Bay of Kotor: Difference between revisions
improving and removing excess/irrelevant/incorrect |
Argo Navis (talk | contribs) Please, see my questions on talk page. If I'm wrong, feel free to revert |
||
Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| Name: || '''Bay of Kotor, <br /> Бока которска/Boka Kotorska (sr)''' |
| Name: || '''Bay of Kotor, <br /> Бока которска/Boka Kotorska (sr)''' |
||
|-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
||
|Position: || [[Montenegro]] ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]) |
|Position: || [[Montenegro]] ([[Serbia and Montenegro]], [[Croatia]]) |
||
|-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
|-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |
||
|Rivers: || [[Karst hydrology]], Sopot, Skurda <br />[[submerged sources]] |
|Rivers: || [[Karst hydrology]], Sopot, Skurda <br />[[submerged sources]] |
Revision as of 08:56, 29 May 2006
Map | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Infos | |
Name: | Bay of Kotor, Бока которска/Boka Kotorska (sr) |
Position: | Montenegro (Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia) |
Rivers: | Karst hydrology, Sopot, Skurda submerged sources |
Destination: | Sea |
Settlements: | Kotor, Herceg Novi, Risan, Tivat, Dobrota, Perast |
Records: | Largest bay in the Adriatic, submerged river canyon (Bokeljska reka) |
Numbers | |
Water Area: | 87 km² |
Max depth: | 60 m |
Average depth: | 27.3 m |
Water content: | 2412, 306 km³ (2,4 mrd m³) |
Highest point: | Orjen = 1894 m |
Lowest point: | Sea surface = 0 m |
Length: | 28,13 km |
Widest point: | 7 km |
Narrowest point: | 0.3 km |
Hydrologic system: | karst hydrology ca. 4000 km² |
Shoreline: | 107.3 km |
Images | |
![]() |
Boka Kotorska (The Bay of Kotor, Serbian Cyrillic: Бока которска, Italian: Bocche di Cattaro) in western Montenegro, at the border with Croatia, is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea.
The bay was considered by some to be Europe's southernmost fjord. In fact it is a submerged river canyon of the formerly so-called Bokeljska reka which runs from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen. Very intensive tectonics and karstification processes led to the disintegration of the river system. After heavy rain the famous waterfall of Sopot spring at Risan appears. The bay is composed of several smaller broad gulfs, united by narrower channels, forming one of the finest natural harbours in Europe.
History
The nearby hamlet of Risan (Risano) was a thriving Illyrian city called Rhizon as early as 229 BC and gave its name to the Boka, then known as Rhizonicus Sinus. Rhizon submitted to Rome in 168 BC, at the same time that Ascrivium, or Ascruvium, the modern Kotor (Cattaro), is first mentioned as a neighboring city.
Kotor itself has been fortified since the early Middle Ages, and was one of the more influential Dalmatian city-states throughout the period. It later passed to Bulgaria and then to Serbia before becoming a semi-independent republic and protectorate of medieval Serbian kings. Its merchant fleet and importance gradually increased, and after the fall of Serbia to the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century, Kotor was seized by the Venetian Republic.
The Bokelj's had a very strong fleet, which counted as many as 300 ships in the 18th century. Boka was a rival to Dubrovnik and Venice.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the region of Boka Kotorska was included in the Illyrian provinces, which were part of the French Empire. The region was later annexed by the Austrian Empire and was included in the province of Dalmatia.
According to 1818 data, Boka had 29,899 inhabitants, of whom 21,310 were Orthodox Christians and 8,589 Roman Catholics. At that time municipalities with an Orthodox majority were Kotor, Risan, Grbalj, Budva, and Herzeg-Novi, while municipalities with a Catholic majority were Dobrota, Prčanj, Stoliv, Kontada kotorska, and Perast.
The population of the municipalities of Boka in 1900:
- Budva = 5,526 Orthodox Christians, 1,537 Catholics
- Herceg-Novi = 7,377 Orthodox Christians, 2,198 Catholics
- Kotor = 7,617 Catholics, 7,207 Orthodox Christians
- Risan = 4,020 Orthodox Christians, 1,385 Catholics
According to the 1910 census, Boka had 40,582 inhabitants, of whom 24,794 were Orthodox Christians and 14,523 Catholics.
From 1918, Boka Kotorska was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). Between 1918 and 1922 the region was a separate county administered from Kotor, between 1922 and 1929 it was part of Zetska oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 part of Zetska banovina. According to the 1921 census, Boka had 36,539 inhabitants, of whom 23,777 were Orthodox Christians and 12,342 Catholics.
