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{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Somalis in Norway
|group = Somalis in Norway
| image = [[File:Amal-aden-norwegian-author.jpg|100px]] [[File:Alisha Boe in 2018 crop.jpg|120px]] [[File:Noora Noor at Notodden Blues Festival 2009.jpg|100px]] [[File:Mohammed Ahamed.JPG|90px]] [[File:3Nuruddin Farah.jpg|100px]] [[File:Jonis Josef Parkteatret Crap åppå Park (225052).jpg|100px]]



|population = 28,696<ref name="Popt"/>
|population = 28,696<ref name="Popt"/>
|popplace = [[Oslo]]
|popplace = [[Oslo]]
|langs = [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Arabic]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|langs = [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Arabic]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
|rels = [[Islam]]
|rels = [[Islam]] (mostly sunni and [[sufi]])
}}
}}
'''Somalis in Norway''' are citizens and residents of [[Norway]] who are of [[Somalis|Somali]] descent.
'''Somalis in Norway''' are citizens and residents of [[Norway]] who are of [[Somalis|Somali]] descent.


In 1999, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]: ''Udlendingsdirektoratet'', UDI) started to use blood testing on Somalis who applied for [[family reunification]] with parents, the tests showed that 1 out of 4 lied about the family ties. The tests were later changed to [[Genetic testing|DNA tests]] to verify family ties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/udi-fortsetter-med-omstridt-dna-test/65752620|title=UDI fortsetter med omstridt DNA-test|date=2001-10-02|work=Dagbladet.no|access-date=2018-08-27|language=no}}</ref> The leader of a Somali community organization in Norway and the [[Norwegian Medical Association]] protested the tests and wished they would be discontinued.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/udi-fortsetter-med-omstridt-dna-test/65752620|title=UDI fortsetter med omstridt DNA-test|date=2001-10-02|work=Dagbladet.no|access-date=2018-08-27|language=no}}</ref> In 2010, UDI started DNA-tests on Somali childless couples who applied for family reunification where one spouse already resided in Norway. The results showed that 40% of such pairs were siblings. As the tests became widely known, the ratio dropped to 25% and the tests were widened to migrants from other regions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/l1q7A/DNA-tester-avdekket-juks-med-familiegjenforening|title=DNA-tester avdekket juks med familiegjenforening|work=Aftenposten|access-date=2018-08-27|language=nb-NO}}</ref>


In 2011, the [[Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration]] had over 100 Somali women who had divorced their husbands to claim extra income support as the sole provider for the family, then had more children to their ex husbands. Each family had defrauded state agencies out of an average 80 thousand euro. On average, sole providers receive 1500 euro monthly per child. The welfare system is based on trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/100-fikk-barn-med-eksmannen-1.7541771|title=100 fikk barn med eksmannen|last=Solvang|first=Fredrik|date=2011-03-09|website=NRK|language=nb-NO|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>


⚫
==Islamic veil usage ==
In 2015, investigations by authorities showed that some Somalis who had claimed to be refugees from the civil wars in Somalia, were in fact ethnic Somalis but residents of countries neighbouring Somalia. Several of those along with their offspring lost their Norwegian citizenships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/norge/2016/05/18/195217449/flere-somaliere-mister-norsk-statsborgerskap|title=Flere somaliere mister norsk statsborgerskap|date=2016-05-18|website=www.abcnyheter.no|language=no|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>


In 2015, Norwegian authorities started a program to repatriate Somalis with no right to reside in Norway to Somalia, primarily individuals from Mogadishu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/2015/12/23/195190061/udi-har-brukt-tre-millioner-pa-retur-av-atte-somaliere|title=UDI har brukt tre millioner på retur av åtte somaliere|date=2015-12-23|website=www.abcnyheter.no|language=no|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Sociologist Katrine Fangen conducted interviews with 50 Somalis living in Norway. According to her interviews, both men and women were positive towards gender equality when understood as both men and women working outside the home. There was a significant difference for sexuality, where boys had much greater sexual freedom than girls and they could engage in behaviour that would be strongly sanctioned when done by a female.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://kjonnsforskning.no/nb/2008/02/hva-er-det-med-somalierne|title=Hva er det med somalierne?|last=|first=|date=|website=kjonnsforskning.no|language=nb|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

