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Zenz's most influential work has been his research on the mass detention of Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities within China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps]].<ref name="WSJ2019">{{cite news|last=Chin|first=Josh|date=21 May 2019|title=The German Data Diver Who Exposed China's Muslim Crackdown|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-german-data-diver-who-exposed-chinas-muslim-crackdown-11558431005|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119034104/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-german-data-diver-who-exposed-chinas-muslim-crackdown-11558431005|archive-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Zenz is one of the first researchers to have revealed the existence, size, and scope of these camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yan|first=Hai|date=16 March 2020|title=China Backs Lawsuits Against German Scholar for Human Rights Abuse Claims|work=[[Voice of America]]|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/china-backs-lawsuits-against-german-scholar-human-rights-abuse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2021|title=Human rights in China: Beijing endorses legal action against German scholar over Xinjiang abuse claims|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3124736/human-rights-china-beijing-endorses-legal-action-against|url-status=live}}</ref>
Zenz's most influential work has been his research on the mass detention of Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities within China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps]].<ref name="WSJ2019">{{cite news|last=Chin|first=Josh|date=21 May 2019|title=The German Data Diver Who Exposed China's Muslim Crackdown|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-german-data-diver-who-exposed-chinas-muslim-crackdown-11558431005|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119034104/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-german-data-diver-who-exposed-chinas-muslim-crackdown-11558431005|archive-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Zenz is one of the first researchers to have revealed the existence, size, and scope of these camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Yan|first=Hai|date=16 March 2020|title=China Backs Lawsuits Against German Scholar for Human Rights Abuse Claims|work=[[Voice of America]]|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/china-backs-lawsuits-against-german-scholar-human-rights-abuse|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2021|title=Human rights in China: Beijing endorses legal action against German scholar over Xinjiang abuse claims|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3124736/human-rights-china-beijing-endorses-legal-action-against|url-status=live}}</ref>


Since February 2018,<ref name="WSJ2019" /> Zenz has studied the mass detention of [[Uyghurs]] in [[Xinjiang internment camps|internment camps]] in [[Xinjiang]]. His work has been based on Chinese government budget plans, bidding papers, leaked documents, spreadsheets, and other official documents.<ref name="WSJ2019" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=2 July 2019|title=China calls Xinjiang camps training centres, but government’s own documents say otherwise, researcher finds|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3016850/china-calls-xinjiang-camps-training-centres-governments-own|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wen|first=Philip|last2=Duo|first2=Eva|date=17 February 2020|title=Document Shows Chinese Officials’ Calculations in Waging Xinjiang Campaign|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/document-shows-chinese-officials-calculations-in-waging-xinjiang-campaign-11581955233|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Waters|first=Nick|date=5 April 2019|title=Are Historic Mosques In Xinjiang Being Destroyed?|work=[[Bellingcat]]|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2019/04/05/are-historic-mosques-in-xinjiang-being-destroyed/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, in May 2018, Zenz estimated that between 100,000 to just over 1 million Muslims had been subject to detention in the camps in a report published by the [[Jamestown Foundation]].<ref name="WSJ2019" /> The accounting figures of the camps that were used to base Zenz's estimate of 1 million had been sourced from Istiqal, an Uyghur exile media group based in Turkey, who had claimed to have gotten chinese leaked documents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-13|title=ウイグル絶望収容所の収監者数は89万人以上|url=https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2018/03/89-3.php|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Newsweek日本版|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang’s camps come from? {{!}} Merics|url=https://merics.org/en/analysis/where-did-one-million-figure-detentions-xinjiangs-camps-come|access-date=2021-04-06|website=merics.org|language=en}}</ref>
Since February 2018,<ref name="WSJ2019" /> Zenz has studied the mass detention of [[Uyghurs]] in [[Xinjiang internment camps|internment camps]] in [[Xinjiang]]. His work has been based on Chinese government budget plans, bidding papers, leaked documents, spreadsheets, and other official documents.<ref name="WSJ2019" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=2 July 2019|title=China calls Xinjiang camps training centres, but government’s own documents say otherwise, researcher finds|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3016850/china-calls-xinjiang-camps-training-centres-governments-own|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wen|first=Philip|last2=Duo|first2=Eva|date=17 February 2020|title=Document Shows Chinese Officials’ Calculations in Waging Xinjiang Campaign|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/document-shows-chinese-officials-calculations-in-waging-xinjiang-campaign-11581955233|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Waters|first=Nick|date=5 April 2019|title=Are Historic Mosques In Xinjiang Being Destroyed?|work=[[Bellingcat]]|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2019/04/05/are-historic-mosques-in-xinjiang-being-destroyed/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, in a May 2018 report published by the [[Jamestown Foundation]], Zenz estimated that between 100,000 to just over 1 million Muslims had been subject to detention in the camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" /> Zenz based his estimate on documents that had been leaked by anonymous Chinese public security officials to Istiqlal, a Turkey-based Uyghur exile media organization.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-13|title=ウイグル絶望収容所の収監者数は89万人以上|url=https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2018/03/89-3.php|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Newsweek日本版|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang’s camps come from? {{!}} Merics|url=https://merics.org/en/analysis/where-did-one-million-figure-detentions-xinjiangs-camps-come|access-date=2021-04-06|website=merics.org|language=en}}</ref> He then extrapolated from the leaked figures and incorporated information from former detainees and other documents that gave indications of the sizes and locations of the camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" />


