List of retired South Pacific cyclone names: Difference between revisions
Jason Rees (talk | contribs) |
Jason Rees (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
During the 1980s twenty-one tropical cyclone names were retired from the naming lists, with both the 1986–87 and 1982–83 season having the most amount of retired tropical cyclone names. The most intense tropical cyclone during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Oscar which had an estimated peak pressure of {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<!-- Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta was the most damaging system, which caused about in damage to seven different countries over the new year of 2003–04. The deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami which caused 17 deaths when it affected Fiji in January 2003. --> |
During the 1980s twenty-one tropical cyclone names were retired from the naming lists, with both the 1986–87 and 1982–83 season having the most amount of retired tropical cyclone names. The most intense tropical cyclone during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Oscar which had an estimated peak pressure of {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.<!-- Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta was the most damaging system, which caused about in damage to seven different countries over the new year of 2003–04. The deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami which caused 17 deaths when it affected Fiji in January 2003. --> |
||
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |
|||
{{Pacific areas affected (Top)}} |
|||
! scope="col" width="1.5%"|Name |
|||
! scope="col" width="21%"|Dates active |
|||
! scope="col" width="20%"|[[Tropical cyclone scales|Peak classification]] |
|||
! scope="col" width="12.5%"|Sustained<br>wind speeds |
|||
! scope="col" width="12.5%"|Pressure |
|||
! scope="col" width="17.5%" class="unsortable"|Areas affected |
|||
! scope="col" width="5%"|Damage<br>(USD) |
|||
! scope="col" width="5%"|Deaths |
|||
! scope="col" width="2.5%" class="unsortable"|Refs |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| Wally || {{Sort| |
| Wally || {{Sort|800402|April 2 – 7, 1980}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|Category 1 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|{{Sort|075|75 km/h (45 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|{{Sort|990|990 hPa (29.25 inHg)}} || Fiji || {{ntsp|2256000}} || {{nts|18}} ||<ref name="emdat"/><ref name="Fiji Late 70s/80s"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Cliff || {{Sort| |
| Cliff || {{Sort|810208|February 8 – 15, 1981}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|120|120 km/h (75 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|970|970 hPa (28.64 inHg)}} || Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Tahmar || {{Sort| |
| Tahmar || {{Sort|810308|March 8 – 13, 1981}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|120|120 km/h (75 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|970|970 hPa (28.64 inHg)}} || French Polynesia || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Gyan || {{Sort| |
| Gyan || {{Sort|811218|December 18 – 29, 1981}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|185|185 km/h (115 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|925|925 hPa (27.32 inHg)}} || Vanuatu || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Isaac || {{Sort| |
| Isaac || {{Sort|820227|February 27 – March 5, 1982}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|175|175 km/h (110 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|930|930 hPa (27.46 inHg)}} || Tonga || {{ntsp|10000000}} || 6 ||<ref name="Tongan Damage">{{cite book|author=Terry, James P.|publisher=Springer|year=2007|pages=52, 63–64|chapter=5 - Meteorological Conditions|isbn=<!--0-387-71542-8, -->9780387715421|url=http://books.google.com/?id=syqPSpliRCwC&printsec=frontcover&q|accessdate=April 7, 2012|title=Tropical cyclones: Climatology and impacts in the South Pacific}}</ref><ref name="Woodroffe1983">{{cite journal|author=Woodroffe, Colin D.|journal=Pacific Science|volume=37|year=1983|issue=3|issn=0030-8870|publisher=University of Hawaii|id={{hdl|10125/675}}|pages=181–210|title=The Impact of Cyclone Isaac on the Coast of Tonga}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Joti || {{Sort| |
| Joti || {{Sort|821031|October 31 – November 7, 1982}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|Category 2 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|110|110 km/h (70 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|975|975 hPa (28.79 inHg)}} || Vanuatu || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Lisa || {{Sort| |
| Lisa || {{Sort|821210|December 10 – 18, 1982}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|Category 2 tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|110|110 km/h (70 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|975|975 hPa (28.79 inHg)}} || Cook Islands || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Mark || {{Sort| |
