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| image = [[File:Hassan Ali.png|100px]], [[File:Amal-aden-norwegian-author.jpg|100px]] [[File:Alisha Boe in 2018 crop.jpg|100px]] [[File:Noora Noor at Notodden Blues Festival 2009.jpg|100px]] [[File:Mohammed Ahamed.JPG|90px]] [[File:3Nuruddin Farah.jpg|100px]] [[File:Jonis Josef Parkteatret Crap åppå Park (225052).jpg|100px]]
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'''Somalis in Norway''' are citizens and residents of [[Norway]] who are of [[Somalis|Somali]] descent.
'''Somalis in Norway''' are citizens and residents of [[Norway]] who are of [[Somalis|Somali]] descent.

Revision as of 09:10, 23 November 2019

Somalis in Norway
Total population
28,696[1]
Regions with significant populations
Oslo
Languages
Somali, Arabic, Norwegian
Religion
Islam

Somalis in Norway are citizens and residents of Norway who are of Somali descent.

In 1999, the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (Norwegian: Udlendingsdirektoratet, UDI) started to use blood testing on Somalis who applied for family reunification; the process was later changed to use DNA tests to verify family ties; these new tests suggested that as many as a quarter of the applicants were not telling the truth.[2] The leader of a Somali community organization in Norway and the Norwegian Medical Association protested against the tests and wanted them to be discontinued.[2] In 2010, UDI introduced DNA tests on Somali childless couples who applied for family reunification where one spouse already resided in Norway. The results showed that 40% of such pairs were actually siblings, not married couples. When news of these results became known, the ratio dropped to 25% and the tests were widened to migrants from other regions.[3]

In 2015, investigations by authorities showed that some Somalis who had claimed to be refugees from the civil wars in Somalia, although ethnic Somalis, were residents of countries neighbouring Somalia. Several of those along with their offspring lost their Norwegian citizenships.[4] In the same year, Norwegian authorities started a program to repatriate Somalis with no right to reside in Norway to Somalia, primarily individuals from Mogadishu.[5]

Culture

Sociologist Katrine Fangen conducted interviews with 50 Somalis living in Norway. According to her interviews, both men and women were positive towards gender equality in terms of both men and women working outside the home. There was a significant difference for sexuality, where boys had much greater sexual freedom than girls and they could engage in behaviour that would be strongly sanctioned in a female. It was also shown that Norwegian-born women of Somali heritage felt they had greater freedom than they would have had in Somalia.[6]

Islamic veil usage

See also: Islam in Norway

The honor of a woman is a very important subject for most of the interviewees and young women are preoccupied with protecting their reputation against accusations of dishonor. The widespread use of the both the hijab and less revealing types of Islamic veil arise from the need to conform to Muslim norms of how a young woman should behave. Wearing the hijab also causes older Somalis to respect them more.[6] Other reasons to wear the Islamic veils are religiosity and protesting against Western culture.[6]

Demographics

In 2004, Somali women had the highest nativity rate in Norway with 4.4 children per female, in contrast to 1.73 for Norwegian women.[7]

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2017, there are a total 28,696 persons of Somali origin living in Norway. Of those, 12,767 individuals were born in Norway to immigrant parents.[1]

According to the Oslo Municipality, as of 2014, a total of 8,758 Somalia-born immigrants reside in Oslo. Of those individuals, many arrived during the 2000-2004 period (2,811 persons).[8]

Socioeconomics

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2012-2014, the percentage of Somalia-born immigrants in Norway with a persistently low income averaged out at 70.7%. This was a higher proportion than the native population and other immigrant groups, largely because most Somali individuals arrived as asylum immigrants, who tend to have lower incomes. The percentage of Somalia-born immigrants with a persistently low income has also steadily declined the longer that the individuals have resided in Norway, with proportions of 94.2% among 3 year Somalia-born residents, 74.7% among 4-9 year residents, and 61.6% among residents of 10 years or longer. This was relative to immigrant averages of 26.3% overall, 50.3% among 3 year residents, 28.5% among 4-9 year residents, and 20.2% among residents of 10 years or more. As of 2014, around 72% of Somalia-born immigrants have a persistently low income, with individuals born in Norway to Somali immigrants having a smaller low income percentage of approximately 65%.[9] In 2016, four out of ten Somalis were living on social benefits.[10] In 2011, the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration highlighted 100 Somali women who had divorced their husbands and claimed extra income support as the sole provider for the family, then had more children by their former husbands. Each of the families involved had obtained an average of 80 thousand euros from state agencies as a result of doing this.[11]

