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</ref> His daughter Rosa (1928–2003) recounted that her father invented the dish when a [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] 1924 rush depleted the kitchen's supplies. Cardini made do with what he had, adding the dramatic flair of the table-side tossing "by the chef."<ref>[http://journals.aol.com/cdawriter/LifeInMyOpinion/ 1987 interview with Rosa Cardini, for ''Mailpac Magazine,'' LA.]</ref> A number of Cardini's staff have said that they invented the dish.<ref name="grant">In [http://www.tcpalm.com/tcp/lifestyle_columnists/article/0,2821,TCP_24456_5584351,00.html "Hail Caesar"], D. Grant quotes Aviator's salad and more (2007)</ref><ref>[http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/CaesarSalad/index.htm 1998 notes on claims]:<br />"''Paul Maggiora,'' a partner of the Cardini's, claimed to have tossed the first Caesar's salad in 1927 for American airmen from San Diego and called it "Aviator's Salad. Caesar's brother ''Alex'' had claimed to have developed the salad (he too allegedly called it "aviator's salad"). ''Livio Santini'' claimed he made the salad from a recipe of his mother, in the kitchen of Caesar's restaurant when he was 18 years old, in 1925, and that Caesar took the recipe from him.''</ref>
</ref> His daughter Rosa (1928–2003) recounted that her father invented the dish when a [[Independence Day (United States)|Fourth of July]] 1924 rush depleted the kitchen's supplies. Cardini made do with what he had, adding the dramatic flair of the table-side tossing "by the chef."<ref>[http://journals.aol.com/cdawriter/LifeInMyOpinion/ 1987 interview with Rosa Cardini, for ''Mailpac Magazine,'' LA.]</ref> A number of Cardini's staff have said that they invented the dish.<ref name="grant">In [http://www.tcpalm.com/tcp/lifestyle_columnists/article/0,2821,TCP_24456_5584351,00.html "Hail Caesar"], D. Grant quotes Aviator's salad and more (2007)</ref><ref>[http://www.kitchenproject.com/history/CaesarSalad/index.htm 1998 notes on claims]:<br />"''Paul Maggiora,'' a partner of the Cardini's, claimed to have tossed the first Caesar's salad in 1927 for American airmen from San Diego and called it "Aviator's Salad. Caesar's brother ''Alex'' had claimed to have developed the salad (he too allegedly called it "aviator's salad"). ''Livio Santini'' claimed he made the salad from a recipe of his mother, in the kitchen of Caesar's restaurant when he was 18 years old, in 1925, and that Caesar took the recipe from him.''</ref>


[[Julia Child]] said that she had eaten a Caesar salad at Cardini's restaurant when she was a child in the 1920s.<ref name='child'>Julia Child, ''From Julia Child's Kitchen'', 1975.</ref> The earliest contemporary documentation of Caesar Salad is from a 1946 [[Lawry's|Lawry's The Prime Rib]] (Los Angeles, California) restaurant menu, twenty-two years after the 1924 origin claimed by the Cardinis.<ref>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/images/menus/fullsize/f/rb04346-01.jpg "Garden Room at the Town House" restaurant, Los Angeles, menu dated October 8, 1946: "Salads ... Caesar ... 1.50."]</ref>
[[Julia Child]] said that she had eaten a Caesar salad at Cardini's restaurant when she was a child in the 1920s.<ref name='child'>Julia Child, ''From Julia Child's Kitchen'', 1975.</ref> The earliest contemporary documentation of Caesar Salad is from a 1946 [[Lawry's|Lawry's The Prime Rib]] (Los Angeles, California) restaurant menu, twenty-two years after the 1924 origin attributed to the Cardinis.<ref>[http://dbase1.lapl.org/images/menus/fullsize/f/rb04346-01.jpg "Garden Room at the Town House" restaurant, Los Angeles, menu dated October 8, 1946: "Salads ... Caesar ... 1.50."]</ref>
[[File:HotelCaesar.JPG|thumb|Hotel Caesar's on Avenida Revolución, c. 2000]]
[[File:HotelCaesar.JPG|thumb|Hotel Caesar's on Avenida Revolución, c. 2000]]