| Mark || {{Sort|820121|January 21 – February 1, 1983}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h 90 mph}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa 28.20 inHg}} || Fiji || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Oscar || {{Sort| |
| Oscar || {{Sort|820226|February 26 – March 6, 1983}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A5}}|Category 5 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A5}}|{{Sort|205|205 km/h (125 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A5}}|{{Sort|920|920 hPa (27.17 inHg)}} || Fiji || {{ntsp|130000000}} || 9 ||<ref name="Fiji Late 70s/80s"/><ref name="Fiji costs">{{cite news|title=Fiji prepares for worst as cyclone heads for coast|author=Costello, D.|date=December 30, 1986|publisher=Courier-Mail}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Veena || {{Sort| |
| Veena || {{Sort|820408|April 8 – 14, 1983}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|185|185 km/h (115 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || French Polynesia || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Sort|04|Eric}} || {{Sort| |
| {{Sort|04|[[Cyclone Eric|Eric]]}} || {{Sort|850109|January 12 – 20, 1985}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Vanautu, Fiji || rowspan=2|{{ntsp|40000000}} || rowspan=2|9 ||rowspan=2|<ref name="Fiji Late 70s/80s"/><ref name="FJNDMO">{{cite web|author=Laisenia, Tui|title=Disaster Risk Management Risk — Fiji|publisher=Sentinel Asia|url=https://sentinel.tksc.jaxa.jp/announce/2010/08/03/SECRisis0001201008030001/SA2JPTM3/NDMO%20PRESENTATION.pdf|accessdate=July 1, 2011|date=July 3, 2010|work=Fiji National Disaster Management Office|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315072433/https://sentinel.tksc.jaxa.jp/announce/2010/08/03/SECRisis0001201008030001/SA2JPTM3/NDMO%20PRESENTATION.pdf|archivedate=}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{Sort|05|Nigel}} || {{Sort| |
| {{Sort|05|[[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]]}} || {{Sort|850116|January 14 – 20, 1985}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Vanautu, Fiji |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Ima || {{Sort| |
| Ima || {{Sort|860205|February 5 – 16, 1986}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{sort|165|165 km/h (105 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|965|965 hPa (28.50 inHg)}} || Cook Islands || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Cyclone Namu|Namu]] || {{Sort| |
| [[Cyclone Namu|Namu]] || {{Sort|860516|May 16 – 22, 1986}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Solomon Islands || {{ntsp|10000000}} || 111 ||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=ReliefWeb|title=Solomon Islands Cyclone Namu May 1986 UNDRO Situation Reports 1–8|work=United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs|date=May 21, 1986|accessdate=August 7, 2009|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ACOS-64CLZE?OpenDocument}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Raja || {{Sort| |
| Raja || {{Sort|861221|December 21, 1986 – January 5, 1987}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Wallis and Futuna, Fiji || {{ntsp|14000000}} || 2 ||<ref name="emdat"/><ref name="FJNDMO">{{cite web|author=Laisenia, Tui|date=July 3, 2010|title=Disaster Risk Management Risk — Fiji|publisher=Sentinel Asia|work=Fiji National Disaster Management Office|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6StoL7SxA|archivedate=September 27, 2014|url=https://sentinel.tksc.jaxa.jp/announce/2010/08/03/SECRisis0001201008030001/SA2JPTM3/NDMO%20PRESENTATION.pdf|accessdate=September 27, 2014}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Sally || {{Sort| |
| Sally || {{Sort|861226|December 26, 1986 – January 5, 1987}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Cook Islands, Austral Islands || {{ntsp|24561005}} <!-- Rough-->|| ||<ref>{{cite web|author=Kishore, Satya|title=Preliminary tropical cyclone report: 87/5: Tropical Cyclone Sally|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/COK_1987_TC_Sallyreport.pdf|archivedate=June 1, 2011|date=March 26, 1987|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z7EVob16|accessdate=June 1, 2011}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Tusi || {{Sort| |
| [[Cyclone Tusi|Tusi]] || {{Sort|870113|January 13 – 21, 1987}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || American Samoa || {{ntsp|24000000}} || None ||<ref name="Tusi TCR">{{cite report|author=Laidlaw, Michael R|date=February 17, 1987|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: 87/4: Tropical Cyclone Tusi|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z7B9crhr|accessdate=September 26, 2014|archivedate=June 1, 2011|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/ASM_1987_TC_Tusi_report_final.pdf}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Uma || {{Sort| |