⚫
=== Islamic veil usage ===
{{See also|Islam in Norway}}
{{See also|Islam in Norway}}
The honor of a woman is a very important subject for most of the interviewees and young women are preoccupied with protecting their reputation against accusations of dishonor. The widespread use of the both the head cloth [[hijab]] and more covering types of Islamic veil arise from the need to appear as good Muslim women. By using a veil in combination with long skirts they signal that they respect the Muslim norms of how a young woman should behave. Wearing the hijab also brings benefits as older Somalis will respect them more.<ref name=":1" />
The honor of a woman is a very important subject for most of the interviewees and young women are preoccupied with protecting their reputation against accusations of dishonor. The widespread use of the both the head cloth [[hijab]] and more covering types of Islamic veil arise from the need to appear as good Muslim women. By using a veil in combination with long skirts they signal that they respect the Muslim norms of how a young woman should behave. Wearing the hijab also brings benefits as older Somalis will respect them more.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://kjonnsforskning.no/nb/2008/02/hva-er-det-med-somalierne|title=Hva er det med somalierne?|last=|first=|date=|website=kjonnsforskning.no|language=nb|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-02-24|dead-url=}}</ref>


The other reasons to wear the Islamic veils are religiosity and protesting against [[Western culture]].<ref name=":1" />
The other reasons to wear the Islamic veils are religiosity and protesting against [[Western culture]].<ref name=":1" />
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==Socioeconomics==
==Socioeconomics==
In 2016, four out of ten Somalis live on social benefits, according to Statistics Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/norge/2016/02/14/195199928/ssb-fire-av-ti-somaliere-i-norge-pa-sosialhjelp|title=SSB: Fire av ti somaliere i Norge på sosialhjelp|date=2016-02-14|website=www.abcnyheter.no|language=no|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref>

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2012-2014, the percentage of Somalia-born immigrants in Norway with a persistently low income averaged out at 70.7%. This was a higher proportion than the native population and other immigrant groups, largely because most Somali individuals arrived as asylum immigrants, who tend to have lower incomes. The percentage of Somalia-born immigrants with a persistently low income has also steadily declined the longer that the individuals have resided in Norway, with proportions of 94.2% among 3 year Somalia-born residents, 74.7% among 4-9 year residents, and 61.6% among residents of 10 years or longer. This was relative to immigrant averages of 26.3% overall, 50.3% among 3 year residents, 28.5% among 4-9 year residents, and 20.2% among residents of 10 years or more. As of 2014, around 72% of Somalia-born immigrants have a persistently low income, with individuals born in Norway to Somali immigrants having a smaller low income percentage of approximately 65%.<ref name="Popinc">{{cite web|title=Økonomi og levekår for ulike lavinntektsgrupper 2016|pages=57, 117, 118|url=https://www.ssb.no/inntekt-og-forbruk/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/281093?_ts=157f60210a8|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref>
According to Statistics Norway, as of 2012-2014, the percentage of Somalia-born immigrants in Norway with a persistently low income averaged out at 70.7%. This was a higher proportion than the native population and other immigrant groups, largely because most Somali individuals arrived as asylum immigrants, who tend to have lower incomes. The percentage of Somalia-born immigrants with a persistently low income has also steadily declined the longer that the individuals have resided in Norway, with proportions of 94.2% among 3 year Somalia-born residents, 74.7% among 4-9 year residents, and 61.6% among residents of 10 years or longer. This was relative to immigrant averages of 26.3% overall, 50.3% among 3 year residents, 28.5% among 4-9 year residents, and 20.2% among residents of 10 years or more. As of 2014, around 72% of Somalia-born immigrants have a persistently low income, with individuals born in Norway to Somali immigrants having a smaller low income percentage of approximately 65%.<ref name="Popinc">{{cite web|title=Økonomi og levekår for ulike lavinntektsgrupper 2016|pages=57, 117, 118|url=https://www.ssb.no/inntekt-og-forbruk/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/281093?_ts=157f60210a8|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=7 December 2017}}</ref>


According to [[Municipality of Oslo|Oslo municipality]], about 50-70% of Somali males in Oslo are habitual users of [[khat]], a narcotic banned in Norway. The narcotic is expensive on the black market which is a contributing factor to destroying household economics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/x8XOX/Annenhver-somalier-tygger-khat|title=Annenhver somalier tygger khat|work=Aftenposten|access-date=2017-12-03|language=nb-NO}}</ref>
According to an article published in the nrk newspaper, fewer and fewer Somalis now use the now banned drug khat which has helped shaped the lives of former users positively in that they have now been able to find employment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/khat-beslagene-raser_-_-forer-somalierne-over-pa-andre-rusmidler-1.12612551|title=Khat-beslagene raser: – Fører somalierne over på andre rusmidler|last=Kalajdzic|first=Pedja|date=2015-11-01|website=NRK|language=nb-NO|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>

