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Aleksandr Pushkin by Vasily Tropinin

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин listen^ⓘ) (June 6 [O.S. May 26] 1799 – February 10 [O.S. January 29] 1837) was a Russian Romantic author whom many consider the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing later Russian writers.

Life

Pushkin's father descended from one of the Russian gentry's oldest families who traced their history to Khutyn Monastery in the 12th century, while his mother's grandfather was Ibrahim Petrovich Gannibal, an Eritrean who was abducted by the Turkish when he was a child. He was brought to Russia and became a great military leader, engineer and nobleman after his adoption by Peter the Great.

Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen. By the time he finished as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo near St. Petersburg, the Russian literary scene recognized his talent widely. After finishing school, Pushkin installed himself in the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, St. Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem, Ruslan and Lyudmila, amidst much controversy about its subject and style.

Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital. He went first to Kishinev in 1820, where he became member of the Free masons. Here he joined the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a diary with the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Kishinev until 1823 and—after a summer trip to the Caucasus and to the Crimea—wrote two Romantic poems which brought him wide acclaim, The Captive of the Caucasus and The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. In 1823 Pushkin moved to Odessa, where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile at his mother's rural estate in north Russia from 1824 to 1826. However, some of the authorities allowed him to visit Tsar Nicholas I to petition for his release, which he obtained. But some of the insurgents in the Decembrist Uprising (1825) in St. Petersburg had kept some of his early political poems amongst their papers, and soon Pushkin found himself under the strict control of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will. He had written what became his most famous play, the drama Boris Godunov, while at his mother's estate but could not gain permission to publish it until five years later.

In 1831, highlighting the growth of Pushkin's talent and influence and the merging of two of Russia's greatest early writers, he met Nikolai Gogol. The two would become good friends and would support each other. Pushkin would be greatly influenced in the field of prose from Gogol's comical stories. After reading Gogol's 1831-2 volume of short stories Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka, Pushkin would support him critically and later in 1836 after starting his magazine, The Contemporary, would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories. Later, Pushkin and his wife Natalya Goncharova, whom he married in 1831, became regulars of court society. When the Tsar gave Pushkin the lowest court title, the poet became enraged: He felt this occurred not only so that his wife, who had many admirers—including the Tsar himself—could properly attend court balls, but also to humiliate him. In 1837, falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, Georges d'Anthès, to a duel which left both men injured, Pushkin mortally. He died two days later.

The government feared a political demonstration at his funeral, which it moved to a smaller location and made open only to close relatives and friends. His body was spirited away secretly at midnight and buried on his mother's estate.

Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem The Bronze Horseman and the drama The Stone Guest, a tale of the fall of Don Juan. His poetic short drama "Mozart and Salieri" was the inspiration for Miloš Forman's Amadeus. Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel Eugene Onegin, which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus. "Onegin" is a work of such complexity that, while only about a hundred pages long, translator Vladimir Nabokov needed four full volumes of material to fully render its meaning in English. Unfortunately, in so doing Nabokov, like all translators of Pushkin into English prose, totally destroyed the fundamental readability of Pushkin in Russian which makes him so popular, and Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers.

Because of his liberal political views and influence on generations of Russian rebels, Pushkin was conveniently pictured by Bolsheviks as an opponent to bourgeois literature and culture and predecessor of Soviet literature and poetry. They renamed Tsarskoe Selo after him.

Pushkin's works also provided fertile ground for Russian composers. Glinka's Ruslan and Lyudmila is the earliest important Pushkin-inspired opera. Tchaikovsky's operas Eugene Onegin (1879) and The Queen of Spades (1890) became perhaps better known outside of Russia than Pushkin's own works of the same name, while Mussorgsky's monumental Boris Godunov (two versions, 1868-9 and 1871-2) ranks as one of the very finest and most original of Russian operas. Other Russian operas based on Pushkin include Dargomyzhsky's Rusalka and The Stone Guest; Rimsky-Korsakov's Mozart and Salieri, Tale of Tsar Saltan, and The Golden Cockerel; Cui's Prisoner of the Caucasus, Feast in Time of Plague, and The Captain's Daughter; and Nápravník's Dubrovsky. This is not to mention ballets and cantatas, as well as innumerable songs set to Pushkin's verse.