Since then, his estimate has been cited widely, with many sources, including United Nations experts, preferring to use the higher end of the estimate's range.<ref name="WSJ2019" /> Later, in March 2019, Zenz told the United Nations that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been detained in camps, saying that his number accounted for both the increases in the size and scope of detention in the region and public reporting on the stories of Uyghur exiles with family in interment camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" /> In July 2019, Zenz wrote in the ''Journal of Political Risk'' that he speculated that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been extrajudicially detained, which he described as being "an equivalent to just under one in six adult members of a Turkic and predominantly Muslim minority group in Xinjiang."<ref name="jpolrisk.com">{{Cite journal |last=Zenz |first=Adrian |title=Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang's "Vocational Training Internment Camps" |url=http://www.jpolrisk.com/brainwashing-police-guards-and-coercive-internment-evidence-from-chinese-government-documents-about-the-nature-and-extent-of-xinjiangs-vocational-training-internment-camps |journal=Journal of Political Risk |volume=7 |issue=7 |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803233129/http://www.jpolrisk.com/brainwashing-police-guards-and-coercive-internment-evidence-from-chinese-government-documents-about-the-nature-and-extent-of-xinjiangs-vocational-training-internment-camps/ |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2019, Zenz estimated that the number of internment camps in Xinjiang had surpassed 1,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|date=12 November 2019|title=Expert Estimates China Has More Than 1,000 Internment Camps For Xinjiang Uyghurs|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/zenz-11122019161147.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221100524/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/zenz-11122019161147.html|archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, Zenz wrote in ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust," arguing that the Chinese Government was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zenz|first=Adrian|date=1 July 2020|title=China’s Own Documents Show Potentially Genocidal Sterilization Plans in Xinjiang|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/01/china-documents-uighur-genocidal-sterilization-xinjiang/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since then, his estimate has been cited widely, with many sources, including United Nations experts, preferring to use the higher end of the estimate's range.<ref name="WSJ2019" /> Later, in March 2019, Zenz told the United Nations that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been detained in camps, saying that his number accounted for both the increases in the size and scope of detention in the region and public reporting on the stories of Uyghur exiles with family in interment camps.<ref name="WSJ2019" /> In July 2019, Zenz wrote in the ''Journal of Political Risk'' that he speculated that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been extrajudicially detained, which he described as being "an equivalent to just under one in six adult members of a Turkic and predominantly Muslim minority group in Xinjiang."<ref name="jpolrisk.com">{{Cite journal |last=Zenz |first=Adrian |title=Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang's "Vocational Training Internment Camps" |url=http://www.jpolrisk.com/brainwashing-police-guards-and-coercive-internment-evidence-from-chinese-government-documents-about-the-nature-and-extent-of-xinjiangs-vocational-training-internment-camps |journal=Journal of Political Risk |volume=7 |issue=7 |access-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803233129/http://www.jpolrisk.com/brainwashing-police-guards-and-coercive-internment-evidence-from-chinese-government-documents-about-the-nature-and-extent-of-xinjiangs-vocational-training-internment-camps/ |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2019, Zenz estimated that the number of internment camps in Xinjiang had surpassed 1,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lipes|first=Joshua|date=12 November 2019|title=Expert Estimates China Has More Than 1,000 Internment Camps For Xinjiang Uyghurs|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/zenz-11122019161147.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221100524/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/zenz-11122019161147.html|archive-date=21 December 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, Zenz wrote in ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust," arguing that the Chinese Government was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zenz|first=Adrian|date=1 July 2020|title=China’s Own Documents Show Potentially Genocidal Sterilization Plans in Xinjiang|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/01/china-documents-uighur-genocidal-sterilization-xinjiang/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Revision as of 04:57, 7 April 2021