According to Oslo municipality, about 50-70% of Somali males in Oslo are habitual users of khat, a narcotic banned in Norway. The narcotic is expensive on the black market which is a contributing factor to destroying household economics.[12] But According to Oslo municipality in 2015 less khat is entering Norway. And the Somali Community in Norway believes the decline has led many men to find work and has helped reorganize their lives. And that a lot of somalis have started a new life now that khat is not as easily accessible, says city council representative in Oslo and leader of the Somali network, Bashe Musse.[13]

In Somalia status and authority is usually given to the elderly According to a research from the Forsknin.no. Traditionally older men have been the head of the family and the clan. For the men who have come to Norway, it is difficult to achieve the same respect that they think they would get at home. And that respect is an important part of the male role, and being older and wiser earns respect for a man in the Somali community .[14]


In a 2018 National Police Directorate report, it was found that some Somali parents who lost custody of their children had sent the children to Quranic schools in Somalia.[15] As a response, Norwegian authorities suggested cancelling the passports of children who risked being sent to Quranic schools as a way to stop them being taken abroad by their relatives against their will.[16]

Crime

According to Statistics Norway, in the 2001 to 2010-2013 period, the estimated proportion of Somalia-born perpetrators of criminal offences aged 15 and older in Norway decreased from 227 to 124 per 1000 residents.[17] This was compared to averages of 44.9 among native Norwegians and 112.9 among Norway-born residents with parents of foreign origin.[18]

Education

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2016, among a total 24,651 Somalia-born immigrants aged 16 and older, 15,944 individuals had attained a below upper secondary education level, 3,709 had attained an upper secondary education level, 122 had attained a tertiary vocational education level, 1,793 had attained a higher education level of up to four years in duration, 378 had attained a higher education level of more than four years in duration, and 2,705 had no education.[19]

Somali youth are most often sent to schools abroad by their families, where four out of ten youth with Somali parents who came to Norway before the age of 5 according to a 2019 Fafo Foundation report. According to state secretary of Ministry of Education and Research says that It is clearly a problem that many are sent out of the country and are interrupted in their Norwegian schooling, they will have trouble being integrated into Norwegian society when they return says State Secretary Kristin Holm Jensen of the Ministry of Education. In the 2010s public broadcaster NRK published items on Somali-Norwegian youth who had been locked up and chained in Quranic schools in Somalia but according to the parents they are sent to Quranic schools so they can be culturally rehabilitated,and according to the parents misbehaving or children who they are unable to control are sent to these quranic schools In order to discipline the children, they think it is necessary to send them abroad to have the children rehabilitated..[20]

Employment

According to Statistics Norway, as of 2016, Somalia-born immigrants aged 15–74 in Norway have an employment rate of approximately 32.4%.[21] As of 2017, their unemployment rate was also about 7.5%.[22]

Statistics Norway has been criticized for misrepresenting employment levels for African migrants due to employment was counted from 1 weekly hour of work. Counting full-time employment as 30 hours of work per week, 11% of women from Somalia were in full-time employment with another 10% having 1–19 hours of work.[23] According to Nettavisen, Somali females differ strongly in employment patterns to Polish women, where the latter are joining the workforce more rapidly, have twice as high an employment level and they stay in the workforce much longer.[23]