==Influence on the Russian language==

File:Памятник Пушкину Царское Село.jpg

Statue of Pushkin in Tsarskoe Selo (1900).

Pushkin is usually credited with developing literary Russian. Not only is he seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, but he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon. Where he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised calques. His rich vocabulary and highly sensitive style are the foundation for modern literary Russian.

Sample of Pushkin's Work

Remembrance

Translated by Maurice Baring

When the loud day for men who sow and reap

Grows still, and on the silence of the town

The insubstantial veils of night and sleep,

The meed of the day's labour, settle down,

Then for me in the stillness of the night

The wasting, watchful hours drag on their course,

And in the idle darkness comes the bite

Of all the burning serpents of remorse;

Dreams seethe; and fretful infelicities

Are swarming in my over-burdened soul,

And Memory before my wakeful eyes

With noiseless hand unwinds her lengthy scroll.

Then, as with loathing I peruse the years,

I tremble, and I curse my natal day,

Wail bitterly, and bitterly shed tears,

But cannot wash the woeful script away.

Works

The famous Pushkin Monument in Moscow, opened in 1880 by Turgenev and Dostoyevsky.

Ruslan i Lyudmila Ruslan and Ludmila (1820) (poem)
Kavkazskiy Plennik The Captive of the Caucasus (1822) (poem)
Bakhchisarayskiy Fontan The Fountain of Bahçesaray (1824) (poem)
Tsygany Gypsies (1827)
Poltava (1829)
Little Tragedies (including Kamenny Gost' "The Stone Guest", Motsart i Salieri "Mozart and Salieri", "The Miserly Knight, and "A Feast During the Plague") (1830)
Boris Godunov (1825; publ. 1831; officially approved for perf. 1866) (drama)
The Tale of the Priest and of his Workman Balda (1830) (poem)
Povesti Pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (1831) (prose)
The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1831) (poem)
The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights (1833) (poem)
The Golden Cockerel (1834) (poem)
The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish (1835) (poem)
The Station Master (short story)
Yevgeniy Onegin Eugene Onegin (1825-1832) (verse novel)
Mednyy Vsadnik The Bronze Horseman (1833) (poem)
Pikovaya Dama The Queen of Spades (1833)
The History of Pugachev's Riot (1834) (prose non-fiction)
Kapitanskaya Dochka The Captain's Daughter (1836) (prose) a romanticized historical novel of "Pugachevshchina," the life and times of Pugachev.
Kirdzhali Kırcali (short story)
Gavriiliada
I Have Visited Again (poem)
Istoriya Sela Goryukhina The Story of the Village of Goryukhino (unfinished)
Stseny iz Rytsarskikh Vremen Scenes from Chivalrous Times
Yegipetskiye Nochi Egyptian Nights (short story with poetry, unfinished)
K A.P. Kern To A.P. Kern (poem, one of the most beautiful love lyrics ever written in the Russian language)
Bratya Razboyniki The Robber Brothers (play)
Arap Petra Velikogo The Negro of Peter the Great (historical novel, unfinished, based on the life of his great-grandfather)
Graf Nulin Count Nulin
Zimniy vecher Winter evening

==Further reading==

File:Pushkin Goncharova Arbat 2005.jpg

The Arbat Monument to Pushkin and his wife.

T.J. Binyon has written an English biography:

Pushkin: a biography London: HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-00-215084-0 (US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003 ISBN 1-4000-4110-4)

Hoaxes and other attributed works

In the late 1980s, a book entitled "Secret Journal 1836-1837" was published by a Minneapolis publishing house, claiming to be the decoded content of an encrypted private journal kept by Pushkin. Promoted with little details about its contents, and touted for many years as being 'banned in Russia', it was an erotic novel narrated from Pushkin's perspective. Some mail-order publishers still carry the work under its fictional description.