Adrian Zenz
Born1974 (age 49–50)
NationalityGerman[1]
Known forResearch on Xinjiang re-education camps
Academic background
Alma materUniversity of Auckland
University of Cambridge
Academic work
DisciplineAnthropology
InstitutionsVictims of Communism Memorial Foundation
European School of Culture and Theology (Akademie für Weltmission [de] and Columbia International University)

Adrian Zenz (born 1974)[2] is a German anthropologist known for his studies of the Xinjiang internment camps (also known as "re-education" camps) and Uyghur genocide.[3] He is a senior fellow in China studies at the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[4][5][6]

Career

Zenz received a Master's degree in development studies from the University of Auckland, followed by a PhD in social anthropology from the University of Cambridge, with a doctoral thesis on minority education, job opportunities, and the ethnic identity of young Tibetans in western China.[7]

He was a lecturer in social research methodology at the European School of Culture and Theology,[4][8] a joint venture between the Evangelical theological institution Akademie für Weltmission [de] and Columbia International University,[9][10] where he advised doctoral students.[11] As of 2021, he is a senior fellow in China studies at the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[4][6]

Zenz also serves as an advisor to the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China.[6][11]

Anthropology

Xinjiang

Zenz's most influential work has been his research on the mass detention of Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities within China's Xinjiang re-education camps.[1] Zenz is one of the first researchers to have revealed the existence, size, and scope of these camps.[1][12][13]

Since February 2018,[1] Zenz has studied the mass detention of Uyghurs in internment camps in Xinjiang. His work has been based on Chinese government budget plans, bidding papers, leaked documents, spreadsheets, and other official documents.[1][14][15][16] Initially, in a May 2018 report published by the Jamestown Foundation, Zenz estimated that between 100,000 to just over 1 million Muslims had been subject to detention in the camps.[1] Zenz based his estimate on documents that had been leaked by anonymous Chinese public security officials to Istiqlal, a Turkey-based Uyghur exile media organization.[17][18] He then extrapolated from the leaked figures and incorporated information from former detainees and other documents that gave indications of the sizes and locations of the camps.[1]

Since then, his estimate has been cited widely, with many sources, including United Nations experts, preferring to use the higher end of the estimate's range.[1] Later, in March 2019, Zenz told the United Nations that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been detained in camps, saying that his number accounted for both the increases in the size and scope of detention in the region and public reporting on the stories of Uyghur exiles with family in interment camps.[1] In July 2019, Zenz wrote in the Journal of Political Risk that he speculated that 1.5 million Uyghurs had been extrajudicially detained, which he described as being "an equivalent to just under one in six adult members of a Turkic and predominantly Muslim minority group in Xinjiang."[19] In November 2019, Zenz estimated that the number of internment camps in Xinjiang had surpassed 1,000.[20] In July 2020, Zenz wrote in Foreign Policy that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust," arguing that the Chinese Government was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.[21]