The region of Boka Kotorska was occupied by fascist Italy in 1941, and since 1945, it has been part of the Republic of Montenegro, except the peninsula of Privlaka at the western side of the entrance to the bay; that is part of Croatia.
Today, most of the inhabitants of the region are Orthodox Christian declaring themselves on census forms either as Serbs or as Montenegrins, while about 11% of its population is Catholic, mostly declaring themselves as Croats.
Boka Kotorska region is under the protection of UNESCO due to its very rich cultural heritage. The region around the town of Kotor is situated in probably the most beautiful fjord in Europe. In 1979 there was an earthquake that destroyed or seriously damaged numerous cultural monuments.
Population
Most inhabitants of Boka are Serbs (41.89%) and Montenegrins (34.68%) with some Croats (7.61%). As a result of assimilation, the population of Croats began to diminish when Yugoslavia was created in 1918 and especially after the civil war in Croatia in 1991 (In 1910, the Croat population of Boka was 18.9%).
The three municipalities making up Boka Kotorska have a total population of 71,443 (2003 census):
- Kotor = 23,481 (11,002 Montenegrins, 7,197 Serbs, 1,842 Croats)
- Tivat = 13,991 (4,911 Serbs, 4,126 Montenegrins, 2,761 Croats)
- Herceg-Novi = 33,971 (17,818 Serbs, 9,651 Montenegrins, 831 Croats)
Of these, 76% are Serb Orthodox and 11% are Catholics.
Ethnic groups in Boka
Serbs and Montenegrins
Slavic and Serb tribes settled in Boka Kotorska in the 7th century. The region was divided between Travunians (who were a Serb tribe) and Docleans (of whom it is not explicitly stated that they were Serbs in origin, but later they were also considered to be Serbs).
When the autonomous Serbian Orthodox Church was established in the 13th century, one of its first eparchies was established in Boka.
Historically, there were 3 Orthodox monasteries and 250 Orthodox churches in Boka, most of which still exist.
Croats
The towns of Kotor, Perast, Tivat, Dobrota, Prčanj, Herceg-Novi and Budva had a Croatian majority in 1910. Vrmac peninsula and the southern part of Spich (from Sutomore to the border between Boka Kotorska and Montenegro near the town of Bar) had a large Catholic majority in 1910.
For example, the number of Croats in Kotor dropped from 69% in 1910 to 7% in 1991; in Herceg-Novi from 70% to 2%; in Tivat from 95% to 23%.
In 1991 Croats comprised 8% of the Boka Kotorska region, and in 2003 the percent of Croats was 7.61%.
The Bokelj Marine 809 (Bokeljska mornarica 809) is a fraternal society whose aim is to preserve Croat maritime tradition. In 809 the remains of St. Tripun were brought by Croat mariners from Asia Minor to Kotor. The Cathedral of St. Tripun in Kotor is the oldest Croat cathedral in this area, built by Croats in 1166.
It is worth mentioning that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro) participated at the international maritime exhibition EXPO'98 in Lisbon, Portugal, by displaying the cultural and maritime heritage of Boka Kotorska. The display did not mention the Croats in Boka Kotorska.
The town of Perast had an extremely difficult time in 1654 when the attacks of the Ottomans were especially dangerous. Their brave and successful defense of Boka was the reason for the arrival of Petar Zrinski, a famous Croatian statesman, who also had numerous dramatic battles with the Ottomans. During his three-day sojourn in Perast he presented his legendary sword to the town as the sign of his recognition of their efforts to defend their homeland and to stop the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Middle Europe.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boka_oldmap.gif/200px-Boka_oldmap.gif)
The outermost gulf is the gulf of Tivat (Teodo) and a small naval port. On the seaward side, there is the gulf of Herceg Novi (Castelnuovo), which guards the main entrance to Boka. The inner gulfs are the gulf of Risan to the northwest and the gulf of Kotor to the southeast.
On the landward side, the long walls running from the fortified old town of Kotor to the castle of Saint John, far above, formed a striking feature in the landscape; and the heights of the Krivošije (Krivoscie), a group of barren plateaus in Mount Orjen, were crowned by small forts.
There are many interesting places on the shores of the Boka Kotorska. Herceg Novi has an Orthodox convent of St. Sava nearby (Savina monastery) standing amid beautiful gardens. It was founded in the 16th century and contains many fine specimens of 17th century silversmiths' work. Eight miles east of Herceg Novi, there is a Benedictine monastery on a small island opposite Perast (Perasto). Perast itself was for a time an independent state in the 14th century.
