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== The 'Southampton Plot,' service in France and return ==
== The 'Southampton Plot,' service in France and return ==
In 1415 he was part of the [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt expedition]] with [[Henry V of England]], fighting at that battle and at the [[Siege of Harfleur]].<ref name="Marchant20142">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4KfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|year=2014|isbn=978-1-903153-55-0|pages=52 n.69|author=Alicia Marchant}}</ref> Henry confirmed him in his £40 annuity at this time. However, Henry Summerson has suggested that the reason for his presence in France rather than on the border was the result of the [[Southampton Plot]]. This had been exposed to Henry just before the expedition sailed.<ref name=":0" /> Umfraville had been summoned- 'by name'- to the King in August 1415, due to his military importance.<ref name="Dodd20134">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_X5UBOTaI0C&pg=PA94|title=Henry V: New Interpretations|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903153-46-8|page=5|author=Gwilym Dodd}}</ref> This, says Summerson was because Henry suspected Umfraville of "harbouring a residual loyalty to the Percys" and of "thus of being sympathetic to the Southampton plot of 1415, whose aims included a Percy restoration." In July 1411, Umfraville had been appointed Captain of [[Roxburgh Castle]] for a six-year term. However, he had been relieved of his appointment just prior to his summons to the King. Since Umfraville was [[Indenture|indentured]] by the king to serve abroad in the following year's campaign, he presumably had cleared himself of suspicion in the king's eyes, and in any case, by 1417 he had returned to the Northumberland and the border. The [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany|duke of Albany]] had launched a "foul raid"<ref name=":0" />- which broke the existing truce- against Berwick that year, and on 3 august Umfraville (as Chamberlain of Berwick and Captain of Roxburgh) was informed that Albany intended to invade England with an army of 60,000 and besiege Berwick.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=151}} [[E. F. Jacob]] has suggested that the leaders of the Southampton Plot expected Umfraville's support, but that, in the end, if he did let the Scots over the border t was "only to destroy them."{{sfn|Jacob, 1993|p=146}} Sir Robert led a series of retaliatory raids against Scotland in revenge,<ref name=":0" /> climaxing in 1419 with his assault upon the town of [[Peebles]]. As a result of his burning of the town on market day, Umfraville earned the [[moniker]] 'Mend-market.' John Hardyng's later verse proclaims that Umfraville, being determined that not all the glory should be earned solely by those fighting the French, "made the warre on Scottes to have a name" for himself.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=153}}
In 1415 he was part of the [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt expedition]] with [[Henry V of England]], fighting at that battle and at the [[Siege of Harfleur]].<ref name="Marchant20142">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4KfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|year=2014|isbn=978-1-903153-55-0|pages=52 n.69|author=Alicia Marchant}}</ref> Henry confirmed him in his £40 annuity at this time. However, Henry Summerson has suggested that the reason for his presence in France rather than on the border was the result of the [[Southampton Plot]]. This had been exposed to Henry just before the expedition sailed.<ref name=":0" /> Umfraville had been summoned- 'by name'- to the King in August 1415, due to his military importance.<ref name="Dodd20134">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_X5UBOTaI0C&pg=PA94|title=Henry V: New Interpretations|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|year=2013|isbn=978-1-903153-46-8|page=5|author=Gwilym Dodd}}</ref> This, says Summerson was because Henry suspected Umfraville of "harbouring a residual loyalty to the Percys" and of "thus of being sympathetic to the Southampton plot of 1415, whose aims included a Percy restoration." In July 1411, Umfraville had been appointed Captain of [[Roxburgh Castle]] for a six-year term. However, he had been relieved of his appointment just prior to his summons to the King. Since Umfraville was [[Indenture|indentured]] by the king to serve abroad in the following year's campaign, he presumably had cleared himself of suspicion in the king's eyes, and in any case, by 1417 he had returned to the Northumberland and the border. The [[Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany|duke of Albany]] had launched a "foul raid"<ref name=":0" />- which broke the existing truce- against Berwick that year, and on 3 august Umfraville (as Chamberlain of Berwick and Captain of Roxburgh) was informed that Albany intended to invade England with an army of 60,000 and besiege Berwick.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=151}} [[E. F. Jacob]] has suggested that the leaders of the Southampton Plot expected Umfraville's support, but that, in the end, if he did let the Scots over the border t was "only to destroy them."{{sfn|Jacob, 1993|p=146}} Sir Robert led a series of retaliatory raids against Scotland in revenge,<ref name=":0" /> climaxing in 1419 with his assault upon the town of [[Peebles]]. As a result of his burning of the town on market day, Umfraville earned the [[moniker]] 'Mend-market.' John Hardyng's later verse proclaims that Umfraville, being determined that not all the glory should be earned solely by those fighting the French, "made the warre on Scottes to have a name" for himself.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=153}} As Alexander Rose put it, while Henry V was "sacking [[Caen]] and advancing into undefended [[Bayeux]] and [[Lisieux]]... Sir Robert Umfraville, his most ruthless lieutenant [had] free reign to tear south-eastern Scotland savagely apart for two years."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kings in the North: The House of Percy in British History|last=Rose|first=A.|publisher=Phoenix|year=2002|isbn=7818424857|location=St Ives|pages=447-8.}}</ref>