| Uma || {{Sort|870204|February 4 – 8, 1987}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{sort|165|165 km/h (105 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|940|940 hPa (27.76 inHg)}} || Vanuatu || {{ntsp|150000000}} || 50 ||<ref name="Vanuatu"/><ref name="VanuatuUN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/profile/plen4d_cdp2009.pdf|pages=8–9|date=March 4, 2009|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=August 9, 2010|title=A Special Submission to the UN Committee for Development Policy on Vanuatu's LDC Status A|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5noFP9TSI|archivedate=February 25, 2010|work=The Government of Vanuatu}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Anne || {{Sort| |
| [[Cyclone Anne|Anne]] || {{Sort|880105|January 5 – 14, 1988}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|185|185 km/h (115 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|925|925 hPa (27.32 inHg)}} || Vanuatu, New Caledonia || Extensive || 2 ||<ref name="Vanuatu"/><ref name="Wellington BT"/> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[ |
| [[Cyclone Bola|Bola]] || {{Sort|880224|February 24 – March 4, 1988}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|175|175 km/h (110 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|940|940 hPa (27.76 inHg)}} || Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand || {{ntsp|82000000}} || 3 || <ref name="Wellington BT"/><ref>{{cite web|year=1991|format=PDF|title=Priority Setting for Government Investment in Forestry Conservation Schemes — An Example from New Zealand|author=O'Loughlin, Colin L.|accessdate=June 11, 2008|publisher=USDA Forest Service|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr130/psw_gtr130_oloughlin.PDF}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Harry || {{Sort| |
| Harry || {{Sort|890208|February 8 – 19, 1989}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{sort|185|185 km/h (115 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A4}}|{{Sort|925|925 hPa (27.32 inHg)}} || New Caledonia || || || |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Lili || {{Sort| |
| Lili || {{Sort|890407|April 7 – 11, 1989}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|Category 3 severe tropical cyclone || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|150|150 km/h (90 mph)}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A3}}|{{Sort|955|955 hPa (28.20 inHg)}} || Solomon Islands, Vanautu, New Caledonia || || || |
||
|-class="sortbottom" |
|-class="sortbottom" |
||
! colspan=10|{{#tag:ref||name=References|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref||name=Intensity|group=nb}} |
! colspan=10|{{#tag:ref||name=References|group=nb}}{{#tag:ref||name=Intensity|group=nb}} |
Revision as of 17:20, 7 December 2014
Category | Sustained winds |
Gusts |
---|---|---|
Five | >107 kn (198 km/h; 123 mph) | >151 kn (280 km/h; 174 mph) |
Four | 86–107 kn (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph) | 122–151 kn (226–280 km/h; 140–174 mph) |
Three | 64–85 kn (119–157 km/h; 74–98 mph) | 90–121 kn (167–224 km/h; 104–139 mph) |
Two | 48–63 kn (89–117 km/h; 55–72 mph) | 68–89 kn (126–165 km/h; 78–102 mph) |
One | 34–47 kn (63–87 km/h; 39–54 mph) | 49–67 kn (91–124 km/h; 56–77 mph) |
Tropical cyclones are non-frontal, low pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft.[1] Within the South Pacific, names are assigned from a pre-determined list, to such systems, once they reach or exceed ten–minute sustained wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph), near the center, by either the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji or the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Wellington, New Zealand.[1] Within the South Pacific, tropical cyclones have been officially named since the 1964–65 South Pacific cyclone season, though a few meteorological papers show that a few tropical cyclones were named before 1964–65.[2][3][4] The names of significant tropical cyclones that have caused a high amount of damage and/or caused a significant amount of deaths are retired from the lists of tropical cyclone names by the World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee at their bi-annual meeting.[1]
Within the South Pacific, there have been a total of 85 tropical cyclone names retired, with the 1990s having the most retired tropical cyclone names. The most intense tropical cyclone to have its name retired was Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe, which had an estimated peak pressure of 890 mbar (26 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it affected the Solomon Islands in May 1986. The most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Val which caused over US$330 million in damage to seven different countries during December 1991.