=== Crime ===
According to Statistics Norway, in the 2001 to 2010-2013 period, the estimated proportion of Somalia-born perpetrators of criminal offences aged 15 and older in Norway decreased from 227 to 124 per 1000 residents.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015|last=Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn|pages=27 (Tabell 3.3), 28|url=http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/332143?_ts=16035d6f0d8|publisher=Statistics Norway|year=2017|isbn=978-82-537-9643-7|quote=Det er verdt å merke seg at de fleste tallene er betydelig lavereher enn i analysen fra 2001, og særlig blant landgruppene som den gang var mestoverrepresentert. For eksempel har andelen gjerningspersoner fra Irak sunket fra249 til 125 per 1000 og for innvandrere fra Somalia fra 227 til 124 per 1000}}</ref> This was compared to averages of 44.9 among native [[Norwegians]] and 112.9 among Norway-born residents with parents of foreign origin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015|last=Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn|page=38 (Tabell 3.6)|url=http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/332143?_ts=16035d6f0d8|quote=Tabell 3.6 viser oss det totale antallet gjerningspersoner blant norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, brutt ned etter foreldrenes landbakgrunn og innvandringsgrunn. Tallet i den øverste raden i tabellen kjenner vi igjen fra tidligere; det er 44,9 gjerningspersoner per 1000 bosatt i den øvrige befolkningen. Blant norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre er tallet 112,9.}}</ref>

According to a Statistics Norway report in 2017 investigating crime among immigrants in the 2010-2013 period, Somalis, together with [[Iraqis in Norway|Iraqis]], Iranians and Afghans were the groups most overrepresented as perpetrators of crime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/332143?_ts=16035d6f0d8|title=Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015|last=Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn|first=|publisher=[[Statistics Norway]]|year=2017|isbn=978-82-537-9643-7|location=|pages=42, Figure 3.2}}</ref> With 125 perpetrators out of 1000, Somalis were overrepresented when compared to the Norwegian population (45 out of 1000).<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/_attachment/332143?_ts=16035d6f0d8|title=Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015|last=Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn|first=|publisher=[[Statistics Norway]]|year=2017|isbn=978-82-537-9643-7|location=|pages=29-30, Figure 3.2}}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
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==Employment==
==Employment==
According to Statistics Norway, as of 2016, Somalia-born immigrants aged 15-74 in Norway have an employment rate of approximately 32.4%.<ref name="Popem">{{cite web|title=Employed immigrants (15-74 years) by country of birth and sex. 4th quarter|url=https://www.ssb.no/eksport/excel?key=302129|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, their unemployment rate was also about 7.5%.<ref name="Popuem">{{cite web|title=Registered unemployed immigrants and persons participating in labour market schemes 15-74 years, by country background, years of residence, sex, contents and time|url=https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=ForstgenArbNye&KortNavnWeb=innvarbl&PLanguage=1&checked=true|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref>
According to Statistics Norway, {{As of|2017}}, somali unemployment rate was about 7.5%.<ref name="Popuem">{{cite web|title=Registered unemployed immigrants and persons participating in labour market schemes 15-74 years, by country background, years of residence, sex, contents and time|url=https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=ForstgenArbNye&KortNavnWeb=innvarbl&PLanguage=1&checked=true|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref>


Statistics Norway has been criticized for misrepresenting employment levels for African migrants due to employment was counted from 1 weekly hour of work. Counting full-time employment as 30 hours of work per week, 11% of women from Somalia were in full-time employment with another 10% having 1-19 hours of work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/na24/nye-innvandrertall-under-halvparten-er-i-full-jobb/3423547224.html|title=Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb|last=Stavrum|first=Gunnar|work=Nettavisen|access-date=2018-10-27|language=no}}</ref> According to [[Nettavisen]], Somali females differ strongly in employment patterns to Polish women, where the latter are joining the workforce more rapidly, have twice as high an employment level and they stay in the workforce much longer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/na24/nye-innvandrertall-under-halvparten-er-i-full-jobb/3423547224.html|title=Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb|last=Stavrum|first=Gunnar|work=Nettavisen|access-date=2018-10-27|language=no}}</ref>
Statistics Norway has been criticized for misrepresenting employment levels for African migrants due to employment was counted from 1 weekly hour of work. Counting full-time employment as 30 hours of work per week, 11% of women from Somalia were in full-time employment with another 10% having 1-19 hours of work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/na24/nye-innvandrertall-under-halvparten-er-i-full-jobb/3423547224.html|title=Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb|last=Stavrum|first=Gunnar|work=Nettavisen|access-date=2018-10-27|language=no}}</ref> According to [[Nettavisen]], Somali females differ strongly in employment patterns to Polish women, where the latter are joining the workforce more rapidly, have twice as high an employment level and they stay in the workforce much longer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/na24/nye-innvandrertall-under-halvparten-er-i-full-jobb/3423547224.html|title=Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb|last=Stavrum|first=Gunnar|work=Nettavisen|access-date=2018-10-27|language=no}}</ref>