== Later years==
== Later years==
Sir Robert had married a woman named known only as Isabella by 1419, when he is recorded as taking membership of the [[Diocese of Durham|Durham]] [[confraternity]].<ref name=":0" /> He also appears to have been friends with the [[Prior of Durham]], [[John Wessington]], who had not only granted him his letters of confraternity, but had been entrusted by Umfraville with important family [[Title deed|title deeds]].<ref name="Clark20063">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|page=67|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> Umfraville had a certain religious devotion; in 1428, he was licenced to grant his [[manor]] of [[Farnacres]], near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=187}} This, he charged, should be devoted to the souls of himself, his wife, Kings Henry IV and V, and to each past, present and future member of the Order of the Garter.</nowiki><ref name=":0" />
Sir Robert had married a woman named known only as Isabella by 1419, when he is recorded as taking membership of the [[Diocese of Durham|Durham]] [[confraternity]].<ref name=":0" /> He also appears to have been friends with the [[Prior of Durham]], [[John Wessington]], who had not only granted him his letters of confraternity, but had been entrusted by Umfraville with important family [[Title deed|title deeds]].<ref name="Clark20063">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|page=67|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> Umfraville had a certain religious devotion; in 1428, he was licenced to grant his [[manor]] of [[Farnacres]], near [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=187}} This, he charged, should be devoted to the souls of himself, his wife, Kings Henry IV and V, and to each past, present and future member of the Order of the Garter.<ref name=":0" />