Notable people

Further information: Category:Norwegian people of Somali descent
  • Hassan Ali Khayre, of the Hawij tribe,[24] is the Prime Minister of Somalia and a citizen of Norway,[25] where he lived from 1991[26] to 1998[27] and from time to time afterwards.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Population by immigrant category and country background". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  2. ^ a b "UDI fortsetter med omstridt DNA-test". Dagbladet.no (in Norwegian). 2001-10-02. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  3. ^ "DNA-tester avdekket juks med familiegjenforening". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  4. ^ "Flere somaliere mister norsk statsborgerskap". www.abcnyheter.no (in Norwegian). 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  5. ^ "UDI har brukt tre millioner på retur av åtte somaliere". www.abcnyheter.no (in Norwegian). 2015-12-23. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  6. ^ a b c "Hva er det med somalierne?". kjonnsforskning.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-02-24.
  7. ^ "Fakta om fruktbarhet, fødealder og helse". Folkehelseinstituttet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  8. ^ "Statistisk årbok for Oslo 2014 - Kapittel 1 Folkemengdens størrelse og sammensetning". Oslo Municipality. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  9. ^ "Økonomi og levekår for ulike lavinntektsgrupper 2016". Statistics Norway. pp. 57, 117, 118. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  10. ^ "SSB: Fire av ti somaliere i Norge på sosialhjelp". www.abcnyheter.no (in Norwegian). 2016-02-14. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  11. ^ Solvang, Fredrik (2011-03-09). "100 fikk barn med eksmannen". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  12. ^ "Annenhver somalier tygger khat". Aftenposten (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2017-12-03.
  13. ^ Kalajdzic, Pedja (2015-11-01). "Khat-beslagene raser: – Fører somalierne over på andre rusmidler". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  14. ^ kjønnsforskning.no, Mari Lilleslåtten kilden (2018-09-20). "Eldre somaliere strever med mannsrollen". forskning.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  15. ^ "Rapport: Barnevernet utløser utsending av somaliske barn". www.vg.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  16. ^ Gjellan, Marit (2019-06-14). "Vil endre passregler for å hindre at norske barn blir sendt til koranskoler". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  17. ^ Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn (2017). Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015. Statistics Norway. pp. 27 (Tabell 3.3), 28. ISBN 978-82-537-9643-7. Det er verdt å merke seg at de fleste tallene er betydelig lavereher enn i analysen fra 2001, og særlig blant landgruppene som den gang var mestoverrepresentert. For eksempel har andelen gjerningspersoner fra Irak sunket fra249 til 125 per 1000 og for innvandrere fra Somalia fra 227 til 124 per 1000
  18. ^ Synøve N. Andersen, Bjart Holtsmark & Sigmund B. Mohn. Kriminalitet blant innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre En analyse av registerdata for perioden 1992-2015. p. 38 (Tabell 3.6). Tabell 3.6 viser oss det totale antallet gjerningspersoner blant norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, brutt ned etter foreldrenes landbakgrunn og innvandringsgrunn. Tallet i den øverste raden i tabellen kjenner vi igjen fra tidligere; det er 44,9 gjerningspersoner per 1000 bosatt i den øvrige befolkningen. Blant norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre er tallet 112,9.
  19. ^ "Level of education for immigrants 16 years and older. Country background. Numbers". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  20. ^ Præsttun, Christine (2019-01-17). "Ny rapport: Fire av ti norsksomaliske ungdommer sendt på skole i utlandet". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  21. ^ "Employed immigrants (15-74 years) by country of birth and sex. 4th quarter". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  22. ^ "Registered unemployed immigrants and persons participating in labour market schemes 15-74 years, by country background, years of residence, sex, contents and time". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  23. ^ a b Stavrum, Gunnar. "Nye innvandrertall: Under halvparten er i full jobb". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-10-27.
  24. ^ "الصومال: فرماجو يعين رئيسا للوزراء بتغريدة" (in Arabic). Aawsat. 24 February 2017.
  25. ^ Aase, Kari Aarstad; Braaten, Magnus. "Norske Hassan ny statsminister i Somalia". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-02-24.
  26. ^ "من هو رئيس الوزراء الجديد حسن علي خيري ؟" (in Arabic). Mogadishu Center for Research and Studies. 23 February 2017.
  27. ^ "የኦስሎ ዩንቨርሲቲ ምሩቁ የሱማሊያው አዲሱ ጠቅላይ ሚንስትር ማናቸው? ጠ/ሚሩ የካቢኔ አባሎቻቸውን ትናንት አስተዋውቀዋል። Somalian PM announced his cabinet ministers" (22 March 2017) at Ethio Explorer
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