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Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] received for her 60th birthday (2000) a new royal coach with a drawing room, sleeping compartments and kitchen.
Queen [[Margrethe II of Denmark]] received for her 60th birthday (2000) a new royal coach with a drawing room, sleeping compartments and kitchen.
She used this royal coach for the state visit to Belgium, travelling the night of 27–28 May 2002 from Denmark to Brussels-South and returning from there to Denmark on the evening of 30 May 2002. The coach and the accompanying sleeping car for the staff were hooked to normal trains, except for the part from Aachen to Brussels, where it ran as a special train to allow for the arrival on a reserved platform where the press were waiting.
She used this royal coach for the state visit to Belgium, travelling the night of 27–28 May 2002 from Denmark to Brussels-South and returning from there to Denmark on the evening of 30 May 2002. The coach and the accompanying sleeping car for the staff were hooked to normal trains, except for the part from Aachen to Brussels, where it ran as a special train to allow for the arrival on a reserved platform where the press were waiting.

== Germany ==
=== Before 1918 ===
[[File:Potsdam kaiserbahnhof halle.jpg|thumb|Private railway station of emperor Wilhelm II. In Potsdam]]
[[File:Salonwagen Kaiser Wilhelm II ZfB.jpg|thumb|Saloon No. 1 of emperor Wilhelm II., 1890s]]
Germany consisted of more than 30 states – most of them monarchies – when railways came into existence. In the beginning the royalty used first class coaches or first class compartments within public coaches and trains. So prince [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick of Prussia]] (later German Emperor) travelled in a first class compartment in 1851 when the train derailed in the vicinity of [[Gütersloh]]<ref>German language Wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbahnunfall_von_Avenwedde Eisenbahnunfall von Avenwedde.</ref>.

But soon most of these kings, great dukes and princes possessed their own private coaches or trains. In other cases the railway companies provided such coaches and rented them to royalty. Complementary to those private coaches and trains were private reception rooms in the station buildings and in some cases even [[private railway station]]s for the exclusive use of these privileged few. A well preserved example is [[Potsdam Park Sanssouci railway station]], a railway station for the use of Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II.]] near his summer palace, the [[New Palace (Potsdam)|New Palace]] in [[Potsdam]].

==== Prussia ====
King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] purchased a set of royal coaches in 1857.<ref>Peter Bock, Alfred Gottwaldt: ''Regierungszüge. Salonwagen, Kaiserbahnhöfe und Staatsfahrten in Deutschland''. München 2006, ISBN 3-7654-7070-8, p. 14.</ref> They run on two and three axles and were painted in a chestnut brown. None of these survived until today. After 30 years of use they became technically outdated. So in 1889 the new emperor, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II.]], who was always very interested in engineering and technological developments started to order new coaches. Until the end of his reign in 1918 it would be about 30.<Ref>Alfred Gottwaldt: ''Der Hofzug sr. Majestät des Deutschen Kaisers, Königs von Preußen''. Modelleisenbahner Verlag. [o.J., ca. 1992]; Helmut Schroeter: ''Der Hofzug des letzten deutschen Kaisers.'' In: ''Lok-Magazin'' 9 (1964), S. 37.</ref> These run on boogies with either two or three axles and were painted in flashy blue and [[ecru]] which contrasted very much against ordinary coaches of the day which showed usually green, grey or brown. Only during [[World War I]] the imperial coaches were painted green. The private car of the emperor is on display in the [[German Museum of Technology]], [[Berlin]], the private car of the empress in the museum of former [[Linke-Hofmann]]-Busch GmbH (today: Alstom Transport Deutschland GmbH) who built the coach.