In 1421 Robert acted as his nephew's [[executor]], following Gilbert's death in the disastrous English defeat at the [[Battle of Baugé]].<ref>Milner, J., 'The Battle of Baugé, March 1421: Impact and Memory', ''History'' ''91'' (2006), 486.</ref> From his nephew, Umfraville inherited the [[Redesdale]] and [[Kyme family|Kyme]] estates; he had already lost his lordship of Langley in 1414 when the [[Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland|second Earl of Northumberland]] was restored to his [[Property|patrimony]]. It was with this Henry Percy that Sir Robert spent much of the remainder of his military career in the north of England<ref name=":0" /> (this included not only fighting but diplomatic duties- for instance in 1425, he was sent to King James to assist the on-going negotiations, although the results of this particular embassy is unknown).{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=156-7.}} His duties also involved administrative work such as presiding over the Warden's Marcher Court,<ref>Neville, C.J., 'Keeping the Peace on the Northern Marches in the Later Middle Ages', ''The English Historical Review'' 109 (1994), 21.</ref> negotiating temporary truces, attending peace conferences, and travelling on embassies. He also continued to keep the peace in his home county as well, for example helping to [[Arbitration|arbitrate]] the dispute between the Northumberland gentry families of Heron and [[Manners famiies|Manners]] between 1428 and 1431, although as a [[feoffee]] to Sir [[William Heron (died 1428)|William Heron]], Sir Robert took the part of his wife, Isabel, after Heron was killed by Manners.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|pp=142-3.}} In this arbitration, Prior wessington acted as a umpire.<ref name="Clark2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|pages=56–|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> In Umfraville's own words, he wished to see 'gude rest and pece to be had in the cuntre,'<ref name="Clark20062">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|pages=56–|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> and as a consequnce of Wessington's and Langley's arbitration, Umfraville informed the former on 3 April 1428 that he would request Isabel's [[lawsuit]] in London be withdrawn if Manners would pay a [[surety]] of 400 [[marks]] to Heron's widow; on the 23rd of the month, manners [[indenture]]d himself to pay all heron's debts and to establish [[chantries]] for those that died during the course of their dispute.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|pp=142-3.}}
In 1421 Robert acted as his nephew's [[executor]], following Gilbert's death in the disastrous English defeat at the [[Battle of Baugé]].<ref>Milner, J., 'The Battle of Baugé, March 1421: Impact and Memory', ''History'' ''91'' (2006), 486.</ref> From his nephew, Umfraville inherited the [[Redesdale]] and [[Kyme family|Kyme]] estates; he had already lost his lordship of Langley in 1414 when the [[Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland|second Earl of Northumberland]] was restored to his [[Property|patrimony]]. It was with this Henry Percy that Sir Robert spent much of the remainder of his military career in the north of England<ref name=":0" /> (this included not only fighting but diplomatic duties- for instance in 1425, he was sent to King James to assist the on-going negotiations, although the results of this particular embassy is unknown).{{sfn|Storey, 1961|p=156-7.}} His duties also involved administrative work such as presiding over the Warden's Marcher Court,<ref>Neville, C.J., 'Keeping the Peace on the Northern Marches in the Later Middle Ages', ''The English Historical Review'' 109 (1994), 21.</ref> negotiating temporary truces, attending peace conferences, and travelling on embassies. He also continued to keep the peace in his home county as well, for example helping to [[Arbitration|arbitrate]] the dispute between the Northumberland gentry families of Heron and [[Manners famiies|Manners]] between 1428 and 1431, although as a [[feoffee]] to Sir [[William Heron (died 1428)|William Heron]], Sir Robert took the part of his wife, Isabel, after Heron was killed by Manners.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|pp=142-3.}} In this arbitration, Prior wessington acted as a umpire.<ref name="Clark2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|pages=56–|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> In Umfraville's own words, he wished to see 'gude rest and pece to be had in the cuntre,'<ref name="Clark20062">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Vq_-ZFRtnkC&pg=PA56|title=Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84383-270-6|pages=56–|author=Linda Clark}}</ref> and as a consequnce of Wessington's and Langley's arbitration, Umfraville informed the former on 3 April 1428 that he would request Isabel's [[lawsuit]] in London be withdrawn if Manners would pay a [[surety]] of 400 [[marks]] to Heron's widow; on the 23rd of the month, manners [[indenture]]d himself to pay all heron's debts and to establish [[chantries]] for those that died during the course of their dispute.{{sfn|Storey, 1961|pp=142-3.}}

Revision as of 18:24, 27 October 2017

Arms of Sir Robert de Umfraville, KG

Sir Robert Umfraville KG, Lord of Redesdale (c. 1363 – 1436) (a.k.a. Robin Mend the Market)[1] was a late medieval English knight who took part in the later stages of the Hundred years war, especially in the Kingdom of Scotland.

Background

Robert Ufraville was the youngest son of Sir Thomas Umfraville, who died in 1387, and his family had been an important one in Anglo-Scottish relations and on the border since the twelfth century,[2] and had once been styled lords of Angus. They owned much land around the Redesdale area, although both the Scottish wars and the growth of other, newer regional families, such as the Nevilles, had led to a decline in their status by the fifteenth century. Indeed, Sir Robert himself, whilst a minor falling his father's death, served his wardship under the first Neville Earl of Westmorland [3]

Career

Robert Umfraville's career was predominantly a military one. The chronicler John Hardyng reports that Umfraville fough at the Battle of Otterburn in 1388, as part of the contingent of Henry Hotspur (the son of the earl of Northumberland) . This, says Hardyng, was followed by the first of many border raids Umfraville led into Scotland in 1390. These continued following the deposition of King Richard II, and he probably took part in the Battle of Homildon Hill in 1402.[2] In fact, notwithstanding the regime change of 1399, Umfraville's duties remained very much unchanged, and the "old truths remained:royal service, local administration and the defence of the realm."[4] He was indentured to join Henry IV's invasion of Scotland in 1400,[5] which came to very little; Umfraville did, however, inflict a subsequent defeat on a large Scots army at Fulhope Law,[6] capturing some Scottish lords.[7] He continued in defence of the border through the next decade, when Umfraville's expertise in local politics helped him advise the Warden of the Eastern March, the king's son, John, Duke of Lancaster. Umfraville probably acted in the capacity of 'sub-warden' to the duke, in the now by now largely defunct 'middle march.' In 1407, with his young nephew Gilbert Umfraville, he attended, as a tenant-in-chief, the enthronement of the new Bishop of Durham, Thomas Langley.[8]