Background
Within the region the credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems, is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 - 1907.[5] Wragge used names drawn from the letters of the Greek alphabet, Greek and Roman mythology and female names, to describe weather systems over Australia, New Zealand and the Antarctic.[5] After the new Australian government had failed to create a federal weather bureau and appoint him director, Wragge started naming cyclones after political figures.[6] This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the region, by the New Caledonia Meteorological Office during the 1958-59 cyclone season.[5][7] During the 1963-64 cyclone season the Australian Bureau of Meteorology started to use female names for tropical cyclones that occurred within the Australian region, before the New Zealand Meteorological Service's Fiji office also started using female names for tropical cyclones within the South Pacific during the 1969-70 cyclone season.[5][7] During the International Women's Year of 1975 the NZMS decided to incorporate male names into the naming lists for the South Pacific, following a request from the Fiji National Council of Women who considered the practice discrimination.[5] At around the same time the Australian Science Minister ordered that tropical cyclones, within the Australian region should carry both men's and women's names.[5] This was because the minster thought "that both sexes should bear the odium of the devastation caused by cyclones."[5] As a result male names were added to the lists of names for both basins, ahead of the 1975-76 season.[5][8]
Later that decade as the dual sex naming of tropical cyclones started in the Northern Hemisphere, the NZMS looked at adding ethnic Pacific names to the naming lists rather than the European names that were currently used.[5] As a result of the many languages and cultures in the Pacific there was a lot of discussion surrounding this matter, with one name "Oni" being dropped as it meant the end of the world in one language.[5] One proposal suggested that cyclones be named from the country nearest to which they formed, however, this was dropped when it was realized that a cyclone might be less destructive in its formative stage than later in its development.[5] Eventually it was decided to throw names from all over the South Pacific into a pot at a training course, where each course member provided a list of names that were short, easily pronounced, culturally acceptable throughout the Pacific and did not contain any idiosyncrasies.[5] These names were then collated, edited for suitability before being cross checked with the group for acceptability.[5] It was intended that the four lists of names should be alphabetical with alternative male and female names while using only ethnic names, however it was not possible to complete the lists using only ethnic names so some European names were added in.[5] As a result there was a scattering of European names in the final naming lists, which have been used by the Fiji Meteorological Service and NZMS since the 1980-81 season.[5]
The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Northern Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[9] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference, that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[9][10] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various other reasons than causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and political reasons.[11][12]
Tropical cyclone names retired in the 1970s
During the 1970s, nineteen tropical cyclone names were retired from the list of names, with the 1971–72 season having the most amount of retired tropical cyclone names. Severe Tropical Cyclone Carlotta, was the most intense tropical cyclone, during the decade with an estimated peak pressure of 940 hPa (28 inHg).
Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Wind speed | Pressure | |||||||
Rosie | December 30, 1970 – January 4, 1971 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | Minor | [13] | ||
Vivienne | December 17 – 19, 1971 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) | French Polynesia | ||||
Carlotta | January 8 – 26, 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia | Unknown | 4 | [13][14] | |
Wendy | January 23 – February 9, 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | 4 | [13][15] | ||
Agatha | March 27 – 29, 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Cook Islands | ||||
Bebe | October 19 – 28, 1972 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Kiribati, Tuvalu, Fiji | $20 million | 24 | [16][17] | |
Lottie | December 5 – 12, 1973 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Fiji, Tonga | 80 | [18] | ||
Tina | April 24 – 28, 1974 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Fiji, Tonga | ||||
Alison | March 4 – 12, 1975 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand | $1 million | [19] | ||
Elsa | January 21 – 26, 1976 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | None | [13] | ||
Marion | January 12 – 21, 1977 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Vanuatu | ||||
Robert | April 16 – 22, 1977 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | French Polynesia | ||||
Bob | January 31 – February 12, 1978 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, New Zealand | Moderate | 1 | [20] | |
Charles | February 14 – 28, 1978 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Samoan Islands | ||||
Diana | February 15 – 22, 1978 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | French Polynesia | ||||
Fay | December 27 – 31, 1978 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Fiji | Moderate | [20] | ||
Gordon | January 4 – 12, 1979 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia | Severe | [13] | ||
Kerry | February 13 - March 6, 1979 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Australia | 4 | [14] | ||
Meli | March 24 – 31, 1979 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Fiji | Severe | 53 | [20] | |
[nb 1][nb 2] |
Tropical cyclone names retired in the 1980s
During the 1980s twenty-one tropical cyclone names were retired from the naming lists, with both the 1986–87 and 1982–83 season having the most amount of retired tropical cyclone names. The most intense tropical cyclone during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Oscar which had an estimated peak pressure of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg).
