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→‎WeChat: added more information about the use of WeChat in both Mainland China and Hong Kong. Including government's reaction towards the use of WeChat in the Hong Kon Protest
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=== WeChat ===
=== WeChat ===
[[WeChat]] known as the international version of Weixin is where users are distinguished from each other through mobile numbers used in registration for either WeChat or Weixin accounts<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=WeChat/Weixin Company|date=Sep 9, 2020|title=Weixin Privacy Protection Guidelines|url=https://weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/readtemplate?lang=en&t=weixin_agreement&s=privacy&cc=CN.|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-18|website=weixin.qq.com}}</ref>. Because Hong Kong is under the Weixin server, users in Hong Kong who have a Hong Kong phone number would be registered under the Weixin server. Weixin users are those who have registered using mainland China’s mobile phone numbers, while other users are categorized in WeChat servers<ref name=":2" />. Because WeChat’s servers are outside of China and are not subject to Chinese law, while Weixin servers are in China and are subject to Chinese law <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Sep 5|first=Samuel Wade {{!}}|last2=2019|date=2019-09-06|title=Chinese Supporters of HK Protests Under Pressure|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2019/09/chinese-supporters-of-hong-kong-protests-under-pressure/|access-date=2021-04-18|website=China Digital Times (CDT)|language=en-US}}</ref>, each individual’s data is stored in different locations. As Hong Kong is under the Weixin server, the Hong Kong protests are more censored in mainland China. According to the WeChat privacy guidelines, collecting sensitive information from users is meant to meet relevant laws and regulations of the identity verification network system requirements in China<ref name=":2" />. Therefore, all users within Hong Kong and mainland China must be registered that matches the laws and identity verification to access Weixin and those who do not have a Hong Kong number will then be registered under WeChat.
[[WeChat]] is said to be the most popular chatting app in China; nearly every cell phone user in China has registered. People use WeChat for social networking, event planning and even business purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ren|first=Yuan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/19/fashion/china-social-media-weibo-wechat.html|title=Know Your Chinese Social Media|date=2018-11-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-03-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

'''Mainland China’s Reaction to the usage of Weixin in Hong Kong protest'''

During the 2019 Hong Kong protest, the Mainland China government announced that WeChat would be heavily monitored because instant messaging services were being used to spread violence and terrorism<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Ian|date=2014-07-04|title=An Online Shift in China Muffles an Open Forum|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/05/world/asia/an-online-shift-in-china-muffles-an-open-forum.html|access-date=2021-04-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. According to the Central Government of the People’s Republic of China reacting to the Hong Kong protest, the Central Government states<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=香港社会各界严厉谴责激进示威者冲击中央政府驻港机构_滚动新闻_中国政府网|url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-07/22/content_5413065.htm|access-date=2021-04-18|website=www.gov.cn}}</ref>:

The vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference issued four consecutive posts on social networking sites to strongly condemn [the supporters of the Hong Kong Protest]. The post pointed out, “These scums will be severely published by the law and spurned by history”. He called: “The national emblem is smeared. I invite everyone to go online…

The statements passed by the Central Government were widely spread on social media including Weixin, which activated the state’s sovereignty in punishing those who support the Hong Kong protests. For example, on September 15th, 2019 the Guangzhou police detained Lai Rifu on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels.’ Lai Rifu had shared a song composed during the protest called “Glory to Hong Kong” which has become the unofficial anthem of the pro-democracy movement on his WeChat account <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-04|title=中国：应释放声援香港抗争者|url=https://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2019/10/04/334371|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Human Rights Watch|language=zh-hans}}</ref>. As well an Hangzhou-based democracy activist Mao Qingxiang was also detained for seven days for his WeChat posts about Hong Kong<ref name=":6" />. There were also comments about Hong Kong avoided controversial issues and focused on cheerleading the government’s achievements <ref>{{Cite journal|last=King, Gary, Jennifer Pan, Margaret E. Roberts|date=2017|title=How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Arugment|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/how-the-chinese-government-fabricates-social-media-posts-for-strategic-distraction-not-engaged-argument/4662DB26E2685BAF1485F14369BD137C|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=111|pages=484-501|via=Cambridge Core}}</ref>. Meanwhile, mainland Chinese citizens have planned their “anti-protest” protest on WeChat<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patterson|first=James|date=2019-11-26|title=WeChat, China Ban US Users From Talking About Hong Kong Protest|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/wechat-china-ban-us-users-talking-about-hong-kong-protest-2873691|access-date=2021-04-18|website=International Business Times}}</ref> during the 2019 Hong Kong protest when the Central Government states that<ref name=":5" />:

Every citizen who loves Hong Kong must stand up to support the special administrative region (SAR) government and the police in deafening the rule of law… restore a harmonious and stable social order, and make the “one country, two systems” stable and far-reaching.

Furthermore, protesters who are pro-government view western social media as biased against users sympathetic to China, as a growing number of them have embraced WeChat where they believe they will be treated more fairly <ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheung|first=Eric|date=2021-03-01|title=Why Facebook is losing friends in Hong Kong|url=https://restofworld.org/2021/why-facebook-is-losing-hongkong/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-18|website=Rest of World|language=en-US}}</ref>.