Umfraville's loyalty to the new regime was appreciated by King Henry IV, who retained him for life for a annuity of forty pounds. At some point he was also knighted by the king; historian Henry Summerson has said this helped "to ensure his loyalty against the Percys, his former lords"[2] who were growing increasingly dissatisfied with Henry. This paid off for the king, for, in 1405, when Archbishop Scrope rebelled, Umfraville joined the earl of Westmorland in suppressing the uprising at Shipton Moor. Uncommonly for a younger son in the middle ages, and probably another reflection of the high standing in which he stood with the king, in 1408 Umfraville was elected to the Order of the Garter,[2] whereupon he took the stall of Edmund, Earl of Kent, who had died that year.[9] Umfraville's association with John Harding came about in 1402, when Harding's previous patron, Hotspur, was killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury, and Harding joined Umfraville's service[10] after receiving a royal pardon to do so.[11]

In the 1390s that Umfraville began sitting on Royal Commissions in his home county of Northumberland, and was appointed its Sheriff in 1401. Three years later, the earl of Northumberland gave him the command of Berwick Castle, and Umrfraville received the keeping of Warkworth Castle in 1405,[2] and appointed Hardyng his constable there.[12] He was also granted the lordship of Langley the same year.[2] Following the earl of Northumberland's defeat and death at the Battle of Bramham Moor in 1408, and in acknowledgment of the role Sir Robert played in it, Westmorland re-appointed Umfraville to the keeping of Warkworth,[13] while Umfraville's diplomatic work with Scotland also increased as the result of the Percies' fall.[14] In fact, Umfraville was the only Percy retainer that King Henry IV made an effort to reconcile to the new Lancastrian regime; as a "border warlord with impeccable lineage" Umfraville both earned great rewards from the crown whilst still, probably, commanding the respect of what remained of the Percy affinity in the north-west.[15]

Robert Umfravile had a close relationship with his nephew Gilbert, the son of Robert's elder brother Thomas, who had died in 1391. Through Gilbert, Robert also had a permanent connection to Ralph, Earl of Westmorland, as Gilbert married Ralph's daughter Anne. Robert was probably responsible for Gilbert's martial training, as the two spent the years of the late 1400s on the border; in 1408 they jointly-led a raid into Teviotdale: Hardynge describes how, Robert was like an "olde dogge [that] hath grete joy to bayte his whelpe." The raids continued, with another soon after on Jedburgh. Robert's service for the king was not confined to the northern border:His service was also not just confined to fighting on land. In 1410, he was appointed lieutenant to Sir Thomas Beaufort, the Admiral of the seas. In this capacity, following the burning of Roxburgh, Umfraville commanded a force of ten ships and 600 men and destroyed Scottish ships sheltered in the Firth of Forth, capturing fourteen of them.[16] As a result he was appointed Captain of Roxburgh in place of John Neville, the Earl of Westmorland's son.[17] Umfraville was owed £666 for his naval expedition,[18] and two years later, Bishop Langley paid Umfraville 100 marks to repair the walls of Berwick Castle, by this time in some disrepair.[19]