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wally | April 2 – 7, 1980 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.25 inHg) | Fiji | 2.26 million | 18 | [15][20] | |
Cliff | February 8 – 15, 1981 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia | ||||
Tahmar | March 8 – 13, 1981 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | French Polynesia | ||||
Gyan | December 18 – 29, 1981 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Vanuatu | ||||
Isaac | February 27 – March 5, 1982 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Tonga | 10 million | 6 | [22][23] | |
Joti | October 31 – November 7, 1982 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Vanuatu | ||||
Lisa | December 10 – 18, 1982 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Cook Islands | ||||
Mark | January 21 – February 1, 1983 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h 90 mph | 955 hPa 28.20 inHg | Fiji | ||||
Oscar | February 26 – March 6, 1983 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Fiji | 130 million | 9 | [20][24] | |
Veena | April 8 – 14, 1983 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | French Polynesia | ||||
Eric | January 12 – 20, 1985 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Vanautu, Fiji | 40 million | 9 | [20][25] | |
Nigel | January 14 – 20, 1985 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Vanautu, Fiji | ||||
Ima | February 5 – 16, 1986 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Cook Islands | ||||
Namu | May 16 – 22, 1986 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Solomon Islands | 10 million | 111 | [26] | |
Raja | December 21, 1986 – January 5, 1987 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Fiji | 14 million | 2 | [15][25] | |
Sally | December 26, 1986 – January 5, 1987 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Cook Islands, Austral Islands | 24.6 million | [27] | ||
Tusi | January 13 – 21, 1987 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | American Samoa | 24 million | None | [28] | |
Uma | February 4 – 8, 1987 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Vanuatu | 150 million | 50 | [4][29] | |
Anne | January 5 – 14, 1988 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | Extensive | 2 | [4][21] | |
Bola | February 24 – March 4, 1988 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand | 82 million | 3 | [21][30] | |
Harry | February 8 – 19, 1989 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | New Caledonia | ||||
Lili | April 7 – 11, 1989 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanautu, New Caledonia | ||||
[nb 1][nb 2] |
Tropical cyclone names retired in the 1990s
During the 1990s twenty-six tropical cyclones names were retired from the naming lists, with the 1997–98 season having the most amount of retired tropical cyclone names. The most intense tropical cyclones during the decade were Severe Tropical Cyclones Ron and Susan which had an estimated peak pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg). Severe Tropical Cyclone Val was the most damaging system, which caused about 250 million (1992 USD) in damage to four different countries during December 1991. The deadliest tropical cyclone was Severe Tropical Cyclone Martin which caused 28 deaths when it affected the Cook Islands in October and November 1997. Despite being retired the name Joni, was later reused during the 2008–09 season.
Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Ofa | January 27 – February 10, 1990 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Tuvalu, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa, American Samoa, Niue, Tonga | $187 million | 8 | [31][32][33][34][15] |
Peni | February 12 – 18, 1990 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.65 inHg) | Cook Islands | |||
Sina | November 20 – December 4, 1990 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Fiji, Tonga, Niue, Cook Islands | $18.5 million | None | [22][35][36] |
Tia | November 13 – 21, 1991 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | None | Minimal | [21][37] |
Val | December 4 – 17, 1991 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Tuvalu, Western Samoa American Samoa, Cook Islands |
$330 million | 16 | [38][39] |
Wasa | December 4 – 18, 1991 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | French Polynesia | 2 | ||
Betsy | January 4 – 15, 1992 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Vanuatu | $2 million | 2 | [4][40] |
Esau | February 24 – March 7, 1992 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Vanuatu | |||
Fran | March 4 – 17, 1992 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 920 hPa, (27.17 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Vanuatu New Caledonia, Eastern Australia |
|||
Joni | December 5 – 14, 1992 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Tuvalu, Fiji | $1.6 million | [25] | |
Kina | December 26, 1992 – January 6, 1993 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (95 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Fiji, Tonga | $110 million | 26 | [22][25][36] |
Prema | March 26 – April 6, 1993 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | $60 million | [41] | |
Rewa | December 26, 1993 – January 23, 1994 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa, (27.17 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea New Caledonia, Eastern Australia, New Zealand |
Unknown | 22 | |
William | December 30, 1994 – January 5, 1995 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.80 inHg) | Cook Islands, French Polynesia | $2.5 million | None | [42] |
Beti | March 21 – April 2, 1996 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Eastern Australia, Vanuatu New Caledonia, New Zealand |
$5.6 million | 2 | [43][44] |
Drena | January 3 – 10, 1997 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | New Caledonia | [45] | ||
Gavin | March 3 – 12, 1997 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Tuvalu, Fiji | $18.3 million | [25][43][45] | |
Hina | March 13 – 18, 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 975 hPa (28.80 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga | $75.2 million | [22][25][43][45] | |
Keli | June 7 – 17, 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (95 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Tuvulu, Wallis and Futuna, Tonga | $10,000 | None | [46] |
Martin | October 27 – November 5, 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Cook Islands, French Polynesia | $17.6 million | 28 | [47][48][49] |
Osea | November 24 – 28, 1997 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (95 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Cook Islands, French Polynesia | None | [47] | |
Ron | January 2 – 8, 1997 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Tokelau, Tonga, Niue | $566,499 | None | [22][43][47] |
Susan | December 20, 1997 – January 9, 1998 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Vanuatu, Fiji | Minor | 1 | [47] |
Tui | January 25 – 27, 1998 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 990 hPa (29.25 inHg) | Western Samoa, American Samoa | $1 million | 1 | [43][47] |
Ursula | January 30 – February 1, 1998 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | French Polynesia | Minor | None | [47] |
Veli | February 1 – 3, 1998 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | French Polynesia | Minor | None | [47] |
Alan | April 17 – April 25, 1998 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.31 inHg) | French Polynesia | 8 | [47] | |
Cora | December 23 – 28, 1998 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Tonga | $12 million | None | [22][50] |
Dani | January 15 – 22, 1999 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji | $2 million | 14 | [43][50][51] |
Frank | February 18 – 21, 1999 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (95 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | New Caledonia | [50] | ||
[nb 1][nb 2] |
Tropical cyclone names retired in the 2000s
During the 2000s, 20 names of significant tropical cyclones were retired from the tropical cyclone list of names. Four names were retired after both the 2002–03 and 2004–05 seasons while the 2009-10 season had five names retired. No names were retired from the naming lists, after the 2005-06 and 2008-09 seasons. During the decade, Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe of 2002-03 became the most intense tropical cyclone to have its name retired having reached an estimated peak pressure of 890 hPa (26.28 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired during the decade was Severe Tropical Cyclone Ami which caused 17 deaths when it affected Fiji in January 2003, while the most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta which caused over US$225 million in damage to 7 different nations over the new year of 2003–04.