Zenz has also researched publicly available Chinese government documents that showed that the Chinese government has spent tens of millions of dollars since 2016 on a birth control surgery program that includes cash incentives for sterilization procedures and.[22][23][24] Zenz's research showed that birth control violations are punishable by internment in the Xinjiang internment camps,[23][24] a conclusion that has been corroborated an Associated Press investigation that also found that women in Xinjiang were forcibly sterilized and subject to forced abortions.[22]

Tibet

Zenz is the author of 'Tibetanness' Under Threat?, a study of the modern Tibetan education system. In the book, he examines the career prospects of students who major in Tibetan-language studies and the notion that the greater market value of Chinese-language education threatens Tibetan ethnocultural survival.[4][25]

In September 2020, Zenz authored a report that said that 500,000 Tibetans, mostly subsistence farmers and herders, were trained in the first seven months of 2020 in military-style training centres;[26][27][28][29] BBC News reports that experts cited in the report say these centres "are akin to labour camps".[28]

Reception

Xinjiang

Zenz's work to expose human rights abuses in Xinjiang has been the subject of widespread international attention and has been widely cited in media reports.[1][30][31][32][33]

An analysis published by the Mercator Institute for China Studies in January 2019 called Zenz's estimate that 1 million Uyghurs had been subject to extrajudicial detention "credible" and cited Zenz's 2018 study as one of two important studies that "popularized" the number of one million Uyghur detainees in 2018.[30] Zenz's work has been described by the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung as delivering solid evidence for the extent of the repression that had only been previously known through anecdotal evidence.[34]

The United States banned imports of cotton from Xinjiang shortly after Zenz published a report describing widespread use of forced labor in the region.[32]

Zenz and his work on Xinjiang have been criticized by the Chinese government,[32][35][36][37] which has repeatedly described Zenz's findings as "lies" but has confirmed a decline in the natural Uyghur population growth rate.[32] In March 2021, Chinese state media reported that unnamed Chinese companies have filed a lawsuit in Xinjiang against Zenz to recoup economic losses and restore their reputations in response to what Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian described as "Zenz's 'rumors' of forced labor in the region".[31] This lawsuit is one in a series of steps that the Chinese government is taking in order to attack critics of Chinese government policies in Xinjiang.[32][38][39]

In the same month after the European Union, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada imposed coordinated sanctions against Chinese government officials over human rights abuses in Xinjiang.[40][41] The Chinese government responded by imposing retaliatory sanctions against Zenz and others who had criticized the Chinese government for its human rights abuses in Xinjiang, including nine other people (five of whom are members of the European Parliament), two European Union bodies, the Mercator Institute for China Studies, and the Alliance of Democracies Foundation.[33][41] The sanctions against Zenz prohibit him from entering the People's Republic of China and restrict his ability to do business with Chinese firms.[33][41]

According to Zenz, population growth rates in the two largest Uyghur prefectures in Xinjiang, Kashgar and Hotan, fell by 84% between 2015 and 2018 due to forced sterilization, contraception, and abortions on Uyghurs.[42][43][3]

Tibet

A 2019 article in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described Zenz's research methods on Tibetans as unconventional and exciting little interest in the professional world. The article stated that Zenz had analyzed job postings for security personnel in Tibet, compared them with data on self-immolation by Tibetans, and then used that data to draw his conclusions about the Chinese government's policies of repression.[34] Development studies researcher Andrew Fischer described Zenz's early work as an "excellent discussion" of Tibetan education that included "interesting ways of measuring and representing" school outcomes[44] and as offering a "rare insight" into Tibetan education with "fascinating" details and of "immense value".[45]

