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The cells from Henrietta's tumor were taken by researcher [[George Gey]], who "discovered that [Henrietta's] cells did something they'd never seen before: They could be kept alive and grow."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/WN/womans-cells-changed-medicine/story?id=9712579| title=How One Woman's Cells Changed Medicine|accessdate=2012-08-19 | last1=Claiborne| first1=Ron| last2= Wright IV| first2=Sydney |publisher=[[ABC World News]]| date=2010-01-31}}</ref> Before this, cells cultured from other cells would only survive for a few days. Scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on the cells, but some cells from Lacks's tumor sample behaved differently from others. George Gey was able to isolate one specific cell, multiply it, and start a cell line. Gey named the sample HeLa, after the initial letters of Henrietta Lacks' name. As the first human cells grown in a lab that were "immortal" (they do not die after a few cell divisions), they could be used for conducting many experiments. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research.<ref name="vpbio"/>
The cells from Henrietta's tumor were taken by researcher [[George Gey]], who "discovered that [Henrietta's] cells did something they'd never seen before: They could be kept alive and grow."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/WN/womans-cells-changed-medicine/story?id=9712579| title=How One Woman's Cells Changed Medicine|accessdate=2012-08-19 | last1=Claiborne| first1=Ron| last2= Wright IV| first2=Sydney |publisher=[[ABC World News]]| date=2010-01-31}}</ref> Before this, cells cultured from other cells would only survive for a few days. Scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on the cells, but some cells from Lacks's tumor sample behaved differently from others. George Gey was able to isolate one specific cell, multiply it, and start a cell line. Gey named the sample HeLa, after the initial letters of Henrietta Lacks' name. As the first human cells grown in a lab that were "immortal" (they do not die after a few cell divisions), they could be used for conducting many experiments. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research.<ref name="vpbio"/>


The stable growth of HeLa enabled a researcher at the University of Minnesota hospital to successfully grow [[polio]] virus, enabling the development of a vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses| journal= J Exp Med.| date= May 1, 1953| volume= 97| issue= 5| pages= 695–710| PMC= PMC2136303|last=
As reporter [[Michael A. Rogers|Michael Rogers]] stated, the growth of HeLa by a researcher at the hospital helped answer the demands of the 10,000 who marched for a cure to [[polio]] shortly before Lacks' death {{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}. By 1954, the HeLa strain of cells was being used by [[Jonas Salk]] to develop a [[polio vaccine|vaccine for polio]].<ref name="vpbio"/><ref name = "Smith_2002" >{{cite news |first=Van |last=Smith |title=Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science|url=http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3426 |newspaper=[[Baltimore City Paper]] |date=2002-04-17 |accessdate=2012-08-19}}</ref> To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were quickly put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Skloot|2010|p=96}}</ref>
Scherer| first= William F.| last2= Syverton| first2= Jerome T. | last3= Gey| first3= George O.}}</ref> By 1954[[Jonas Salk]] developed a [[polio vaccine|vaccine for polio]] using these cells.<ref name="vpbio"/><ref name = "Smith_2002" >{{cite news |first=Van |last=Smith |title=Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science|url=http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3426 |newspaper=[[Baltimore City Paper]] |date=2002-04-17 |accessdate=2012-08-19}}</ref> To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were quickly put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Skloot|2010|p=96}}</ref>


In 1955 HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned.<ref>^ Puck TT, Marcus PI. A Rapid Method for Viable Cell Titration and Clone Production With Hela Cells In Tissue Culture: The Use of X-Irradiated Cells to Supply Conditioning Factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 Jul 15;41(7):432-7. URL: PNASJSTOR</ref>
In 1955 HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned.<ref>^ Puck TT, Marcus PI. A Rapid Method for Viable Cell Titration and Clone Production With Hela Cells In Tissue Culture: The Use of X-Irradiated Cells to Supply Conditioning Factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 Jul 15;41(7):432-7. URL: PNASJSTOR</ref>

Revision as of 02:59, 22 December 2014

For other uses, see Hela (disambiguation).
HeLa (cells)
Scanning electron micrograph of an apoptotic HeLa cell. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.
Multiphoton fluorescence image of cultured HeLa cells with a fluorescent protein targeted to the Golgi apparatus (orange), microtubules (green) and counterstained for DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.
Identifiers
MeSHD006367
Anatomical terminology