'''Impact of WeChat and Weixin towards Hong Kong protest'''

WeChat remains a powerful tool for activists throughout the 2019 Hong Kong protest<ref name=":4" />. During the protest, mainland Chinese citizens who stayed in Hong Kong after graduating from a university in Hong Kong joined several protests and posted photos of them on WeChat<ref name=":3" />. At the same time, protesters use the phrase “Let’s Go Hong Kong” as a symbol of fighting for Hong Kong’s democracy. Although on WeChat, the phrase “Let’s Go Hong Kong!” did not yield any result related to the protest <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=2019-06-13|title=How social media is shaping what people know — and don't know — about the Hong Kong protests|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/13/hong-kong-protests-role-of-technology-and-china-censorship.html|access-date=2021-04-18|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>. However, social media such as Weibo do have the phrase ‘Let’s Go Hong Kong’ for cheerleading the Central Government to resolve the violence occurring in Hong Kong instead of symbolizing Hong Kong’s democracy. Furthermore, WeChat also contains articles suggesting how the extradition bill is not a good solution to the legal case such as where a Hong Kong man killed a woman in Taiwan but fled to his home city. These articles negatively criticized the decisions made by the Central Government from mainland China, the article was later removed by a large-scale Chinese censorship operation a few hours after it was published on WeChat <ref>{{Cite news|last=Peter W. Liu and Justin M. Liu|date=2020|title=The Dark Side of WeChat: How the Chat App Turned 'Mega-platform' has Become China's Ultimate Tool for Authoritarianism and Censorship|work=Monmouth: The Magazine of Monmouth University|url=https://www.monmouth.edu/magazine/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2020/10/Monmouth-Magazine-Fall-2020.pdf}}</ref>.

In addition, some Hong Kong protesters distraught by the violent turn of events created digital apologies on WeChat but the posters were immediately censored by deleting and blocking such information on the WeChat platform<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emily Feng and Amy Cheng|date=Aug 14, 2019|title=China State Media Present Their Own Version Of Hong Kong Protests|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/08/14/751039100/china-state-media-present-distorted-version-of-hong-kong-protests|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-18|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref>. Meanwhile, when people tried to post photos of people holding candles and singing on WeChat ‘moments’, WeChat would show a message stating the WeChat account has been suspected of spreading malicious rumours and has been temporarily blocked<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last=McDonell|first=Stephen|date=2019-06-07|title=China social media: WeChat and the Surveillance State|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-48552907|access-date=2021-04-18}}</ref>. To unblock a user’s WeChat account from spreading malicious rumours, WeChat users are required to record faceprint for security purposes to unblock a WeChat account<ref name=":7" />. This showcased how WeChat and Weixin are both censored by mainland China as users can be easily detained if they were to post information such as the Hong Kong protest.


During the 2019 Hong Kong protest, mainland Chinese citizens planned their “Anti-protest” protest on WeChat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/wechat-china-ban-us-users-talking-about-hong-kong-protest-2873691|title=WeChat, China Ban US Users From Talking About Hong Kong Protest|last=Patterson|first=James|date=2019-11-26|website=International Business Times|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>


There have been allegations that WeChat is censoring images and text that relate to the Hong Kong demonstrations. Users who tried to post photos to the "Moments" feature were barred from uploading them. To circumvent this, users distort, rotate, or add stickers to the photos in order to post them. WeChat users outside mainland China have also had difficulty viewing content about the protests on this platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/hong-kong/3014594/what-happens-when-people-mention-hong-kong-protests-chinese-social-media|title=Hong Kong protests on Chinese social media|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>


== International ==
== International ==

Revision as of 21:30, 18 April 2021

2019 Hong Kong Protest

A variety of social media platforms were used in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests by those involved in the protests, as well as domestic and international spectators. Different online applications have been used for the organization and mobilization of protesters,[1] censorship of information,[2] international recognition and solidarity, and as a platform for global responses.[3][4] In fact, social media has been called a battleground for public opinion on the Hong Kong Protests.[5] Examples of these social media platforms include Facebook, Twitter, WeChat, and Weibo.

Hong Kong

Telegram

Telegram is a software that allows users to send encrypted messages that cloak the user’s identity. It was used by Hong Kong protest organizers to discuss protest logistics in large group chats. The app hosts thousands of protests in hundreds of group chats to discuss updates regarding times and locations of protests to building access codes allowing protests to hide from tear gas.[6] Previously, the app allowed individuals to match user pseudonyms to entries in their contact list, but Telegram disabled this feature, allowing users to remain anonymous from Chinese and Hong Kong government officials.[7]

Airdrop

Airdrop is another medium through which protesters have communicated logistical plans. Users go into large crowded public areas and airdrop information to anyone who has their receiving settings enabled. Airdrop has also been a way through which information has been distributed to mainland China. The messages are written in simplified Chinese (Hong Kong uses traditional characters) [8] which hints that the intended audience of the messages are mainlanders. In some cases, protesters would provide a QR code advertised as a method of payment. Scanning the image, however, would then trigger the airdrop of the desired information onto their device.[9]

Mainland China

Weibo

Weibo, known as “China‘s Twitter,” has most users from mainland China. It is a public community for Chinese citizens, where they have a relatively large amount of freedom of speech, but are still restricted to use some predefined “sensitive words.” Any post which contains these “sensitive words” will be automatically deleted by Weibo officials; moreover, sometimes the account would be banned entirely.