==== Other states ====
[[File:Bayerischer Hofzug DB Museum Nürnberg 001.JPG|thumb|Saloon of King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] (foreground) and terrace-car (background), second half of the 1860s; preserved in [[Nuremberg Transport Museum]]]]
Also the kings of [[Saxony]]<ref>Magistrat der Stadt Potsdam (Hrsg.): ''Katalog. Europäische Salonwagenausstellung vom 22. – 23. Mai 1993 auf dem Gelände des Raw Potsdam''. Potsdam 1993, p. 64, No. 33.</ref>, [[Wurttemberg]]<ref>Paul Sauer: ''Regent mit mildem Zepter. König Karl von Württemberg''. Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-421-05181-X, p. 241.</ref> and [[Bavaria]] possessed their own trains. Two royal coaches of a most splendid design used by king [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] are preserved in the [[Nuremberg Transport Museum]], the king’s personal coach as well as a terrace-coach, by half open-air.<ref>Ralf Romann Rossberg: ''König Ludwig II. auf Achse.'' In: Peter Bock, Alfred Gottwaldt: ''Regierungszüge. Salonwagen, Kaiserbahnhöfe und Staatsfahrten in Deutschland''. München 2006, ISBN 3-7654-7070-8, p. 52.</ref>

=== Weimar Republic ===
The [[Weimar Republic]] inherited about 100 of these royal cars, a number far larger than useful for President and government. So no new cars were built but some of the old ones used. Others where used in luxury trains or in ordinary services, especially dining cars, or as sleepers. Lots of them were also converted to [[Departmental vehicle|departmental vehicles]].<ref>Walter Haberling: ''Reichsbahn - Salonwagen. Bauarten und Einsätze zur Reichsbahn- und Bundesbahnzeit.'' Freiburg 2010.</ref>

=== Nazi Germany ===
After 1933 when [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power he as well as [[Hermann Göring]] ordered complete modern trains for their use, other top officials as well as top generals of the [[Wehrmacht]] were equipped with personal coaches. At least 78 such vehicles were built and intensively used. During [[World War II]] trains of this stock were used from time to time as movable headquarters. During WW II some of these coaches were damaged or destroyed The saloon of Adolf Hitler e.g was blasted by German troops in the last days of WW II.<ref>Andreas Burow: ''Die Flakwagen der Regierungszüge der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich''. In: Jahrbuch für Eisenbahngeschichte 39 (2007/2008), S. 25-38. ISBN 978-3-937189-29-1.</ref><ref>Bruno Rebbelmund: ''Die Salonberatungs- und Salonnachrichtenwagen in den Führerzügen der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich''. In: Jahrbuch für Eisenbahngeschichte 40 (2008/2009), S. 65-82. ISBN 978-3-937189-35-2</ref><ref>Sonja Günther: ''Salonwagen im "Dritten Reich"''. Karlsruhe 1979, ISBN 3-921700-27-2. (Eisenbahnen und Museen 23)</ref>

=== Post War Period ===
==== German Federal Republic ====
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F058844-0006, Sonderzug für Bundeskanzlerbesuch in der DDR.jpg|thumb|The only newly built saloon coach for [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]], 1974]]
After World War II quite a number of the saloon coaches build under Nazi rule proofed fit for further use. So as well the [[President of Germany|Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany]] as well as its [[Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany|Chancellors]] [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]], [[Willy Brandt]] and [[Helmut Schmidt]] used them as well as guests of state to the Federal Republic of Germany. The most prominent use of a whole set of this coaches was during the [[state visit]] of [[Elizabeth II]] when the queen toured for several days on a special train through the Federal Republic in 1965. The most prominent use of some of these coaches was the visit of Chancellor Willy Brandt to his East German counterpart [[Willi Stoph]] in [[Erfurt]] in 1970. One single saloon coach was built after WW II for [[Deutsche Bundesbahn]] in 1974, originally for the use of the Federal Chancellor.<ref>Fritz Engbarth: ''Der General vor der Rückkehr.'' In: ''Eisenbahn-Kurier.'' Nr. 395/Jahrgang 39/2005 (Augustheft). EK-Verlag, S. 34-35; ''Lok-Report.'' Ausgabe 01/2006; ''LokMagazin.'' Dezember 2007, p. 21.</ref> But it was always possible for private persons or parties to rent the coaches. From the 1980s on politicians used them less and less changing to air transport. Today most of the coaches are owned by railway museums or railway fan-clubs.