A HeLa cell /ˈhiːlɑː/, also Hela or hela cell, is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line.[1] The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951,[2] from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific as illustrated by its contamination of many other cell lines used in research.[3][4]

The cells from Henrietta's tumor were taken by researcher George Gey, who "discovered that [Henrietta's] cells did something they'd never seen before: They could be kept alive and grow."[5] Before this, cells cultured from other cells would only survive for a few days. Scientists spent more time trying to keep the cells alive than performing actual research on the cells, but some cells from Lacks's tumor sample behaved differently from others. George Gey was able to isolate one specific cell, multiply it, and start a cell line. Gey named the sample HeLa, after the initial letters of Henrietta Lacks' name. As the first human cells grown in a lab that were "immortal" (they do not die after a few cell divisions), they could be used for conducting many experiments. This represented an enormous boon to medical and biological research.[4]

The stable growth of HeLa enabled a researcher at the University of Minnesota hospital to successfully grow polio virus, enabling the development of a vaccine.[6] By 1954Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for polio using these cells.[4][7] To test Salk's new vaccine, the cells were quickly put into mass production in the first-ever cell production factory.[8]

In 1955 HeLa cells were the first human cells successfully cloned.[9]

Demand for the HeLa cells quickly grew. Since they were put into mass production, Henrietta's cells have been used by scientists around the globe for "research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits".[7] HeLa cells have been used to test human sensitivity to tape, glue, cosmetics, and many other products.[4] Scientists have grown some 20 tons of her cells,[4][10] and there are almost 11,000 patents involving HeLa cells.[4]

History

Origin

Henrietta Lacks (circa 1945–1951) whose cells were used to create the cell HeLa cell line

The cells were propagated by George Otto Gey shortly before Lacks died of her cancer in 1951. This was the first human cell line to prove successful in vitro, which was a scientific achievement with profound future benefit to medical research. Gey freely donated these cells, along with the tools and processes his lab developed, to any scientist requesting them simply for the benefit of science. Neither Lacks nor her family gave Lacks's physician permission to harvest the cells, but, at that time, permission was neither required nor customarily sought.[11] The cells were later commercialized, although never patented in their original form. Then, as now, there was no requirement to inform a patient, or their relatives, about such matters because discarded material, or material obtained during surgery, diagnosis, or therapy, was the property of the physician and/or medical institution (this currently requires ethical approval and patient consent in the UK). This issue and Lacks's situation was brought up in the Supreme Court of California case of Moore v. Regents of the University of California. The court ruled that a person's discarded tissue and cells are not their property and can be commercialized.[12]

At first, the cell line was said to be named after a "Helen Lane" or "Helen Larson", in order to preserve Lacks's anonymity. Despite this attempt, her real name was used by the press within a few years of her death. These cells are treated as cancer cells, as they are descended from a biopsy taken from a visible lesion on the cervix as part of Lacks's diagnosis of cancer. A debate still continues on the classification of the cells.[citation needed]

HeLa cells, like other cell lines, are termed "immortal" in that they can divide an unlimited number of times in a laboratory cell culture plate as long as fundamental cell survival conditions are met (i.e., being maintained and sustained in a suitable environment). There are many strains of HeLa cells as they continue to mutate in cell cultures, but all HeLa cells are descended from the same tumor cells removed from Lacks. It has been estimated that the total number of HeLa cells that have been propagated in cell culture far exceeds the total number of cells that were in Henrietta Lacks's body.[13]

Use in research

HeLa cells were used by Jonas Salk to test the first polio vaccine in the 1950s. They were observed to be easily infected by poliomyelitis, causing infected cells to die.[14] This made HeLa cells highly desirable for polio vaccine testing since results could be easily obtained. A large volume of HeLa cells were needed for the testing of Salk’s polio vaccine, prompting the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP) to find a facility capable of mass-producing HeLa cells.[15] In the spring of 1953, a cell culture factory was established at Tuskegee University to supply Salk, as well as other labs, with HeLa cells.[16] Less than a year later, Salk’s vaccine was ready for human trials.[17]