The 'Southampton Plot,' service in France and return

In 1415 he was part of the Agincourt expedition with Henry V of England, fighting at that battle and at the Siege of Harfleur.[20] Henry confirmed him in his £40 annuity at this time. However, Henry Summerson has suggested that the reason for his presence in France rather than on the border was the result of the Southampton Plot. This had been exposed to Henry just before the expedition sailed.[2] Umfraville had been summoned- 'by name'- to the King in August 1415, due to his military importance.[21] This, says Summerson was because Henry suspected Umfraville of "harbouring a residual loyalty to the Percys" and of "thus of being sympathetic to the Southampton plot of 1415, whose aims included a Percy restoration." In July 1411, Umfraville had been appointed Captain of Roxburgh Castle for a six-year term. However, he had been relieved of his appointment just prior to his summons to the King. Since Umfraville was indentured by the king to serve abroad in the following year's campaign, he presumably had cleared himself of suspicion in the king's eyes, and in any case, by 1417 he had returned to the Northumberland and the border. The duke of Albany had launched a "foul raid"[2]- which broke the existing truce- against Berwick that year, and on 3 august Umfraville (as Chamberlain of Berwick and Captain of Roxburgh) was informed that Albany intended to invade England with an army of 60,000 and besiege Berwick.[22] E. F. Jacob has suggested that the leaders of the Southampton Plot expected Umfraville's support, but that, in the end, if he did let the Scots over the border t was "only to destroy them."[23] Sir Robert led a series of retaliatory raids against Scotland in revenge,[2] climaxing in 1419 with his assault upon the town of Peebles. As a result of his burning of the town on market day, Umfraville earned the moniker 'Mend-market.' John Hardyng's later verse proclaims that Umfraville, being determined that not all the glory should be earned solely by those fighting the French, "made the warre on Scottes to have a name" for himself.[24] As Alexander Rose put it, while Henry V was "sacking Caen and advancing into undefended Bayeux and Lisieux... Sir Robert Umfraville, his most ruthless lieutenant [had] free reign to tear south-eastern Scotland savagely apart for two years."[25]

Later years

Sir Robert had married a woman named known only as Isabella by 1419, when he is recorded as taking membership of the Durham confraternity.[2] He also appears to have been friends with the Prior of Durham, John Wessington, who had not only granted him his letters of confraternity, but had been entrusted by Umfraville with important family title deeds.[26] Umfraville had a certain religious devotion; in 1428, he was licenced to grant his manor of Farnacres, near Newcastle upon Tyne.[27] This, he charged, should be devoted to the souls of himself, his wife, Kings Henry IV and V, and to each past, present and future member of the Order of the Garter.[2]

In 1421 Robert acted as his nephew's executor, following Gilbert's death in the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Baugé.[28] From his nephew, Umfraville inherited the Redesdale and Kyme estates; he had already lost his lordship of Langley in 1414 when the second Earl of Northumberland was restored to his patrimony. It was with this Henry Percy that Sir Robert spent much of the remainder of his military career in the north of England[2] (this included not only fighting but diplomatic duties- for instance in 1425, he was sent to King James to assist the on-going negotiations, although the results of this particular embassy is unknown).[29] His duties also involved administrative work such as presiding over the Warden's Marcher Court,[30] negotiating temporary truces, attending peace conferences, and travelling on embassies. He also continued to keep the peace in his home county as well, for example helping to arbitrate the dispute between the Northumberland gentry families of Heron and Manners between 1428 and 1431, although as a feoffee to Sir William Heron, Sir Robert took the part of his wife, Isabel, after Heron was killed by Manners.[31] In this arbitration, Prior wessington acted as a umpire.[32] In Umfraville's own words, he wished to see 'gude rest and pece to be had in the cuntre,'[33] and as a consequnce of Wessington's and Langley's arbitration, Umfraville informed the former on 3 April 1428 that he would request Isabel's lawsuit in London be withdrawn if Manners would pay a surety of 400 marks to Heron's widow; on the 23rd of the month, manners indentured himself to pay all heron's debts and to establish chantries for those that died during the course of their dispute.[31]

Since Gilbert had been his closest relative, and Robert and Isabelle had had no children, his estates passed to a distant relative, Sir William Tailboys. How much these lands were actually worth, however, Summerson has queried: although his manors around Redesdale covered over 25,000 acres, Scotland and England were in a state of war, and so it is likely, he suggests, that they had been greatly ravaged. Possibly the only lands of Umfraville's that were worth their full value at the time, he says, were those in Lincolnshire, which could have been worth up to £400 per annum.[2]

Death and contemporary perception

Historian Chris Given-Wilson has described Umfraville as one of "the most renowned warriors of their day."[34] This reflects the conteporanious view of Robert Umfraville as by now something of a fifteenth-century hero: in 1426 the King's Council, on behalf of the then four-year old King Henry VI, had written to him, thanking him for his "great and notable services … to your most renowned honour and praise and to the advantage of us and our whole realm," whilst John Hardyng called Umfraville "a Jewell for a kynge, in wyse consayle and knyghtly dede of werre." Sir Robert received his last commission to organise a truce with Scotland in March 1436 and died on 27 January the following year. He was buried in Newminster Abbey, where his wife, who died less than two years' later in 1438 was buried beside him.[2]