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kim | February 23 – 29, 2000 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | French Polynesia | Minimal | None | [52][53] | |
Paula | February 26 – March 4, 2001 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga | $1.39 million | 2 | [43][54] | |
Sose | April 5 – 11, 2001 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia | 4 | [54] | ||
Trina | November 29 – December 3, 2001 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h 40 mph | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | Cook Islands | $52,000 | None | [55][56] | |
Waka | December 19, 2001 – January 2, 2002 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Tonga | $51.3 million | 1 | [22][43][55] | |
Zoe | December 23, 2001 – January 1, 2003 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 240 km/h (150 mph) | 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | Severe | None | [57] | |
Ami | January 9 – 15, 2003 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Tuvalu, Fiji, Tonga | $65 million | 17 | [43][57][58] | |
Beni | January 25 – February 5, 2003 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Australia | $1 million | 1 | [43][57] | |
Cilla | January 27 – 29, 2003 | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) | Tonga | [57] | |||
Heta | December 25, 2003 – January 8, 2004 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Samoa, American Samoa, Niue, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna | $225 million | 3 | [15][43][59][60] | |
Ivy | February 21 – March 2, 2004 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Vanuatu | $4.35 million | 2 | [43][59][61] | |
Meena | February 1 – 8, 2005 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Cook Islands | Severe | None | [62] | |
Nancy | February 10 – 17, 2005 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Cook Islands | Severe | None | [62] | |
Olaf | February 10 – 20, 2005 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (140 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Samoan islands, Cook Islands | $10.2 million | 9 | [15][62][63][64][65] | |
Percy | February 24 – March 5, 2005 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 230 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Tokelau, Samoan islands, Cook Islands | $52,000 | [62][66] | ||
Cliff | April 1 – 6, 2007 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 980 hPa 28.94 inHg | Fiji, Tonga | $4 million | 1 | [67] | |
Daman | December 2 – 10, 2008 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Fiji, Tonga | $330,000 | None | [67] | |
Funa | January 14 – 21, 2008 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Vanuatu | Severe | None | [67] | |
Gene | January 25 – February 9, 2008 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Fiji | $35 million | 8 | [67][68] | |
Mick | December 3 – 15, 2009 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Fiji | $33 million | 3 | [69][70] | |
[nb 1][nb 2] |
Tropical cyclone names retired in the 2010s
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Retired_South_Pacific_cyclone_tracks_2010s.png/220px-Retired_South_Pacific_cyclone_tracks_2010s.png)
At the start of the 2010s, four names were retired: Oli, Pat, Tomas and Ului. Collectively, the storms killed at least 6 people and caused at least $200 million worth of damage.
Name | Dates active | Peak classification | Sustained wind speeds |
Pressure | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oli | January 29 – February 7, 2010 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Cook Islands, French Polynesia | $70 million | 1 | [15][71] | |
Pat | February 6 – 11, 2010 | Category 3 severe tropical cyclone | 155 km/h (95 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Cook Islands | Severe | 2 | ||
Tomas | March 9 – 17, 2010 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Wallis and Futuna, Fiji | $45 million | 3 | [72] | |
Ului | March 9 – 21, 2010 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Australia | $72 million | 1 | [73] | |
Vania | January 5 – 15, 2011 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 973 | Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand | $11 million | None | [74] | |
Wilma | January 19 – 28, 2011 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Samoan Islands, Tonga, New Zealand | $22 million | 3 | [75][76] | |
Yasi | January 26 – February 7, 2011 | Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Australia | ||||
Atu | February 13 – 24, 2011 | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 937 hPa (27.67 inHg) | New Caledonia, Vanuatu | ||||
[nb 1] |
See also
- List of retired tropical cyclone names
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- List of retired Pacific hurricane names
- List of retired Pacific typhoon names
- List of retired Australian cyclone names
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d Unattributed (May 23, 2011). "Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean" (PDF). RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved May 23, 2011. Cite error: The named reference "SPAC TCOP" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Terry, James P. (2007). "3.4". Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-387-71542-1.
