Theodore I Laskaris

The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. The borders are very uncertain.

Theodore I Lascaris (Greek: Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρης, Theodōros I Laskaris) (c.1174-1221) was emperor of Nicaea (1204–1221).

Life

Theodore Lascaris was born of a noble but not particularly renowned Byzantine Greek family of Constantinople. He was the son of Manuel Lascaris and Ioanna Karatzaina.

In 1199, Theodore married Anna Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius III Angelus and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina. By this marriage he was brother-in-law of Eudocia Angelina.

Theodore later distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade (1203–1204). He remained in Constantinople until the Latins actually penetrated into the city, at which point he fled across Bosphorus together with his wife. At about the same time his brother Constantine Lascaris was unsuccessfully proclaimed emperor by some of the defenders of Constantinople. In Bithynia Theodore established himself in Nicaea, which became the chief rallying-point for his countrymen.

At first Theodore I Lascaris did not claim the imperial title, perhaps because his father-in-law and his brother were both still living, perhaps because of the imminent Latin invasion, or perhaps because there was no Patriarch of Constantinople to crown him emperor. He was proclaimed emperor in 1205 and invited Patriarch John Camaterus to Nicaea. But John died in 1206 before crowning Theodore. Theodore appointed Michael IV as the new Patriarch and was crowned by him in March 1208.

In the meantime Theodore I had been defeated by the Latins at Adramyttion (Edremit), but soon afterwards the Latins were themselves defeated by Kaloyan of Bulgaria at the Battle of Adrianople. This temporarily stalled the Latin advance, but it was renewed by Emperor Henry of Flanders in 1206. Theodore I entered into an alliance with Kaloyan and took the offensive in 1209. The situation was complicated by the invasion of Sultan Kay Khusrau I of Rum at the instigation of the deposed Alexios III in 1211, but the Nicaeans defeated and killed the invader in the valley of the Maeander River near Pisidian Antioch. Although the danger from Rüm and Alexios III was thus neutralized, Emperor Henry defeated Theodore I in the same year, and established its control over the southern shores of the Sea of Marmara. In spite of this defeat, Theodore I was able to take advantage of the death of David Megaskomnenos, the brother of Emperor Alexius I of Trebizond in 1212 and to extend his own control over Paphlagonia.

In 1214 Theodore I concluded a peace treaty with the Latin Empire at Nymphaion, and in 1219 he married a niece of Emperor Henry. In spite of predominantly peaceful relations, Theodore attacked the Latin Empire again in 1220, but peace was restored. Theodore I died in November 1221 and was succeeded by his son-in-law John III Ducas Vatatzes.

At the end of his reign he ruled over a territory roughly coterminous with the old Roman provinces of Asia and Bithynia. Though there is no proof of higher qualities of statesmanship in him, by his courage and military skill he enabled the Byzantine nation not merely to survive, but ultimately to beat back the Latin invasion.

Family

By his first wife, Anna Angelina, daughter of the Emperor Alexius III Angelus and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina, Theodore I Lascaris had three daughters and two sons who died young:

• Irene Lascaris, who married first the general Andronicus Palaeologus and then John III Ducas Vatatzes
• Maria, who married King Béla IV of Hungary
• Eudocia
• Nicholas (Nikolaos)
• John (Iōannēs)

After Anna Angelina died in 1212, Theodore I Lascaris married secondly Philippa, a daughter of King Ruben III of Armenia. This marriage was annulled a year later for religious reasons, and the son born to them, Constantine, was disinherited.

Theodore Lascaris married thirdly in 1219 Marie de Courtenay, a daughter of Emperor Peter of Courtenay and Empress Yolanda of Flanders, but they had no children, and Marie died later the same year.

References

• The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)