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===Ingredients===
===Ingredients===
Common ingredients in many recipes:<ref>{{cite web|title=Caesar Salad|url=http://www.bettycrocker.com/recipes/caesar-salad/2787ce54-0843-43fc-a878-3b657ddb839d|website=www.bettycrocker.com|accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Cardinicaeser.JPG|right|thumb|Cardini's recipe bottled salad dressing.]] -->
* Ingredients according to the Hotel Caesar's recipe from about 2006:<ref>See [http://www.grumpygourmetusa.com/caesar_back_4.JPG "The original Caesar's salad" (JPG)], as obtained by ''Doral Chenoweth''</ref>
** [[romaine lettuce|romaine or cos lettuce]]
** [[romaine lettuce|romaine or cos lettuce]]
** [[olive oil]]
** [[olive oil|olive]] or [[vegetabel oil]]
** fresh crushed garlic – often in [[olive oil]]
** fresh crushed garlic
** salt to taste
** salt to taste
** fresh-ground [[black pepper]]
** fresh-ground [[black pepper]]
⚫
** lemon or lime juice - fresh squeezed
** wine vinegar<ref>The Rosa Cardini recipe does not call for this. As there hardly will be found an Italian salad recipe of that time without any vinegar at all, this might be just an omission.</ref>
⚫
** lemon juice or lime juice - fresh squeezed
** [[Worcestershire sauce]]
** [[Worcestershire sauce]]
** raw or [[coddled egg]] yolks
** raw or [[coddled egg]] yolks
Line 81: Line 79:


==Health concerns==
==Health concerns==

There is inherent risk of infection by [[salmonella]] bacteria occasionally found in raw egg from cracked or improperly washed eggshells.<ref>[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/egg-products-preparation/egg-products-and-food-safety/ct_index/!ut/p/a1/jZFdb8IgFIZ_DZeU4-qM7q5psqib7YzZrL0x2FJKUoEA2m2_fuhu6tcmXADnfQ-c80BykpFc0r3g1AklaXM454M1zGHQG8UwTUe9Z5gkH_P0JY5huHj0htUfhiS8M__GiOC__OkdDzyYWTzjJNfU1VjISpGMM4eptC0zlmSVUiW2tGLuC1e0cNjWjDkvMM6xNqrcFc76DdPUHMGcKVSWuHMHyQq3FrJkn2RJ8tP6oOfnJAkX_fE0CSHtnxuuAPw13CbkEfBGbY6_tYrkJhz6Xg2rmGEm2Bkfrp3TTwgQtG0bVFbYYGdLGnC19yFtEWhlHG0QHDQETmlR-LXLhflWj70j6LA79XTYIbjF7lS5VnKtrCPZRalEb9-z79doDOJtuxza6AdKMIk9/ U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service ''Egg Products and Food Safety'']</ref> This is a concern with many similar dressings that are [[emulsion|emulsified]] with eggs, though generally the [[pH]] level is thought to be [[acidic]] enough to kill those bacteria. Nevertheless, later versions of the recipe call at least for briefly cooked [[coddled egg]]s or [[pasteurized]] eggs. Recipes may omit the egg and produce a "Caesar [[vinaigrette]]". Many variations of this salad exist; [[yogurt]] is sometimes substituted for the eggs to maintain a creamy texture and others call for using mayonnaise, oil and vinegar.
There is inherent risk of infection by [[salmonella]] bacteria occasionally found in raw egg from cracked or improperly washed eggshells.<ref>[http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/egg-products-preparation/egg-products-and-food-safety/ct_index/!ut/p/a1/jZFdb8IgFIZ_DZeU4-qM7q5psqib7YzZrL0x2FJKUoEA2m2_fuhu6tcmXADnfQ-c80BykpFc0r3g1AklaXM454M1zGHQG8UwTUe9Z5gkH_P0JY5huHj0htUfhiS8M__GiOC__OkdDzyYWTzjJNfU1VjISpGMM4eptC0zlmSVUiW2tGLuC1e0cNjWjDkvMM6xNqrcFc76DdPUHMGcKVSWuHMHyQq3FrJkn2RJ8tP6oOfnJAkX_fE0CSHtnxuuAPw13CbkEfBGbY6_tYrkJhz6Xg2rmGEm2Bkfrp3TTwgQtG0bVFbYYGdLGnC19yFtEWhlHG0QHDQETmlR-LXLhflWj70j6LA79XTYIbjF7lS5VnKtrCPZRalEb9-z79doDOJtuxza6AdKMIk9/ U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service ''Egg Products and Food Safety'']</ref> This is a concern with many similar dressings that are [[emulsion|emulsified]] with eggs, though generally the [[pH]] level is thought to be [[acidic]] enough to kill those bacteria. Nevertheless, later versions of the recipe call at least for briefly cooked [[coddled egg]]s or [[pasteurized]] eggs. Recipes may omit the egg and produce a "Caesar [[vinaigrette]]". Many variations of this salad exist; [[yogurt]] is sometimes substituted for the eggs to maintain a creamy texture and others call for using mayonnaise, oil and vinegar.