Climate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Crkvice.jpg/220px-Crkvice.jpg)
The Bay of Kotor lies within the Mediterranean subtropical belt. While summers are hot and sunny, autumn, winter and spring are rainy seasons. It is the climate type of the Mediterranean but modifications exist in the vast region. A peculiarity of the littoral Dinarids is the precipitation regime as at the Bay of Kotor, Mt. Orjen receives Europe's most heavy precipitation. Just as the monsoon rain is seasonally distributed, so too November thunderstorms sometimes pour 2000 l of water in several days, while August is frequently completely dry, leading to forest fires. With a maximum discharge of 200 m³/sec of water one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring, is a remarkable indicator of this seasonal variation. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor.
Station | Height [m] | Type | Character | Precipitation [mm] | Snow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zubacki kabao | 1894 | D | perhumid Mediterranean snowclimate | ca. 6250 | ap. 140 days |
Crkvice | 940 | Cfsb | (fs= without summerdryness), perhumid Mediterranean mountain climate | 4926 | 70 days |
Risan | 0 | Cs’’a | (s’’= double winter rain season), perhumid Mediterranean coast climate | 3500 | 2 days |
* classification scheme after Köppen
Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: Bora and Scirocco. Strong cold downslope winds of the Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h and can lead to a significant fall of temperatures in several hours with freezing events problematic for most of the Mediterranean cultures. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors keep an eye on the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Scirocco is a warm humid rain and is important as it brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually concentrated in autumn and spring.
Station | Period | Height [m] | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X | XI | XII | I-XII [mm/m²a] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herceg Novi | 1961-1984 | 40 | 230 | 221 | 183 | 135 | 130 | 73 | 28 | 45 | 160 | 181 | 326 | 262 | 1974 |
Risan | 1961-1984 | 40 | 405 | 342 | 340 | 235 | 153 | 101 | 66 | 123 | 188 | 295 | 423 | 434 | 3105 |
Grahovo | 1961-1984 | 710 | 351 | 324 | 305 | 251 | 142 | 94 | 55 | 103 | 202 | 416 | 508 | 473 | 3224 |
Podvrsnik | 1961-1984 | 630 | 407 | 398 | 367 | 305 | 151 | 101 | 77 | 132 | 238 | 465 | 593 | 586 | 3820 |
Vrbanje | 1961-1984 | 1010 | 472 | 390 | 388 | 321 | 181 | 104 | 70 | 122 | 224 | 369 | 565 | 536 | 3742 |
Knezlaz | 1961-1984 | 620 | 547 | 472 | 473 | 373 | 207 | 120 | 72 | 136 | 268 | 400 | 629 | 661 | 4358 |
Crkvice | 1961-1984 | 940 | 610 | 499 | 503 | 398 | 198 | 135 | 82 | 155 | 295 | 502 | 714 | 683 | 4774 |
Ivan. Korita | 1960-1984 | 1350 | 434 | 460 | 742 | 472 | 128 | 198 | 74 | 46 | 94 | 300 | 694 | 972 | 4614 |
Goli vrh | 1893-1913 | 1311 | 271 | 286 | 307 | 226 | 188 | 148 | 75 | 70 | 215 | 473 | 415 | 327 | 3129 |
Jankov vrh | 1890-1909 | 1017 | 424 | 386 | 389 | 346 | 212 | 124 | 55 | 58 | 202 | 484 | 579 | 501 | 3750 |
Cetinje | 1961-1984 | 655 | 434 | 357 | 367 | 288 | 164 | 92 | 72 | 118 | 209 | 306 | 489 | 498 | 3394 |
Grab-Zubci | 1934-1960 | 677 | 333 | 325 | 257 | 195 | 183 | 83 | 59 | 86 | 173 | 360 | 447 | 485 | 2985 |
Trebinje | 1931-1960 | 276 | 193 | 190 | 160 | 102 | 119 | 70 | 43 | 76 | 110 | 239 | 247 | 249 | 1762 |
Dubrovnik | 1931-1960 | 49 | 147 | 113 | 102 | 92 | 79 | 60 | 24 | 38 | 97 | 156 | 213 | 186 | 1307 |
* monthly and yearly precipitation ranges in Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro
Gallery
-
Savina monastery in Boka
-
Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sv. Tripun) in Kotor
-
The two islands off Perast
-
Church in Perast
Literature
- Prof. Lazo M. Kostić, O srpskom karakteru Boke Kotorske, Herceg Novi, 1994.
- Vasko Kostić, Svetosavska ozarenost nevjeste Jadrana, Kult Svetog Save u Boki, Novi Sad, 1999.