In 2020, a report from Reuters wrote that the news agency had "corroborated Zenz’s findings and found additional policy documents, company reports, procurement filings and state media reports" regarding a growing forced labor program in Tibet.[27][28][29] The Chinese Foreign Ministry disputed Zenz's findings, with a spokesperson calling the findings "lies".[27][29]

Robert Barnett, the former Director of the Modern Tibetan Studies Program at Columbia University, wrote in March 2021 that Zenz's work on Tibet is generally "well-regarded" and noted that Zenz has been subject to unfair and abusive attacks from Chinese state media.[46] Barnett, however, criticized the methods used in creating a report written by Zenz and published in September 2020 by the Jamestown Foundation, writing that the report had not been peer-reviewed prior to publication, did not refer to the findings of other Tibet researchers, and had not been independently verified by field research.[46] Barnett also criticized the timing of and media coverage surrounding the report's publication, arguing that it had been "coordinated with a prominent media campaign" and that prominent newspapers have misrepresented the report by overstating Zenz's conclusions regarding the existence of "labor camps" in Tibet.[46]

Theology

Zenz is a born-again Christian, and has stated that he feels "led by God" in his research on Chinese Muslims and other minority groups.[1] Zenz co-authored a book in 2012 with his father-in-law, Marlon L. Sias, titled Worthy to Escape: Why All Believers Will Not Be Raptured Before the Tribulation.[1]