==== German Democratic Republic ====

Also in the [[German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) the head of state, government and top politicians of the reigning communist party used pre-war rolling stock for transport. In the late 1960s two special trains were newly constructed: One for the heads of party and state, another one for the [[National People's Army|army.]] The most prominent use of the government train was in 1970 when the prime minister of the GDR met the chancellor of West Germany on his return visit in [[Kassel]]. After the unification of Germany in 1990 these trains an coaches prooved redundant and were sold to into private hands.<ref>Klaus Bossig: ''Sonderfahrzeuge der Deutschen Reichsbahn. Die Führungszüge der Ministerien für Verkehrswesen und für Nationale Verteidigung''. Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-88255-704-6</ref>


==Japan==
==Japan==

Revision as of 19:01, 15 September 2014

This article is about the rolling stock set apart for royalty. For the Dad's Army episode, see The Royal Train.

A royal train is a set of railway carriages dedicated for the use of the monarch or other members of a royal family. Most monarchies with a railway system employ a set of royal carriages.

Australia

Main article: Victorian Railways Royal Train

The various government railway operators of Australia have operated a number of royal trains for members of the Australian Royal Family on their numerous tours of the country.

Belgium

Belgium no longer has a royal train. There are still historic royal coaches preserved, though they are rarely shown to the public. From the royal coaches that served for King Leopold II and King Albert I are preserved the three most important royal coaches. From the royal coaches that served for King Leopold III and King Baudouin are preserved: the drawing room coach (with private rest compartment for the king), the dining coach (with big and private dining compartment and kitchen) and the sleeping coach for the king and queen (with small drawing room, sleeping compartments, bathing compartments with bathtub and compartments for the staff).

For rail transport during visits of heads of state to Belgium, there is a possibility of using a first-class SNCB I11 coach with seats partially removed and a set of armchairs put in the middle of the coach. This arrangement was used for the first time on 30 May 2002 during the state visit of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, for a trip from Bruges to Brussels-South, and a second time during the state visit of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 22 June 2006 for a trip from Schaarbeek to Liège-Guillemins.

Canada

Main article: Canadian Pacific Railway: Royal trains

Royal trains have been employed to transport members of the Canadian Royal Family on numerous tours prior to the 1960s, after which the Canadian Royal Flight was predominantly used.

Denmark

Queen Margrethe II of Denmark received for her 60th birthday (2000) a new royal coach with a drawing room, sleeping compartments and kitchen. She used this royal coach for the state visit to Belgium, travelling the night of 27–28 May 2002 from Denmark to Brussels-South and returning from there to Denmark on the evening of 30 May 2002. The coach and the accompanying sleeping car for the staff were hooked to normal trains, except for the part from Aachen to Brussels, where it ran as a special train to allow for the arrival on a reserved platform where the press were waiting.

Germany

Before 1918

Private railway station of emperor Wilhelm II. In Potsdam
Saloon No. 1 of emperor Wilhelm II., 1890s

Germany consisted of more than 30 states – most of them monarchies – when railways came into existence. In the beginning the royalty used first class coaches or first class compartments within public coaches and trains. So prince Frederick of Prussia (later German Emperor) travelled in a first class compartment in 1851 when the train derailed in the vicinity of Gütersloh[1].

But soon most of these kings, great dukes and princes possessed their own private coaches or trains. In other cases the railway companies provided such coaches and rented them to royalty. Complementary to those private coaches and trains were private reception rooms in the station buildings and in some cases even private railway stations for the exclusive use of these privileged few. A well preserved example is Potsdam Park Sanssouci railway station, a railway station for the use of Emperor Wilhelm II. near his summer palace, the New Palace in Potsdam.

Prussia

King Frederick William IV of Prussia purchased a set of royal coaches in 1857.[2] They run on two and three axles and were painted in a chestnut brown. None of these survived until today. After 30 years of use they became technically outdated. So in 1889 the new emperor, Wilhelm II., who was always very interested in engineering and technological developments started to order new coaches. Until the end of his reign in 1918 it would be about 30.[3] These run on boogies with either two or three axles and were painted in flashy blue and ecru which contrasted very much against ordinary coaches of the day which showed usually green, grey or brown. Only during World War I the imperial coaches were painted green. The private car of the emperor is on display in the German Museum of Technology, Berlin, the private car of the empress in the museum of former Linke-Hofmann-Busch GmbH (today: Alstom Transport Deutschland GmbH) who built the coach.