- ^ Callaghan, Jeff (August 12, 2004). "Tropical Cyclone Impacts along the Australian east coast from November to April 1858–2000" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. May 19, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Smith, Ray (1990). "What's in a Name?" (PDF). Weather and Climate. 10 (1). The Meteorological Society of New Zealand: 24–26. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal M (June 1, 2014). "Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Kerr, Ian S (March 1, 1976). "Tropical Storms and Hurricanes in the southwest Pacific: November 1939 to May 1969". New Zealand Meteorological Service. pp. 23–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Sex-Shift in Australia: A Cyclone Named 'Alan'". New York Times. Reuters. September 30, 1975. – via New York Times (subscription required)
- ^ a b Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (October 23, 2012). "They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones" (PPTX). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. Slides 8–72.
- ^ Reuters (June 1, 1969). "It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. p. 2.
{{cite news}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required) - ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee (May 30, 2013). "Chapter 9: Tropical Cyclone Names". Regional Association IV: Hurricane Operational Plan 2013 (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 98–99. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
- ^ Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions:. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1939 to 1989" (PDF). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. February 19, 1991. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ a b Radford, Deirdre A; Blong, Russell J (1992). Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands. Vol. Volume 1 (2 ed.). The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. pp. 85–88, 96–101, . Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Meteorology. "Appendix A – Cyclones just outside the Australian region. Hurricane "Bebe"". Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Australian Regions. Australian Government Publishing Service. pp. 92–96.
- ^ Wilson, Elwyn E (January 1973). "October Hurricane Clobbers Fiji". Mariners Weather Log. 17 (1). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 19–20.
- ^ http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea404.pdf
- ^ Bell, D. H. (1976). "High intensity rainstorms and geological hazards: Cyclone Alison, March 1975, Kaikoura, New Zealand". Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology. 13 (1). Springer: 189–200. doi:10.1007/BF02634795. ISSN 1435-9529. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Summary of cyclones affecting Fiji 1977 - 1987 (incl) (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
- ^ a b c d MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g Terry, James P. (2007). "5 - Meteorological Conditions". Tropical cyclones: Climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. pp. 52, 63–64. ISBN 9780387715421. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ Woodroffe, Colin D. (1983). "The Impact of Cyclone Isaac on the Coast of Tonga". Pacific Science. 37 (3). University of Hawaii: 181–210. ISSN 0030-8870. hdl:10125/675.
- ^ Costello, D. (December 30, 1986). "Fiji prepares for worst as cyclone heads for coast". Courier-Mail.
- ^ a b c d e f Laisenia, Tui (July 3, 2010). "Disaster Risk Management Risk — Fiji" (PDF). Fiji National Disaster Management Office. Sentinel Asia (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2011.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-url=
requires|archive-date=
(help) Cite error: The named reference "FJNDMO" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ "Solomon Islands Cyclone Namu May 1986 UNDRO Situation Reports 1–8". United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. May 21, 1986. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Kishore, Satya (March 26, 1987). "Preliminary tropical cyclone report: 87/5: Tropical Cyclone Sally". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ Laidlaw, Michael R (February 17, 1987). Tropical Cyclone Report: 87/4: Tropical Cyclone Tusi (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
- ^ "A Special Submission to the UN Committee for Development Policy on Vanuatu's LDC Status A". The Government of Vanuatu. United Nations. March 4, 2009. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ O'Loughlin, Colin L. (1991). "Priority Setting for Government Investment in Forestry Conservation Schemes — An Example from New Zealand" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
- ^ Ready, Steve; Woodcock, Frank (June 2, 1992). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–90" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine (The Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal). 40. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 111–121. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
- ^ Terry, James P (2007). "5 - Meteorological Conditions". Tropical cyclones: Climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. pp. 52, 63–64. ISBN 9780387715421. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
- ^ Prasad, Rajendra; Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (April 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 28 - February 9 (Tropical Cyclone Report 90/4). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center. Tanner, Roger W; Miller, Vince (eds.). "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: February 1990". 32 (2). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service: 101. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Bannistar, A.J; Smith, K.J. (December 4, 1993). "The South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1990–91" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine (42). Bureau of Meteorology: 175–182.