Selected works

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chin, Josh (21 May 2019). "The German Data Diver Who Exposed China's Muslim Crackdown". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. '^ Tibetanness' Under Threat?
  3. ^ a b "China's genocide against the Uyghurs of Xinjiang, in 4 disturbing charts - Vox".
  4. ^ a b c d "Adrian Zenz". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  5. ^ Editorial Board (16 December 2019). "China appears to add a sickening new dimension to its treatment of Uighurs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "Adrian Zenz, Ph.D." Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  7. ^ "Adrian Zenz". Akademie für Weltmission [de]. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  8. ^ Tiezzi, Shannon (1 December 2018). "Adrian Zenz on China's Xinjiang Re-Education Campaign". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  9. ^ National Cable Satellite Corporation. "Adrian Zenz". CSPAN. Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "Studien- und Weiterbildungsangebote" (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft evangelikaler Missionen e.V.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b "Adrian Zenz". Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China. Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Yan, Hai (16 March 2020). "China Backs Lawsuits Against German Scholar for Human Rights Abuse Claims". Voice of America.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "Human rights in China: Beijing endorses legal action against German scholar over Xinjiang abuse claims". South China Morning Post. Bloomberg News. 9 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Gan, Nectar (2 July 2019). "China calls Xinjiang camps training centres, but government's own documents say otherwise, researcher finds". South China Morning Post.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Wen, Philip; Duo, Eva (17 February 2020). "Document Shows Chinese Officials' Calculations in Waging Xinjiang Campaign". Wall Street Journal.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Waters, Nick (5 April 2019). "Are Historic Mosques In Xinjiang Being Destroyed?". Bellingcat.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ "ウイグル絶望収容所の収監者数は89万人以上". Newsweek日本版 (in Japanese). 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  18. ^ "Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang's camps come from? | Merics". merics.org. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  19. ^ Zenz, Adrian. "Brainwashing, Police Guards and Coercive Internment: Evidence from Chinese Government Documents about the Nature and Extent of Xinjiang's "Vocational Training Internment Camps"". Journal of Political Risk. 7 (7). Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  20. ^ Lipes, Joshua (12 November 2019). "Expert Estimates China Has More Than 1,000 Internment Camps For Xinjiang Uyghurs". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  21. ^ Zenz, Adrian (1 July 2020). "China's Own Documents Show Potentially Genocidal Sterilization Plans in Xinjiang". Foreign Policy.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization". Associated Press. 29 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  23. ^ a b "China forcibly sterilising Uighur women in campaign to control population, new report says". SBS News. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  24. ^ a b Zenz, Adrian (June 2020). "Sterilizations, Forced Abortions, and Mandatory Birth Control" (PDF). Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  25. ^ Zenz, Adrian (2013). 'Tibetanness' Under Threat?: Neo-Integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, P.R. China. Global Oriental. ISBN 978-9004257962.
  26. ^ Zenz, Adrian (22 September 2020). "Xinjiang's System of Militarized Vocational Training Comes to Tibet". China Brief. 20 (17). The Jamestown Foundation.
  27. ^ a b c Cadell, Cate (22 September 2020). "Exclusive: China sharply expands mass labor program in Tibet". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  28. ^ a b c "China 'coercing Tibetans into mass labour camps'". BBC News. 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  29. ^ a b c Davidson, Helen (2020-09-22). "Report charts China's expansion of mass labour programme in Tibet". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  30. ^ a b "Where did the one million figure for detentions in Xinjiang's camps come from? | Merics". merics.org. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  31. ^ a b Dou, Eva (10 March 2021). "Academic faces Chinese lawsuit for exposing human rights abuses in Xinjiang". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  32. ^ a b c d e Vanderklippe, Nathan (9 March 2021). "Lawsuit against Xinjiang researcher marks new effort to silence critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs". The Globe and Mail.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ^ a b c Saric, Ivana; Basu, Zachary (22 March 2021). "U.S., U.K., EU and Canada sanction Chinese officials over Uyghur abuses". Axios.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ a b "Inhaftierte Uiguren in China Der Mann mit der Million". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  35. ^ "China's Pushback: Beijing questions Western reporting on Xinjiang". Al Jazeera. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  36. ^ Westcott, Ben (25 February 2020). "Chinese government disputes Xinjiang detention records leaked to CNN". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  37. ^ Guenfoud, Ibtissem; Davies, Guy (7 March 2021). "Uighur woman living in France speaks out about alleged Chinese 're-education' camp horrors". ABC News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ^ Chan, John (22 March 2021). "E.U. and Allies Sanction PRC Officials for Xinjiang Abuses; China Retaliates Against Politicians, Diplomats, Academics". China Digital Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ^ Cheung, Rachel; Wilhelm, Benjamin (31 March 2021). "China Lashes Out to Silence Its Xinjiang Critics". World Politics Review. The Chinese government has long denied any human rights abuses in Xinjiang province, even as an increasing number of reports shed light on its brutal repression of mostly Muslim Uyghurs there. But in the face of mounting international pressure and now sanctions, Beijing is going on the offensive to silence critics of all stripes.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ Emmott, Robin; Brunnstromm, David (22 March 2020). "West sanctions China over Xinjiang abuses, Beijing hits back at EU". Reuters.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ^ a b c Cook, Lorne (22 March 2021). "EU, US, UK, Canada target China officials over Uyghur abuses". Associated Press.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ "Sterilizations, IUDs, and Coercive Birth Prevention: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birth Rates in Xinjiang - Jamestown".
  43. ^ "China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs". BBC News. 29 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  44. ^ Fischer, Andrew Martin (2013). The Disempowered Development of Tibet in China: A Study in the Economics of Marginalization. Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Lexington Books. p. 287 n. 22 and 23. ISBN 9780739134399.
  45. ^ Fischer, Andrew M. (2014). "Reviewed Work(s): 'Tibetanness' under Threat? Neo-integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, P.R. China by Adrian Zenz". The China Quarterly. 219: 886–888. doi:10.1017/S0305741014000927. JSTOR 24740656. S2CID 154326730.
  46. ^ a b c Barnett, Robert (29 March 2021). "China's Policies in Its Far West: The Claim of Tibet-Xinjiang Equivalence". Asia Unbound. Council on Foreign Relations.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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