Other states

Saloon of King Ludwig II of Bavaria (foreground) and terrace-car (background), second half of the 1860s; preserved in Nuremberg Transport Museum

Also the kings of Saxony[4], Wurttemberg[5] and Bavaria possessed their own trains. Two royal coaches of a most splendid design used by king Ludwig II of Bavaria are preserved in the Nuremberg Transport Museum, the king’s personal coach as well as a terrace-coach, by half open-air.[6]

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic inherited about 100 of these royal cars, a number far larger than useful for President and government. So no new cars were built but some of the old ones used. Others where used in luxury trains or in ordinary services, especially dining cars, or as sleepers. Lots of them were also converted to departmental vehicles.[7]

Nazi Germany

After 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power he as well as Hermann Göring ordered complete modern trains for their use, other top officials as well as top generals of the Wehrmacht were equipped with personal coaches. At least 78 such vehicles were built and intensively used. During World War II trains of this stock were used from time to time as movable headquarters. During WW II some of these coaches were damaged or destroyed The saloon of Adolf Hitler e.g was blasted by German troops in the last days of WW II.[8][9][10]

Post War Period

German Federal Republic

The only newly built saloon coach for Deutsche Bundesbahn, 1974

After World War II quite a number of the saloon coaches build under Nazi rule proofed fit for further use. So as well the Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as its Chancellors Konrad Adenauer, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt used them as well as guests of state to the Federal Republic of Germany. The most prominent use of a whole set of this coaches was during the state visit of Elizabeth II when the queen toured for several days on a special train through the Federal Republic in 1965. The most prominent use of some of these coaches was the visit of Chancellor Willy Brandt to his East German counterpart Willi Stoph in Erfurt in 1970. One single saloon coach was built after WW II for Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1974, originally for the use of the Federal Chancellor.[11] But it was always possible for private persons or parties to rent the coaches. From the 1980s on politicians used them less and less changing to air transport. Today most of the coaches are owned by railway museums or railway fan-clubs.

German Democratic Republic

Also in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) the head of state, government and top politicians of the reigning communist party used pre-war rolling stock for transport. In the late 1960s two special trains were newly constructed: One for the heads of party and state, another one for the army. The most prominent use of the government train was in 1970 when the prime minister of the GDR met the chancellor of West Germany on his return visit in Kassel. After the unification of Germany in 1990 these trains an coaches prooved redundant and were sold to into private hands.[12]

Japan

File:E655お召し列車.jpg
JR East E655 series EMU, the train used by the Japanese imperial family

In Japan, trains for the emperor, the empress, or the empress dowager are called Omeshi Ressha (お召し列車), literally meaning "trains that they use", albeit with extremely polite word for "use". Trains for the other members of the imperial family are called Gojōyō Ressha (御乗用列車), meaning "trains to ride" in slightly more common language. However, both Omeshi Ressha and Gojōyō Ressha refer to a non-scheduled service solely operated for the imperial family. Dedicated imperial carriages were owned by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and these came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) following privatisation. The dedicated locomotive-hauled set was retired in the 2000s and replaced by the specially-built E655 series EMU, which can also be used as a VIP charter trainset.

In the modern period, imperial trains are used less and less, as the current emperor Akihito generally travels by air, or regular scheduled trains with a reserved carriage. Imperial trains are still operated occasionally, but they mainly function as a cordial reception for state guests, rather than transportation of the imperial family.

Morocco

The Moroccan royal train was composed of SPV-2000 railcars produced by Budd Company in the US and delivered in the early 1980s.[13] The royal train consists of two self-propelled cars. After King Hassan II died his successor, King Mohammed VI, stopped using the royal train.[14]

The Netherlands

Dutch royal carriage at Utrecht Centraal railway station.