HeLa cells were also the first human cells to be successfully cloned in 1955 by Theodore Puck and Philip I Marcus at the University of Colorado, Denver.[18] Since that time, HeLa cells have been used for "research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and toxic substances, gene mapping, and many other scientific pursuits".[7] According to author Rebecca Skloot, by 2009, "more than 60,000 scientific articles had been published about research done on HeLa, and that number was increasing steadily at a rate of more than 300 papers each month."[12]

HeLa cells have been used in testing how parvo virus infects cells of humans, HeLa, dogs, and cats.[19] These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the Oropouche virus (OROV). OROV causes the disruption of cells in cultured cells where cells begin to degenerate shortly after they are infected causing viral induction of apoptosis.[20] HeLa cells have been used in the study of the expression of the papillomavirus E2 and apoptosis.[21] HeLa cells have also been used to study canine distemper virus' ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines.[22] This virus' ability to induce apoptosis could play an important role in developing treatments for tumor cells resistant to radiation and chemotherapy.[22] HeLa cells have also been used in a number of cancer studies including those involving sex steroid hormones such as Estradiol, estrogen, and estrogen receptors along with estrogen like compound such as Quercetin and its cancer reducing properties.[23] There have also been studies on HeLa cells, the effects of flavonoids and antioxidants with estradiol on cancer cell proliferation. HeLa cells were used to investigate the phytochemical compounds and the fundamental mechanism of the anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of mango peel (EEMP). EEMP was found to contain various phenolic compounds and to activate death through apoptosis of human cervical malignant HeLa cells which suggests EEMP may help to prevent cervical cancer as well as other types of cancers.[24]

In 2011, HeLa cells were used in tests of novel heptamethine dyes IR-808 and other analogs which are currently being explored for their unique uses in medical diagnostics, the development of theranostics, the individualized treatment of cancerous patients with the aid of PDT, co-administration with other drugs, and irradiation.[25][26] HeLa cells have been used in research involving fullerenes to induce apoptosis as a part of Photodynamic therapy as well as in in vitro cancer research using cell lines.[27] Further HeLa cells have also been used to define cancer markers in RNA, and have been used to establish an RNAi Based Identification System and Interference of Specific Cancer Cells.[28]

Analysis

Telomerase

The HeLa cell line was derived for use in cancer research. These cells proliferate abnormally rapidly, even compared to other cancer cells. Like many other cancer cells,[29] HeLa cells have an active version of telomerase during cell division,[30] which prevents the incremental shortening of telomeres that is implicated in aging and eventual cell death. In this way the cells circumvent the Hayflick Limit, which is the limited number of cell divisions that most normal cells can later undergo before becoming senescent.

Chromosome number

Horizontal gene transfer from human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) to human cervical cells created the HeLa genome which is different from Henrietta Lacks' genome in various ways, including its number of chromosomes. HeLa cells are rapidly dividing cancer cells, and the number of chromosomes varied during cancer formation and cell culture. The current estimate (excluding very tiny fragments) is a "hypertriploid chromosome number (3n+)" which means 76 to 80 total chromosomes (rather than the normal diploid number of 46) with 22–25 clonally abnormal chromosomes, known as HeLa signature chromosomes."[31][32][33][34] The signature chromosomes can be derived from multiple original chromosomes making challenging summary counts based on original numbering. Researchers have also noted how stable these aberrant karyotypes can be.[31]

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently integrated into the cellular DNA in cervical cancers. We mapped by FISH five HPV18 integration sites: three on normal chromosomes 8 at 8q24 and two on derivative chromosomes, der(5)t(5;22;8)(q11;q11q13;q24) and der(22)t(8;22)(q24;q13), which have chromosome 8q24 material. An 8q24 copy number increase was detected by CGH. Dual-color FISH with a c-MYC probe mapping to 8q24 revealed colocalization with HPV18 at all integration sites, indicating that dispersion and amplification of the c-MYC gene sequences occurred after and was most likely triggered by the viral insertion at a single integration site. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations identified by SKY, genomic imbalances detected by CGH, as well as FISH localization of HPV18 integration at the c-MYC locus in HeLa cells are common and representative for advanced stage cervical cell carcinomas. The HeLa genome has been remarkably stable after years of continuous cultivation; therefore, the genetic alterations detected may have been present in the primary tumor and reflect events that are relevant to the development of cervical cancer.[31]