- ^ a b Downing, Thomas E.; Olsthoorn, Alexander A.; Tol, Richard S. J. (1999). "9.4". Climate, change and risk. Routledge. pp. 229–231. ISBN 0-415-17031-1. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ Ward, Graham F.A; Nadi Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (1992). Tropical Cyclone Tia, November 14 - 21, 1991 (Tropical Cyclone Report 92/3). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
{{cite report}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Gill, Jonathan P. (September 3, 1994). "The South Pacific and south-east Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1991–92" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine (43). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 181–192.
- ^ Fairbairn, T. (1997). The economic impact of natural disasters in the South Pacific with special reference to Fiji, Western Samoa, Niue, and Papua New Guinea (PDF). South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program. ISBN 982-364-001-7.
- ^ Unattributed (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Betsy". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
- ^ "Vanuatu Cyclone Perma Mar 1993 UNDHA Information Reports 1–5". Reliefweb. 1993. Archived from the original on August 2, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ Barr, Joe (September 17, 2008). "Event Information: Tropical Cyclone William". Pacific Disaster.Net. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McKenzie, Emily; Prasad, Biman; Kaloumaira, Atu (2005). "Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on development in the Pacific Volume 1: Research Report". Australian Agency for International Development, The University of the South Pacific, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Pacific Disaster.net. pp. 10–89. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Callaghan, Jeff (December 4, 1997). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1995-96" (PDF). Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal. 46. Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 325–339. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c Hanstrum, B.N.; Reader, G (September 3, 1999). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1996–97" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 48 (3): 197–210. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ McKenzie, Emily; Prasad, Biman; Kaloumaira, Atu (March 17, 2006). "Tool One: Guidelines for estimating the economic impact of natural disasters" (PDF). The University of the South Pacific, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. Australian Agency for International Development. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 29, 2007). "Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1997–98". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
- ^ "Coroner confirms Cyclone Martin Victims". Cook Islands Government. June 20, 2007. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ^ Project completion report on the cyclone emergency rehabilitation project (Loan 1588-COO[SF]) in the Cook Islands (PDF) (Report). Asian Development Bank. November 29, 2000. p. 8. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ a b c RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (1999). RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1998–99 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
{{cite report}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Tropical Cyclones Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States Natural Hazards in the Pacific — Fact sheet 1". South Pacific Applied Geo-science Commission. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
- ^ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (2000). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1999-00". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Padgett, Gary (2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2000". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (2001). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2000–01". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (2002). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2001–02". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ http://reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BUTH?OpenDocument&rc=5&emid=ST-2001-0659-COK
- ^ a b c d RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2002–03". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ Méheux, Kirstie (November 7, 2007). "An Evaluation of Participatory Damage Assessment Policy and Practice in Fiji". Island Vulnerability. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ a b RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (2005). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2003–04". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ Unattributed (2003). "Storm events for American Samoa: Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ Unattributed (November 11, 2004). "Catastrophe Insurance pilot project, Port Vila Vanuatu: developing risk-management options for disasters in the Pacific Region". South Pacific Applied Geo-science Commission. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c d RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (2005). "RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2004–05". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ Unattributed (2005). "Storm events for American Samoa: Tropical Cyclone Olaf". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ Unattributed (2005). "Storm events for American Samoa: Strong Wind (Tropical Cyclone Olaf)". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ Unattributed (2005). "Storm events for American Samoa: heavy surf/high surf (Tropical Cyclone Olaf)". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ "Storm events for American Samoa: Tropical Cyclone Percy". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 12, 2009). "Tropical cyclone season summary 2006–07 and 2007–08". Fiji Meteorological Service. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ Fiji National Disaster Management Council (July 2, 2008). Tropical Cyclone Gene (National Task Force Report). Fiji Government. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W.; Devi, Swastika (December 16, 2010). Flooding in the Fiji Islands between 1840 and 2009 (PDF) (Report). Risk Frontiers. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
- ^ Fiji National Disaster Management Council (January 8, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Mick Damages Assessments, Response & Relief Actions and Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Recommendations (Report). Ministry of Provincial Development & National Disaster Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
{{cite report}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Cyclone Oli estimated to have caused US$11m worth of damage". Radio New Zealand International. February 8, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ^ Fiji National Disaster Management Council (June 1, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Tomas Damages Assessments, Response & Relief Actions and Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Recommendations (Report). Ministry of Provincial Development & National Disaster Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
{{cite report}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Queensland Regional Office (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Ului Impacts". Australian: Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Unattributed (January 21, 2011). "Lengthy repair expected for New Caledonia roads after Vania". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ Staff Writer (January 24, 2011). "Cyclone Wilma blows over Samoa, strengthening en route to Fiji". Honolulu Star Advertiser. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Unattributed (January 27, 2011). "Samoan flood deaths could have been avoided — disaster official". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved January 29, 2011.