The Dutch State Railways uses a single royal carriage to transport the king and his family. It was ordered by the Dutch royal family in 1991, and construction was finished in 1993. It replaced a previous two-carriage royal train built in 1930, which is currently on display in the Dutch Railway Museum.[15] In 2012 two more carriages were added to the royal train. These former first class passenger carriages were slightly modified and painted blue for use in the royal train. However, they are not available for international use, unlike the royal carriage itself, which is an International Coach Regulations carriage allowed in 16 different countries. When the king travels by train, a single (diesel) locomotive travels ahead to explore the tracks. The train itself is composed of two ordinary locomotives of the Dutch State Railways (head and tail of the train), the royal carriage itself, and, since 2012, the two slightly modified first class passenger carriages for staff, press and other guests. Before 2012, instead of the two extra carriages, two ordinary first class passenger carriages were added. Usually those carriages were the most luxurious type NS had available.

Norway

The former B3 carriage outside the Norwegian Railway Museum.

The Norwegian Royal Train is a set of train carriages used by the Norwegian royal family and maintained by Norges Statsbaner (Norwegian State Railways). The current set was introduced in 1994 in connection with the Lillehammer Olympics and replaced a set from 1962, that had consisted of B3 carriages named A1. The set contains a main sleeping compartment with dressing room and adjoining bathroom, two guest compartments, guest bathroom, kitchen, guard compartments and a combined dining and conference room.[16]

The set is pulled by ordinary railway locomotives and most often ordinary passenger carriages for press and other guests are added.

Russian Empire

Alexander III's train derailed at Borki, 1888

The late Romanov Czars traveled by rail extensively over the expanse of their empire.

The catastrophic derailment of the Russian Royal Train on October 17, 1888 killed 21 people; Alexander III himself, however, survived. After this accident, a so-called Temporary Imperial Train was composed of several surviving cars of the wrecked train, with the addition of several converted passenger cars of the Nikolayevskaya Railway.[17] The emperor also had at his disposal a standard gauge Imperial Train, used for traveling to Europe; this train set was purchased by the Russian Railway Ministry from Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée in the 1870s, and was deemed to be technologically obsolescent.[17]

Accordingly, new standard-gauge and broad-gauge trains for the use of the Imperial Court were constructed. The new broad-gauge Imperial Train for domestic travel became ready in time for the coronation of Nicholas II in 1896. Initially the train consisted of 7 cars, purpose-built at the Aleksandrovsky Railway Factory in St Petersburg. Later, the size of the train was increased to 10 cars. The old "temporary" train in the meantime was transferred for use of Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna.[18]

The Russian Empire itself came to an end with Nicholas II's abdication in 1917 while aboard his Imperial Train at Dno.[19]

South Africa

From 5 February to 10 April 1934, Prince George, Duke of Kent toured South Africa in a special train known as The White Train.[20]

The three month long British royal family tour of South Africa in 1947 saw the ordering of eight ivory-painted air-conditioned saloons from Britain, three of which were built to Blue Train sleeping car standards, while the remaining five were special saloons for use by the royal family and Field Marshal Jan Smuts, the South African prime minister.[21]

After the tour the Blue Train type saloons were painted in matching livery to serve on the Blue Train, while the remaining special saloons became part of the White Train used exclusively by the governor-general and later the president of South Africa.[21]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Main article: British Royal Train

Queen Victoria was the first British monarch to travel by train, on 13 June 1842, when she travelled on the Great Western Railway (GWR), which ran the line between London and Windsor (for Windsor Castle). Soon, other major British railway companies had their own carriage(s) dedicated for use by the royal family or other dignitaries.

In 1948, upon the formation of British Railways, the individual regions continued to maintain their own royal train carriages. A single "Royal Train" was only formed in 1977 as a response to the demands of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. This train has been maintained since privatisation of Britain's railways by EWS, now DB Schenker Rail (UK), although the royal family has travelled on ordinary service trains more frequently in recent years to minimise costs.

Outside of monarchies

Rail transport, in the form of special trains have been widely used by the leaders of countries that are/were not monarchies (i.e. republics or dictatorships of various kinds) as well, while private rail cars attached to regular passenger trains have been maintained and used by the rich. Presidents of the USA often traveled in presidential railcars; Soviet leaders had their special trains as well. (One of Leonid Brezhnev's rail cars is preserved at the Pokrovsk Station in Engels City, and Shcherbytsky's car, in Kiev.[22]) Leaders of North Korea, starting from Kim Il-Song, had their own fleet of private trains.