References

  1. ^ Hardyng, p. 366
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27992
  3. ^ Gwilym Dodd (2013). Henry V: New Interpretations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-1-903153-46-8.
  4. ^ Gwilym Dodd (2013). Henry V: New Interpretations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-903153-46-8.
  5. ^ Curry, A., Bell, A., King, A. & Simpkin, D., 'New Regime, New Army? Henry IV's Scottish Expedition of 1400', The English Historical Review 125 (2010), 1386.
  6. ^ Jacob, E. F. (1993). The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 35-6. ISBN 0192852868.
  7. ^ The History Of Scotland. Biographical Memoirs. Religious Discourses. House Of Aspen. Doom Of Devorgoil. Letters On Demonology And Witchcraft. History Of France. Robert Of Paris. Castle Dangerous Tales And Essays. Glossary: 8. By A. And W. Galignani And Company. 1834. p. 75.
  8. ^ Storey, R. L. (1961). Thomas Langley and the Bishopric of Durham. London: William Clowes and Sons, Ltd. p. 104.
  9. ^ Beltz, J. F. (1841). Memorials of the Order of the Garter; From its Foundation to the Present Time With Biographical Notices of the Knights in the Reigns of Edward III and Richard II. London: William Pickering. pp. clviii .
  10. ^ Alicia Marchant (2014). The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 52 n.69. ISBN 978-1-903153-55-0.
  11. ^ Antonia Gransden (1996). Historical Writing in England: c. 1307 to the early sixteenth century. Psychology Press. pp. 274–. ISBN 978-0-415-15125-2.
  12. ^ Alicia Marchant (2014). The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 52 n.69. ISBN 978-1-903153-55-0.
  13. ^ Gwilym Dodd (2013). Henry V: New Interpretations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 94–5. ISBN 978-1-903153-46-8.
  14. ^ Given-Wilson, 2016, p. 460.
  15. ^ Given-Wilson, 2016, p. 483-4..
  16. ^ Given-Wilson, C. (2016). Henry IV. Padstow: Yale University Press. pp. 324-5. ISBN 9780300154191.
  17. ^ Given-Wilson, 2016, p. 324..
  18. ^ Given-Wilson, 2016, p. 474 n. 32..
  19. ^ Storey, 1961, p. 146.
  20. ^ Alicia Marchant (2014). The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 52 n.69. ISBN 978-1-903153-55-0.
  21. ^ Gwilym Dodd (2013). Henry V: New Interpretations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-903153-46-8.
  22. ^ Storey, 1961, p. 151.
  23. ^ Jacob, 1993, p. 146.
  24. ^ Storey, 1961, p. 153.
  25. ^ Rose, A. (2002). Kings in the North: The House of Percy in British History. St Ives: Phoenix. pp. 447-8. ISBN 7818424857.
  26. ^ Linda Clark (2006). Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages. Boydell Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84383-270-6.
  27. ^ Storey, 1961, p. 187.
  28. ^ Milner, J., 'The Battle of Baugé, March 1421: Impact and Memory', History 91 (2006), 486.
  29. ^ Storey, 1961, p. 156-7..
  30. ^ Neville, C.J., 'Keeping the Peace on the Northern Marches in the Later Middle Ages', The English Historical Review 109 (1994), 21.
  31. ^ a b Storey, 1961, pp. 142-3..
  32. ^ Linda Clark (2006). Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages. Boydell Press. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-84383-270-6.
  33. ^ Linda Clark (2006). Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages. Boydell Press. pp. 56–. ISBN 978-1-84383-270-6.
  34. ^ Given-Wilson, 2016, p. 396..

Contemporary tracts and sources

  • Chronicle of John Hardyng, ed Ellis, H., London 1812. [1]
  • Beltz, G. F. Memorials of the most noble Order of the Garter, from its foundation to the present time. London 1841. [2]
  • Chambers, W., A History of Peebleshire, Edinburgh 1861.
  • Denham Tracts, ed. Hardy Dr. J., London 1892.[3]
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