==Notable people==
==Notable people==
{{further information|:Category:Norwegian people of Somali descent}}
{{further information|:Category:Norwegian people of Somali descent}}
*[[Noora Noor]], a somali norwegian neo singer
*[[Amal Aden]], Amal Aden is a Somali–Norwegian writer.
*[[Alisha Boe]], known professionally as Alisha Boe, is a Norwegian-Somali actress
*[[Mohammed Ahamed]] a norwegian somali footballer
*[[Nuruddin Farah]] is a norwegian author who has won several awards for his books
*[[Jonis Josef]] is a somali norwegian comedian


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Horn of Africans in Scandinavia]]
*[[Education in Norway]]
*[[Education in Norway]]
*[[Education in Somalia]]
*[[Education in Somalia]]

Revision as of 20:44, 3 October 2019

Somalis in Norway
Total population
28,696[1]
Regions with significant populations
Oslo
Languages
Somali, Arabic, Norwegian
Religion
Islam (mostly sunni and sufi)

Somalis in Norway are citizens and residents of Norway who are of Somali descent.


Islamic veil usage

See also: Islam in Norway

The honor of a woman is a very important subject for most of the interviewees and young women are preoccupied with protecting their reputation against accusations of dishonor. The widespread use of the both the head cloth hijab and more covering types of Islamic veil arise from the need to appear as good Muslim women. By using a veil in combination with long skirts they signal that they respect the Muslim norms of how a young woman should behave. Wearing the hijab also brings benefits as older Somalis will respect them more.[2]

The other reasons to wear the Islamic veils are religiosity and protesting against Western culture.[2]

Demographics

In 2004, Somali women had the highest nativity rate in Norway with 4.4 children per female, in contrast to 1.73 for Norwegian women.[3]

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2017, there are a total 28,696 persons of Somali origin living in Norway. Of those, 12,767 individuals were born in Norway to immigrant parents.[1]

According to the Oslo Municipality, as of 2014, a total of 8,758 Somalia-born immigrants reside in Oslo. Of those individuals, many arrived during the 2000-2004 period (2,811 persons).[4]

Socioeconomics

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2012-2014, the percentage of Somalia-born immigrants in Norway with a persistently low income averaged out at 70.7%. This was a higher proportion than the native population and other immigrant groups, largely because most Somali individuals arrived as asylum immigrants, who tend to have lower incomes. The percentage of Somalia-born immigrants with a persistently low income has also steadily declined the longer that the individuals have resided in Norway, with proportions of 94.2% among 3 year Somalia-born residents, 74.7% among 4-9 year residents, and 61.6% among residents of 10 years or longer. This was relative to immigrant averages of 26.3% overall, 50.3% among 3 year residents, 28.5% among 4-9 year residents, and 20.2% among residents of 10 years or more. As of 2014, around 72% of Somalia-born immigrants have a persistently low income, with individuals born in Norway to Somali immigrants having a smaller low income percentage of approximately 65%.[5]

According to an article published in the nrk newspaper, fewer and fewer Somalis now use the now banned drug khat which has helped shaped the lives of former users positively in that they have now been able to find employment[6]

Education

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2016, among a total 24,651 Somalia-born immigrants aged 16 and older, 15,944 individuals had attained a below upper secondary education level, 3,709 had attained an upper secondary education level, 122 had attained a tertiary vocational education level, 1,793 had attained a higher education level of up to four years in duration, 378 had attained a higher education level of more than four years in duration, and 2,705 had no education.[7]

Employment

According to Statistics Norway, As of 2017, somali unemployment rate was about 7.5%.[8]

Statistics Norway has been criticized for misrepresenting employment levels for African migrants due to employment was counted from 1 weekly hour of work. Counting full-time employment as 30 hours of work per week, 11% of women from Somalia were in full-time employment with another 10% having 1-19 hours of work.[9] According to Nettavisen, Somali females differ strongly in employment patterns to Polish women, where the latter are joining the workforce more rapidly, have twice as high an employment level and they stay in the workforce much longer.[10]

Notable people

Further information: Category:Norwegian people of Somali descent

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Population by immigrant category and country background". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Hva er det med somalierne?". kjonnsforskning.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-02-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ "Fakta om fruktbarhet, fødealder og helse". Folkehelseinstituttet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  4. ^ "Statistisk årbok for Oslo 2014 - Kapittel 1 Folkemengdens størrelse og sammensetning". Oslo Municipality. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  5. ^ "Økonomi og levekår for ulike lavinntektsgrupper 2016". Statistics Norway. pp. 57, 117, 118. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  6. ^ Kalajdzic, Pedja (2015-11-01). "Khat-beslagene raser: – Fører somalierne over på andre rusmidler". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-10-03.
  7. ^ "Level of education for immigrants 16 years and older. Country background. Numbers". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Registered unemployed immigrants and persons participating in labour market schemes 15-74 years, by country background, years of residence, sex, contents and time". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  9. ^ Stavrum, Gunnar. "Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  10. ^ Stavrum, Gunnar. "Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-10-27.
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