Complete genome sequence

The complete genome of the HeLa cells was sequenced and published on 11 March 2013[32][35] without the Lacks family’s knowledge.[36] After concerns were raised by the family, the authors voluntarily withheld access to the sequence data.[36] Another research paper about the HeLa sequencing project led by Jay Shendure at the University of Washington and accepted for publication in March 2013 was also put on hold while the privacy concerns of the Lacks family were being addressed.[37] On 7 August 2013, NIH director Francis Collins announced a policy of controlled access to the cell line genome based on an agreement reached after three meetings with the Lacks family.[38] A data-access committee will review requests from researchers for accessing the genome sequence under the criteria that the study is for medical research and the users will abide by terms in the HeLa Genome Data Use Agreement, which includes that all NIH-funded researchers will deposit the data into a single database for future sharing. The committee consists of six members including representatives from the medical, scientific, and bioethics communities as well as two members of the Lacks family.[38] In an interview, Collins praised the Lacks family’s willingness to participate in this situation that was thrust upon them. He described the whole experience with them as ‘powerful’, saying that it brought together ‘science, scientific history and ethical concerns’ in a unique way.[39]

Contamination

Because of their adaptation to growth in tissue culture plates, HeLa cells are sometimes difficult to control. They have proven to be a persistent laboratory "weed" that contaminates other cell cultures in the same laboratory, interfering with biological research and forcing researchers to declare many results invalid. The degree of HeLa cell contamination among other cell types is unknown because few researchers test the identity or purity of already-established cell lines. It has been demonstrated that a substantial fraction of in vitro cell lines — estimates range from 10% to 20% — are contaminated with HeLa cells. Stanley Gartler in 1967 and Walter Nelson-Rees in 1975 were the first to publish on the contamination of various cell lines by HeLa.[40]

Science writer Michael Gold wrote about the HeLa cell contamination problem in his book A Conspiracy of Cells. He describes Nelson-Rees's identification of this pervasive worldwide problem — affecting even the laboratories of the best physicians, scientists, and researchers, including Jonas Salk — and many, possibly career-ending, efforts to address it. According to Gold, the HeLa contamination problem almost led to a Cold War incident: The USSR and the USA had begun to cooperate in the war on cancer launched by President Richard Nixon only to find that the exchanged cells were contaminated by HeLa. Gold contends that the HeLa problem was amplified by emotions, egos, and a reluctance to admit mistakes. Nelson-Rees explains:

It's all human – an unwillingness to throw away hours and hours of what was thought to be good research...worries about jeopardizing another grant that's being applied for, the hurrying to come out with a paper first. And it isn't limited to biology and cancer research. Scientists in many endeavors all make mistakes, and they all have the same problems.[41]

Rather than focus on how to resolve the problem of HeLa cell contamination, many scientists and science writers continue to document this problem as simply a contamination issue — caused not by human error or shortcomings but by the hardiness, proliferating, or overpowering nature of HeLa.[42] Recent data suggest that cross-contaminations are still a major ongoing problem with modern cell cultures.[3][43] Taken directly from the International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC) webpage:

Regrettably, cross-contamination and misidentification are still common within the research community. Many cell lines were cross-contaminated during establishment; this means that all work using those cell lines has incorrectly used the contaminant – which may come from a different species or a different tissue. ... A cell line is considered to be misidentified if it no longer corresponds to the individual from whom it was first established. Many cases of misidentification are caused by cross-contamination, where another, faster growing, cell line is introduced into that culture.[44]

New species proposal

HeLa cells
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
incertae sedis
Phylum:
incertae sedis
Class:
incertae sedis
Order:
incertae sedis
Family:
Helacytidae
Genus:
Helacyton
Species:
H. gartleri
Binomial name
Helacyton gartleri