Revision as of 02:52, 7 November 2014

Caesar salad
A Caesar salad
CourseHors d'œuvre
Place of originMexico
Region or stateTijuana
Created byCaesar Cardini
Serving temperatureChilled or room temperature
Main ingredients
VariationsMultiple
A simple Caesar salad

A Caesar salad is a salad of romaine lettuce and croutons dressed with parmesan cheese, lemon juice, olive oil, egg, Worcestershire sauce, garlic, and black pepper. It is often prepared tableside.

History

The salad's creation is generally attributed to restaurateur Caesar Cardini, an Italian immigrant who operated restaurants in Mexico and the United States.[1] Cardini was living in San Diego but also working in Tijuana where he avoided the restrictions of Prohibition.[2] His daughter Rosa (1928–2003) recounted that her father invented the dish when a Fourth of July 1924 rush depleted the kitchen's supplies. Cardini made do with what he had, adding the dramatic flair of the table-side tossing "by the chef."[3] A number of Cardini's staff have said that they invented the dish.[4][5]

Julia Child said that she had eaten a Caesar salad at Cardini's restaurant when she was a child in the 1920s.[6] The earliest contemporary documentation of Caesar Salad is from a 1946 Lawry's The Prime Rib (Los Angeles, California) restaurant menu, twenty-two years after the 1924 origin attributed to the Cardinis.[7]

Hotel Caesar's on Avenida Revolución, c. 2000

Recipe

The original Caesar salad recipe (unlike his brother Alex's Aviator's salad)[4] did not contain pieces of anchovy; the slight anchovy flavor comes from the Worcestershire sauce. Cardini was opposed to using anchovies in his salad.[8]

In the 1970s, Cardini's daughter said that the original recipe included whole lettuce leaves, which were meant to be lifted by the stem and eaten with the fingers; coddled eggs; and Italian olive oil.[6]

Bottled Caesar dressings are now produced and marketed by many companies.

The trademark brands, "Cardini's", "Caesar Cardini's" and "The Original Caesar Dressing" are all claimed to date to February 1950, though they were only registered decades later,[9] and more than a dozen varieties of bottled Cardini's dressing are available today. Some recipes include mustard, avocado, tomato, bacon bits, garlic cloves or anchovies. Cardini's Brand original Caesar dressing is somewhat different from Rosa's version.[10][11]

Many variations of the salad exist; for example, by topping a Caesar salad with grilled chicken, steak, or seafood. Certain Mexican restaurants may improvise on items such as substituting tortilla strips for croutons or Cotija cheese for the Parmesan. [12] Caesar salad is traditionally prepared in a wooden bowl.[6]

Ingredients

Common ingredients in many recipes:[13]

Variations

One of the most common Caesar salad variations, shown here topped with grilled chicken

There are limitless variations. However, some of the more common are:

