaaq clan structure.

In the Isaaq clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions as shown in genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by an Ethiopian women – the Habar Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Isaaq by a women of the magaadle clan – the Habar Magaadle. Indeed most of the largest clans of the clan-family are in fact uterine alliances.[9] This is illustrated in the following structure.

Sheikh Isaaq Bin Ahmed[9]

1. Habar Habuusheed

  • Ahmed (Tol-Ja’lo)
  • Muuse (Habr Jaclo)
  • Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
  • Mahammad (‘Ibraan)

2. Habar Magaadle

  • Ayub
  • Awal
  • Arab
  • Ismail

There is clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[13][14]

  • Isaaq
    • Haber Awal
      • Sa'ad Muse
      • Issa Muse
      • Ayub
    • Habr Garhadjis
      • Habr Yunis
      • Aidagalla
      • Arab
    • Habr Jaalo (Habr Toljallo)
      • Mohamed Abokor
      • Ibrahim
      • Muse Abokor
      • Ahmad (Toljaalo)

Issaq ( = Isaac), father and married

1_Hannifa: Hagar: mother who gave birth to Tolja'lo, or Ahmad Habar Habuusheed Ja'lo, or Muusaa Sanbuuru, or Ibraahiim 'Ibraan, or Muhammad 2_Magaado: Sarah: mother who gave birth to Garhajis, or Ismaa'iil Habar Magaadle (e.g. Habar Awal and Habar Ayuub clans) Arab 3_unknown :Keturah: mother who gave birth to Awal and Ayuub.[15]


Notable Isaaq people

See also

References

  1. ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Information on the ethnic composition in Gabiley (Gebiley) in 1987–1988, 1 April 1996, SOM23518.E [accessed 6 October 2009]
  2. ^ http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html
  3. ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/27501398@N07/2679443456/
  4. ^ http://www.flickr.com/photos/charlesfred/439572306/
  5. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC&pg=PA110&dq=isaaq+tomb&hl=en&ei=KnOhT9jwKaeH4gTD9MWoCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=isaaq%20tomb&f=false
  6. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA131&dq=isaaq+tomb+in+yemen&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j3OhT4exJqii4gTbu8izCQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=isaaq%20tomb%20in%20yemen&f=false
  7. ^ a b Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, Journal of African history, Volume 3 (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45
  8. ^ http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html
  9. ^ a b c d I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.131. Cite error: The named reference "Lewisapd" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ http://www.maanhadal.com/articles/Islam_in_Somali_History.html
  11. ^ D. J. Latham Brown (1956). "The Ethiopia-Somaliland Frontier Dispute". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 5 (2): 245–264. JSTOR 755848.
  12. ^ http://books.google.se/books?id=h-Tk_Zr5PagC&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=somaliland+treaties+with+the+British+in+the+1880s&source=bl&ots=-u8L-IIaLV&sig=lpvka-CVoBXeMJDr0kpwknS23A8&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=HZhvT-vWLOX34QTG07W_Ag&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
  13. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1
  14. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure, p. 43
  15. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=syATJKcx5A0C&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=history+isaaq+clan+tree&source=bl&ots=qk1LYARVlI&sig=lyOd-BUtTfdRr0mHr0xL43odogw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yKxTT46HGc6L4gTI89HfDQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q&f=false
  16. ^ Emeagwali, Gloria T. "Editorial: Focus on the Horn of Africa". Africa Update. 2 (1, Winter, 1994–95). Central Connecticut State University. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
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