Due to their ability to replicate indefinitely, and their non-human number of chromosomes, HeLa was described by Leigh Van Valen as an example of the contemporary creation of a new species, Helacyton gartleri. The species was named after Stanley M. Gartler, whom Van Valen credits with discovering "the remarkable success of this species."[45] His argument for speciation depends on these points:

  • The chromosomal incompatibility of HeLa cells with humans.
  • The ecological niche of HeLa cells.
  • Their ability to persist and expand well beyond the desires of human cultivators.
  • HeLa can be defined as a species as it has its own clonal karyotype.[46]

This definition has not been followed by others in the scientific community, nor, indeed, has it been widely noted.[citation needed]

As well as proposing a new species for HeLa cells, Van Valen proposed in the same paper the new family Helacytidae and the genus Helacyton.[45] Recognition of Van Valen and Maiorana's names, however, renders Homo and Hominidae paraphyletic because Helacyton gartleri is most closely related to Homo sapiens.

However this proposal has not been taken seriously by other prominent evolutionary biologists or scientists in other disciplines. Van Valen’s argument of HeLa being a new species does not fulfill the criteria for an independent unicellular asexually reproducing species because of the notorious instability of the cancer karyotype and their lack of a strict ancestral-descendant lineage.[47][48] What is clear however is that they are not good representatives of human cells[citation needed] and if used as such should preferably be used alongside other human derived cell lines,[citation needed] with more normal karyotypes.

Additional images

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HeLa cells.
  • Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan) and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.
    Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with the actin binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan) and cell nuclei (blue). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.
  • Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.
    Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells with cytoskeletal microtubules (magenta) and DNA (cyan). Nikon RTS2000MP custom laser scanning microscope.
  • Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.
    Scanning electron micrograph of just-divided HeLa cells. Zeiss Merlin HR-SEM.
  • HeLa cells stained with Hoechst 33258
    HeLa cells stained with Hoechst 33258
  • Dividing HeLa cells as seen through a scanning electron microscope
    Dividing HeLa cells as seen through a scanning electron microscope
  • HeLa cells stained with antibody to actin (green), vimentin (red) and DNA (blue). Image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
    HeLa cells stained with antibody to actin (green), vimentin (red) and DNA (blue). Image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology Inc.

See also

References

  1. ^ Rahbari R, Sheahan T, Modes V, Collier P, Macfarlane C, Badge RM; Sheahan; Modes; Collier; MacFarlane; Badge (2009). "A novel L1 retrotransposon marker for HeLa cell line identification". BioTechniques. 46 (4): 277–84. doi:10.2144/000113089. PMC 2696096. PMID 19450234. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Scherer WF, Syverton JT, Gey GO; Syverton; Gey (1953). "Studies on the propagation in vitro of poliomyelitis viruses. IV. Viral multiplication in a stable strain of human malignant epithelial cells (strain HeLa) derived from an epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix". J. Exp. Med. 97 (5): 695–710. doi:10.1084/jem.97.5.695. PMC 2136303. PMID 13052828.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Capes-Davis A, Theodosopoulos G, Atkin I, Drexler HG, Kohara A, MacLeod RA, Masters JR, Nakamura Y, Reid YA, Reddel RR, Freshney RI; Theodosopoulos; Atkin; Drexler; Kohara; MacLeod; Masters; Nakamura; Reid; Reddel; Freshney (2010). "Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines". Int. J. Cancer. 127 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1002/ijc.25242. PMID 20143388.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  6. ^ Scherer, William F.; Syverton, Jerome T.; Gey, George O. (May 1, 1953). "Studies on the Propagation in Vitro of Poliomyelitis Viruses". J Exp Med. 97 (5): 695–710. PMC 2136303.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ a b c Smith, Van (2002-04-17). "Wonder Woman: The Life, Death, and Life After Death of Henrietta Lacks, Unwitting Heroine of Modern Medical Science". Baltimore City Paper. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  8. ^ Skloot 2010, p. 96
  9. ^ ^ Puck TT, Marcus PI. A Rapid Method for Viable Cell Titration and Clone Production With Hela Cells In Tissue Culture: The Use of X-Irradiated Cells to Supply Conditioning Factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 Jul 15;41(7):432-7. URL: PNASJSTOR
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Further reading

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