Health concerns

There is inherent risk of infection by salmonella bacteria occasionally found in raw egg from cracked or improperly washed eggshells.[14] This is a concern with many similar dressings that are emulsified with eggs, though generally the pH level is thought to be acidic enough to kill those bacteria. Nevertheless, later versions of the recipe call at least for briefly cooked coddled eggs or pasteurized eggs. Recipes may omit the egg and produce a "Caesar vinaigrette". Many variations of this salad exist; yogurt is sometimes substituted for the eggs to maintain a creamy texture and others call for using mayonnaise, oil and vinegar.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cesar Cardini, Creator of Salad, Dies at 60". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 1956. Caesar Cardini, 60, credited with the invention of the Caesar salad, died [...] {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ "Rosa Cardini". Telegraph. September 21, 2003. Retrieved 2012-02-10. Rosa Cardini, who has died in California aged 75, turned the salad dressing created by her father, Caesar, into a staple of modern dining and a million-dollar business. Although the origin of the Caesar Salad is a topic hotly debated by epicures, the generally accepted version is that it was first popularised in the United States in the late 1920s by an Italian immigrant, born Cesare Cardini. He and his brother Alessandro moved to San Diego from Milan after the Great War and then decided to open a restaurant just across the border in Tijuana, Mexico, to attract Americans frustrated by Prohibition. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ 1987 interview with Rosa Cardini, for Mailpac Magazine, LA.
  4. ^ a b In "Hail Caesar", D. Grant quotes Aviator's salad and more (2007)
  5. ^ 1998 notes on claims:
    "Paul Maggiora, a partner of the Cardini's, claimed to have tossed the first Caesar's salad in 1927 for American airmen from San Diego and called it "Aviator's Salad. Caesar's brother Alex had claimed to have developed the salad (he too allegedly called it "aviator's salad"). Livio Santini claimed he made the salad from a recipe of his mother, in the kitchen of Caesar's restaurant when he was 18 years old, in 1925, and that Caesar took the recipe from him.
  6. ^ a b c Julia Child, From Julia Child's Kitchen, 1975.
  7. ^ "Garden Room at the Town House" restaurant, Los Angeles, menu dated October 8, 1946: "Salads ... Caesar ... 1.50."
  8. ^ "My father always used Lea and Perrins Worcestershire sauce, and anchovies are one of its ingredients. [...] He meant this to be a subtle salad, and anchovies can be overwhelming." (Above quoted 1987 interview with Rosa Cardini)
  9. ^ United States Patent and Trademark Office, serial numbers 73426710 "Cardini's", registered 1983 by Caesar Cardini Foods, 73782270 "The Original Caesar Dressing" and "Caesar Cardini's", registered 1989 by Dolefam Corporation, which later merged with T. Marzetti, Search at http://tess2.uspto.gov
  10. ^ Review on Caesar Salad, by "The Grumpy Gourmet," Doral Chenoweth, quote:
    "Today the nearest to Cardini's recipe is a commercial Caesar dressing prepared and marketed by the Marzetti Co."
  11. ^ Marzetti's "Cardini's Original Caesar dressing" is made with soy oil and anchovies, and gluten free, by now— Information on ingredients given by manufacturer
  12. ^ Doral Chenoweth on this:
    "In my reviewing career I have found alleged Caesar salads in this country prepared with [...] [editor's note: almost anything]. It was there that I decided to take up the cause."
    "I walked from the border to Caesar's Bar & Grill, 5th and Main streets. The second floor ballroom was the salad restaurant. Two chefs were treating tourists to technique. They still use Cardini's preferred wooden bowls. My conversation with one of the chefs went like this:
    • Q - Where does the Romaine come from?
      A - Da states.
    • Q - Where does the grated Parmesan come from?
      A - Da states.
    • Q - Where do you get the eggs?
      A - From da chickens.
      Those answers were satisfying. I recrossed the border vowing to defend Caesar Cardini."
  13. ^ "Caesar Salad". www.bettycrocker.com. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  14. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Egg Products and Food Safety

Bibliography

  • Child, Julia. From Julia Child's Kitchen, 1975. ISBN 0-517-20712-5

Further reading

  • Greenfield, Terry D. In Search of Caesar - The Ultimate Caesar Salad Book, Tjicknor & Fields, 1983.
  • Mariani, John F. The Dictionary of American Food & Drink, Ticknor & Fields, 1983.
  • Stradley, Linda. What's Cooking America, Chehalem Publishing, 1997.
  • Trager, James. The Food Chronology, Henry Holt and Company, 1995.
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