Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural movement and time period in the History of Europe, considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and the 16th century in northern Europe. It is also known as "Rinascimento" (in italian).

"Renaissance" is a French word that literally means rebirth. This name has been historically used in contrast to the Dark Ages, a term coined by Petrarch to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the literature and culture of the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through printing. During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the Renaissance was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like Charles H. Haskins, who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "Carolingian Renaissance." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the Italian Renaissance, the English Renaissance, etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the Reformation, which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See periodization.

The following article discusses the Renaissance in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in 14th c. Italy, where one of its main centers was Florence, and then spread throughout Europe. In science, theology, literature and art, the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the Roman Empire. Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject Greek (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the Greek, as well as on the relatively new study Hebrew and Aramaic. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the Reformation.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian Umanesimo.

Important Renaissance Leaders:

• Isabella dEste
• Cosimo de Medici
• Lorenzo de Medici (a.k.a. Lorenzo il Magnifico)
• Francesco Sforza
• Francis I
• Henry VIII

Important Renaissance authors:

• Erasmus
• Michel de Montaigne
• Petrarch, Francesco Petrarca
• Giovanni Boccaccio
• Ludovico Ariosto
• Andrea Alciato
• Castiglione
• William Shakespeare
• Thomas More

Important Renaissance artists:

• Giotto di Bondone
• Filippo Brunelleschi
• Donatello
• Botticelli
• Albrecht Dürer
• Michelangelo
• Raphael, Raffaello Sanzio
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Van Eyck
• Bosch
• Bruegel

Important Renaissance scientists:

• Tycho Brahe
• Copernicus
• Johannes Kepler
• Paracelsus

Important Renaissance philosophers:

• Nicolas of Cusa
• Marsilio Ficino
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• Francesco Guicciardini

Important Renaissance composers:

• Josquin Des Prez
• Johann Fux

Important Renaissance dancemasters:

• Domenico da Piacenza
• Fabritio Caroso
• Thoinot Arbeau