References

Elaine Feinstein (ed.): After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets. Manchester: Carcanet Prees; London: Folio Society, 1999 ISBN 1-57544-44-7

Serena Vitale: Pushkin's button; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998 ISBN 0-374-23995-5

Markus Wolf: Freemasonry in life and literature. With an introduction to the history of Russian Freemasonry (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner publishers, 1998 ISBN 3-87690-692-X

External links

Pushkin's poems (English translation) includes Eugene Onegin and other points
Complete works (in Russian) — FEB-web's Digital Scholarly Edition (DSE) of A.S. Pushkin
Complete works in ten volumes. (In Russian) From the Russian Virtual Library.
Works by Aleksandr Pushkin at Project Gutenberg
The family history of Aleksandr Pushkin
Autumn leaves

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Life==
-Pushkin's father descended from one of the Russian gentry's oldest families who traced their history to [[Khutyn Monastery]] in the 12th century, while his mother's grandfather was [[Ibrahim Petrovich Gannibal]], an [[Africa]]n who was abducted and [[slave|enslaved]] when he was a child. He was brought to Russia and became a great military leader, engineer and nobleman after his adoption by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]].
+Pushkin's father descended from one of the Russian gentry's oldest families who traced their history to [[Khutyn Monastery]] in the 12th century, while his mother's grandfather was [[Ibrahim Petrovich Gannibal]], an Eritrean who was abducted  by the Turkish when he was a child. He was brought to Russia and became a great military leader, engineer and nobleman after his adoption by [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]].
-Born in [[Moscow]], Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen. By the time he finished as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious [[Imperial Lyceum]] in [[Tsarskoe Selo]] near [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], the Russian literary scene recognized his talent widely. After finishing school, Pushkin installed himself in the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. In [[1820]] he published his first long poem, ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'', amidst much controversy about its subject and style.
+Born in [[Moscow]], Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen. By the time he finished as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious [[Imperial Lyceum]] in [[Tsarskoe Selo]] near [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], the Russian literary scene recognized his talent widely. After finishing school, Pushkin installed himself in the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. In 1820 he published his first long poem, ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'', amidst much controversy about its subject and style.
-[[Image:PushkinCoin.jpg|left|thumb|1 rouble, [[1999]]]]
+[[Image:PushkinCoin.jpg|left|thumb|Pushkin's Selfportrait on one rouble coin, 1999]]
-Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital. He went first to [[Kishinev]] in [[1820]], where he stayed until [[1823]] and&mdash;after a summer trip to the [[Caucasus]] and to the [[Crimea]]&mdash;wrote two [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poems which brought him wide acclaim, ''The Captive of the Caucasus'' and ''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray''. In 1823 Pushkin moved to [[Odessa]], where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile at his mother's rural estate in north Russia from [[1824]] to [[1826]]. However, some of the authorities allowed him to visit [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]] to petition for his release, which he obtained. But some of the insurgents in the [[Decembrist Uprising]] (1825) in St. Petersburg had kept some of his early political poems amongst their papers, and soon Pushkin found himself under the strict control of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will. He had written what became  his most famous play, the drama ''[[Boris Godunov]]'', while at his mother's estate but could not gain permission to publish it until five years later.
+Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital. He went first to [[Kishinev]] in 1820, where he became member of the Free masons. Here he joined the [[Filiki Eteria]], a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over [[Greece]] and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the [[Greek Revolution]] and when the war against the [[Ottoman Turks]] broke out he kept a diary with the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in [[Kishinev]] until 1823 and&mdash;after a summer trip to the [[Caucasus]] and to the [[Crimea]]&mdash;wrote two [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poems which brought him wide acclaim, ''The Captive of the Caucasus'' and ''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray''. In 1823 Pushkin moved to [[Odessa]], where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile at his mother's rural estate in north Russia from 1824 to 1826. However, some of the authorities allowed him to visit [[Nicholas I of Russia|Tsar Nicholas I]] to petition for his release, which he obtained. But some of the insurgents in the [[Decembrist Uprising]] (1825) in St. Petersburg had kept some of his early political poems amongst their papers, and soon Pushkin found himself under the strict control of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will. He had written what became  his most famous play, the drama ''[[Boris Godunov]]'', while at his mother's estate but could not gain permission to publish it until five years later.
 [[Image:Kiprensky Pushkin.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Alexander Pushkin by [[Orest Kiprensky]]]]
-In 1831, highlighting the growth of Pushkin's talent and influence and the merging of two of Russia's greatest early writers, he met [[Nikolai Gogol]]. The two would become good friends and would support each other. Pushkin would be greatly influenced in the field of prose from Gogol's comical stories. After reading Gogol's 1831-2 volume of short stories ''Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka,'' Pushkin would support him critically and later in 1836 after starting his magazine, ''The Contemporary,'' would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories. Later, Pushkin and his wife [[Natalya Nikolayevna Goncharova|Natalya Goncharova]], whom he married in [[1831]], became regulars of court society. When the [[Tsar]] gave Pushkin the lowest court title, the poet became enraged: He felt this occurred not only so that his wife, who had many admirers&mdash;including the Tsar himself&mdash;could properly attend court balls, but also to humiliate him. In [[1837]], falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, [[Georges d'Anthès]], to a [[duel]] which left both men injured, Pushkin mortally. He died two days later.
+In 1831, highlighting the growth of Pushkin's talent and influence and the merging of two of Russia's greatest early writers, he met [[Nikolai Gogol]]. The two would become good friends and would support each other. Pushkin would be greatly influenced in the field of prose from Gogol's comical stories. After reading Gogol's 1831-2 volume of short stories ''Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka,'' Pushkin would support him critically and later in 1836 after starting his magazine, ''The Contemporary,'' would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories. Later, Pushkin and his wife [[Natalya Nikolayevna Goncharova|Natalya Goncharova]], whom he married in 1831, became regulars of court society. When the [[Tsar]] gave Pushkin the lowest court title, the poet became enraged: He felt this occurred not only so that his wife, who had many admirers&mdash;including the Tsar himself&mdash;could properly attend court balls, but also to humiliate him. In 1837, falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, [[Georges d'Anthès]], to a [[duel]] which left both men injured, Pushkin mortally. He died two days later.
 The government feared a political demonstration at his funeral, which it moved to a smaller location and made open only to close relatives and friends. His body was spirited away secretly at midnight and buried on his mother's estate.
-Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem ''[[The Bronze Horseman]]'' and the drama ''[[The Stone Guest]]'', a tale of the fall of [[Don Juan]]. Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus.  "Onegin" is a work of such complexity that, while only about a hundred pages long, it required translator [[Vladimir Nabokov]] four full volumes of material to fully render its meaning in English.  Unfortunately, in so doing Nabokov, like all translators of Pushkin into English to date, totally destroyed the fundamental readability of Pushkin in Russian which makes him so popular, and Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers.
+Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem ''[[The Bronze Horseman]]'' and the drama ''[[The Stone Guest]]'', a tale of the fall of [[Don Juan]]. His poetic short drama "Mozart and Salieri" was the inspiration for [[Miloš Forman]]'s [[Amadeus]].  Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'', which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus.  "Onegin" is a work of such complexity that, while only about a hundred pages long, translator [[Vladimir Nabokov]] needed four full volumes of material to fully render its meaning in English.  Unfortunately, in so doing Nabokov, like all translators of Pushkin into English prose, totally destroyed the fundamental readability of Pushkin in Russian which makes him so popular, and Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers.
 Because of his liberal political views and influence on generations of Russian rebels, Pushkin was conveniently pictured by [[Bolshevik]]s as an opponent to bourgeois literature and culture and predecessor of Soviet literature and poetry. They renamed [[Pushkin (town)|Tsarskoe Selo]] after him.
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 Pushkin's works also provided fertile ground for Russian composers. [[Mikhail Glinka|Glinka]]'s ''[[Ruslan and Lyudmila]]'' is the earliest important Pushkin-inspired opera.  [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]'s [[opera]]s ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' (1879) and ''[[The Queen of Spades]]'' (1890) became perhaps better known outside of Russia than Pushkin's own works of the same name, while [[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]'s monumental ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' (two versions, 1868-9 and 1871-2) ranks as one of the very finest and most original of Russian operas.  Other Russian operas based on Pushkin include [[Alexander Dargomyzhsky|Dargomyzhsky]]'s ''[[Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky)|Rusalka]]'' and ''[[The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)|The Stone Guest]]'';  [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov|Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[Mozart and Salieri]]'', ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan (Rimsky-Korsakov)|Tale of Tsar Saltan]]'', and ''[[The Golden Cockerel]]''; [[César Cui|Cui]]'s ''[[Prisoner of the Caucasus (opera)|Prisoner of the Caucasus]]'', ''[[Feast in Time of Plague (opera)|Feast in Time of Plague]]'', and ''[[The Captain's Daughter (opera)|The Captain's Daughter]]''; and [[Eduard Nápravník|Nápravník]]'s ''[[Dubrovsky (opera)|Dubrovsky]]''. This is not to mention [[ballet]]s and [[cantata]]s, as well as innumerable [[Art song|songs]] set to Pushkin's verse.
-==Influence on the Russian language==
+==Influence on the Russian language== [[Image:Памятник Пушкину Царское Село.jpg|thumb|275px|Statue of Pushkin in Tsarskoe Selo (1900).]]
-Pushkin is credited with developing literary Russian.  Not only is he seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, but he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon.  Where he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised [[calques]].  His rich vocabulary and highly sensitive style are the foundation for modern literary Russian.
+Pushkin is usually credited with developing literary Russian.  Not only is he seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, but he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon.  Where he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised [[calques]].  His rich vocabulary and highly sensitive style are the foundation for modern literary Russian.
 ==Sample of Pushkin's Work==
+:Remembrance
-Here are the opening lines from Pushkin's most famous poem, "Eugene Onegin":
+:Translated by Maurice Baring
+:When the loud day for men who sow and reap
-:My old uncle, an upstanding don,
+:Grows still, and on the silence of the town
-:Lay on his deathbed like a king.
+:The insubstantial veils of night and sleep,
-:And we, like poor servants, waited on
+:The meed of the day's labour, settle down,
-:His whim . . . 'twas such a clever thing.
+:Then for me in the stillness of the night
-:He so nobly knocked on Heaven's door,
+:The wasting, watchful hours drag on their course,
-:Yet, my God! It was an awful bore,
+:And in the idle darkness comes the bite
-:To hover o'er him day and night
-:Without the chance of rest of flight.
+:Of all the burning serpents of remorse;
+:Dreams seethe; and fretful infelicities
-:And it was low treachery laid bare
+:Are swarming in my over-burdened soul,
-:As we, for his half-dead delight
+:And Memory before my wakeful eyes
-:Would set his every pillow right