See also

References

  1. ^ German language Wikipedia: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbahnunfall_von_Avenwedde Eisenbahnunfall von Avenwedde.
  2. ^ Peter Bock, Alfred Gottwaldt: Regierungszüge. Salonwagen, Kaiserbahnhöfe und Staatsfahrten in Deutschland. München 2006, ISBN 3-7654-7070-8, p. 14.
  3. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt: Der Hofzug sr. Majestät des Deutschen Kaisers, Königs von Preußen. Modelleisenbahner Verlag. [o.J., ca. 1992]; Helmut Schroeter: Der Hofzug des letzten deutschen Kaisers. In: Lok-Magazin 9 (1964), S. 37.
  4. ^ Magistrat der Stadt Potsdam (Hrsg.): Katalog. Europäische Salonwagenausstellung vom 22. – 23. Mai 1993 auf dem Gelände des Raw Potsdam. Potsdam 1993, p. 64, No. 33.
  5. ^ Paul Sauer: Regent mit mildem Zepter. König Karl von Württemberg. Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-421-05181-X, p. 241.
  6. ^ Ralf Romann Rossberg: König Ludwig II. auf Achse. In: Peter Bock, Alfred Gottwaldt: Regierungszüge. Salonwagen, Kaiserbahnhöfe und Staatsfahrten in Deutschland. München 2006, ISBN 3-7654-7070-8, p. 52.
  7. ^ Walter Haberling: Reichsbahn - Salonwagen. Bauarten und Einsätze zur Reichsbahn- und Bundesbahnzeit. Freiburg 2010.
  8. ^ Andreas Burow: Die Flakwagen der Regierungszüge der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich. In: Jahrbuch für Eisenbahngeschichte 39 (2007/2008), S. 25-38. ISBN 978-3-937189-29-1.
  9. ^ Bruno Rebbelmund: Die Salonberatungs- und Salonnachrichtenwagen in den Führerzügen der Reichsregierung im Dritten Reich. In: Jahrbuch für Eisenbahngeschichte 40 (2008/2009), S. 65-82. ISBN 978-3-937189-35-2
  10. ^ Sonja Günther: Salonwagen im "Dritten Reich". Karlsruhe 1979, ISBN 3-921700-27-2. (Eisenbahnen und Museen 23)
  11. ^ Fritz Engbarth: Der General vor der Rückkehr. In: Eisenbahn-Kurier. Nr. 395/Jahrgang 39/2005 (Augustheft). EK-Verlag, S. 34-35; Lok-Report. Ausgabe 01/2006; LokMagazin. Dezember 2007, p. 21.
  12. ^ Klaus Bossig: Sonderfahrzeuge der Deutschen Reichsbahn. Die Führungszüge der Ministerien für Verkehrswesen und für Nationale Verteidigung. Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-88255-704-6
  13. ^ Boudarham, Mohammed (10 April 2009). "Nostalgie. La fabuleuse histoire du train royal". TelQuel (in French).
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ Page at the official site of the Dutch Royal Family about the royal train Template:Nl
  16. ^ Dagbladet article on the new Royal Train Template:No icon
  17. ^ a b Malevinsky 1900, p. 1
  18. ^ Malevinsky 1900, pp. 2–4
  19. ^ Radzinsky, Edvard (2011), The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II Edition unabridged, reprint, Random House LLC, pp. 187–188, ISBN 0307754626 {{citation}}: horizontal tab character in |title= at position 57 (help)
  20. ^ The Herald Online
  21. ^ a b The Blue Train
  22. ^ Станция Покровск. Правительственный вагон-салон (Pokrovsk Station. Government Railcar) Template:Ru icon, with photos

Literature

Flickr Group : Clerestory Coaches (Railways) with pictures of many historical Royal and Presidential trains, of Clerestory design. The collection includes coaches from over 20 countries, including many built during the 19th Century.

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