+:With noiseless hand unwinds her lengthy scroll.
-:And, solemn, tote elixers there
+:Then, as with loathing I peruse the years,
-:While wondering, with a whispered rue:
+:I tremble, and I curse my natal day,
-:"When will the Devil come for you?"
+:Wail bitterly, and bitterly shed tears,
+:But cannot wash the woeful script away.
--- translated from the Russian by Andrew C. Miller
 ==Works==
@@ Line 50: / Line 51: @@
 [[Image:Strastnoy.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The famous Pushkin Monument in Moscow, opened in 1880 by [[Turgenev]] and [[Dostoyevsky]].]]
-*Ruslan i Lyudmila ''Ruslan and Ludmila'' (1820) (poem)
+*Ruslan i Lyudmila ''[[Ruslan and Ludmila]]'' (1820) (poem)
 *Kavkazskiy Plennik ''The Captive of the Caucasus'' (1822) (poem)
 *Bakhchisarayskiy Fontan ''The Fountain of Bahçesaray'' (1824) (poem)
@@ Line 74: / Line 75: @@
 *Istoriya Sela Goryukhina ''The Story of the Village of Goryukhino'' (unfinished)
 *Stseny iz Rytsarskikh Vremen ''Scenes from Chivalrous Times''
-*Yegipetskiye Nochi ''Egyptian Nights'' (poem)
+*Yegipetskiye Nochi ''Egyptian Nights'' (short story with poetry, unfinished)
 *K A.P. Kern ''To A.P. Kern'' (poem, one of the most beautiful love lyrics ever written in the Russian language)
 *Bratya Razboyniki ''The Robber Brothers'' (play)
@@ Line 91: / Line 92: @@
 ==See also==
 *[[Pushkin Prize]]
+M.I.P. Company http://www.mipco.com published Secret Journal in 1986.  Since then it is published in 24 countries. In 2006 Bilingual Russian-English edition was published in St. Peterburg, Russia by Retro Publishing House http://www.retropublishing.com
 ==References==
@@ Line 97: / Line 99: @@
 *Serena Vitale: ''Pushkin's button''; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein.  New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1998  ISBN 0-374-23995-5
+*Markus Wolf: ''Freemasonry in life and literature''. With an introduction to the history of Russian Freemasonry (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner publishers, 1998 ISBN 3-87690-692-X
 ==External links==
@@ Line 102: / Line 105: @@
 {{Wikiquote}}
 {{Wikicommons}}
 *[http://www.pushkins-poems.com/ Pushkin's poems (English translation)] includes Eugene Onegin and other points
 *[http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/ Complete works (in Russian)] &mdash; FEB-web's Digital Scholarly Edition (DSE) of A.S. Pushkin
@@ Line 109: / Line 111: @@
 *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/pushkingenealogy.html The family history of Aleksandr Pushkin]
 *[http://osennielistya.ru/index.php Autumn leaves]
+== Further reading ==
+*[[Yuri Druzhnikov]], ''Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism'', Transaction Publishers, 1998, ISBN 1560003901
 [[Category:Aleksandr Pushkin|*]]
-[[Category:1799 births|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
-[[Category:1837 deaths|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Russian dramatists and playwrights|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
-[[Category:National poets|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Russian poets|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Russian short story writers|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Russian novelists|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Russian nobility|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
+[[Category:National poets|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
 [[Category:Murdered writers|Pushkin, Aleksander]]
 [[Category:Duelling fatalities|Push]]
+[[Category:1799 births|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
+[[Category:1837 deaths|Pushkin, Aleksandr]]
+[[ar:ألكسندر بوشكين]]
-[[bg:Александър Пушкин]]
 [[bs:Aleksandar Sergejevič Puškin]]
+[[bg:Александър Пушкин]]
 [[cv:Пушкин Александр Сергеевич]]
 [[cs:Alexandr Sergejevič Puškin]]
@@ Line 130: / Line 136: @@
 [[et:Aleksandr Puškin]]
 [[es:Alejandro Pushkin]]
-[[eo:Aleksandr PUŜKIN]]
+[[eo:Aleksandr Puŝkin]]
 [[fr:Alexandre Pouchkine]]
 [[ko:알렉산드르 푸시킨]]
 [[hr:Aleksandar Sergejevič Puškin]]
+[[id:Aleksandr Pushkin]]
+[[it:Aleksandr Sergeevic Puskin]]
 [[he:אלכסנדר פושקין]]
 [[ka:პუშკინი, ალექსანდრე]]
 [[nl:Aleksandr Poesjkin]]
 [[ja:アレクサンドル・プーシキン]]
+[[jbo:puckin]]
+[[no:Aleksandr Pusjkin]]
 [[pl:Aleksander Puszkin]]
 [[pt:Alexandre S. Pushkin]]
 [[ru:Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич]]
-[[sh:Aleksandar Sergejevič Puškin]]
 [[sk:Alexander Sergejevič Puškin]]
 [[sl:Aleksander Sergejevič Puškin]]
 [[sr:Александар Сергејевич Пушкин]]
+[[sh:Aleksandar Sergejevič Puškin]]
 [[fi:Aleksandr Puškin]]
 [[sv:Aleksandr Pusjkin]]