During the Hong Kong protest, Weibo, just like Twitter, had its own hashtag where people gathered together to express their opinions. The most popular hashtag was called “Hong Kong Riot” instead of “Hong Kong Protest” or “StandWithHongKong”, which are common hashtags in Hong Kong and internationally. Other trending hashtags include "Protect Hong Kong" and "Officers, We Support You". Another trending topic was Officer Liu, a police officer who was beaten during one of the protests on July 31. Images of him, photos of the incident, posts by the Chinese state media, and his own Weibo posts have gone viral. Content in support of the Hong Kong police became very popular during this time.[10]

Although Weibo is the most famous social media platform where people can interact with others, the Chinese government still plays a very important role in this community. Unlike the official accounts for governments on Twitter, the government-controlled Weibo accounts, such as the Communist Youth League or People’s Daily, are actually playing a role that is a combination of law enforcement and direct speaker for policy makers. Thus, most of the information on Weibo about the 2019 Hong Kong Protests will not be representative of the views of the protesters, as the channel for speaking the perspective is prohibited.[11] Similar to survivor bias, the posts that remain on the discussion page are preselected.

WeChat

WeChat known as the international version of Weixin is where users are distinguished from each other through mobile numbers used in registration for either WeChat or Weixin accounts[12]. Because Hong Kong is under the Weixin server, users in Hong Kong who have a Hong Kong phone number would be registered under the Weixin server. Weixin users are those who have registered using mainland China’s mobile phone numbers, while other users are categorized in WeChat servers[12]. Because WeChat’s servers are outside of China and are not subject to Chinese law, while Weixin servers are in China and are subject to Chinese law [13], each individual’s data is stored in different locations. As Hong Kong is under the Weixin server, the Hong Kong protests are more censored in mainland China. According to the WeChat privacy guidelines, collecting sensitive information from users is meant to meet relevant laws and regulations of the identity verification network system requirements in China[12]. Therefore, all users within Hong Kong and mainland China must be registered that matches the laws and identity verification to access Weixin and those who do not have a Hong Kong number will then be registered under WeChat.

Mainland China’s Reaction to the usage of Weixin in Hong Kong protest

During the 2019 Hong Kong protest, the Mainland China government announced that WeChat would be heavily monitored because instant messaging services were being used to spread violence and terrorism[14]. According to the Central Government of the People’s Republic of China reacting to the Hong Kong protest, the Central Government states[15]:

The vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference issued four consecutive posts on social networking sites to strongly condemn [the supporters of the Hong Kong Protest]. The post pointed out, “These scums will be severely published by the law and spurned by history”. He called: “The national emblem is smeared. I invite everyone to go online…

The statements passed by the Central Government were widely spread on social media including Weixin, which activated the state’s sovereignty in punishing those who support the Hong Kong protests. For example, on September 15th, 2019 the Guangzhou police detained Lai Rifu on suspicion of ‘picking quarrels.’ Lai Rifu had shared a song composed during the protest called “Glory to Hong Kong” which has become the unofficial anthem of the pro-democracy movement on his WeChat account [16]. As well an Hangzhou-based democracy activist Mao Qingxiang was also detained for seven days for his WeChat posts about Hong Kong[16]. There were also comments about Hong Kong avoided controversial issues and focused on cheerleading the government’s achievements [17]. Meanwhile, mainland Chinese citizens have planned their “anti-protest” protest on WeChat[18] during the 2019 Hong Kong protest when the Central Government states that[15]:

Every citizen who loves Hong Kong must stand up to support the special administrative region (SAR) government and the police in deafening the rule of law… restore a harmonious and stable social order, and make the “one country, two systems” stable and far-reaching.

Furthermore, protesters who are pro-government view western social media as biased against users sympathetic to China, as a growing number of them have embraced WeChat where they believe they will be treated more fairly [19].

Impact of WeChat and Weixin towards Hong Kong protest

WeChat remains a powerful tool for activists throughout the 2019 Hong Kong protest[14]. During the protest, mainland Chinese citizens who stayed in Hong Kong after graduating from a university in Hong Kong joined several protests and posted photos of them on WeChat[13]. At the same time, protesters use the phrase “Let’s Go Hong Kong” as a symbol of fighting for Hong Kong’s democracy. Although on WeChat, the phrase “Let’s Go Hong Kong!” did not yield any result related to the protest [20]. However, social media such as Weibo do have the phrase ‘Let’s Go Hong Kong’ for cheerleading the Central Government to resolve the violence occurring in Hong Kong instead of symbolizing Hong Kong’s democracy. Furthermore, WeChat also contains articles suggesting how the extradition bill is not a good solution to the legal case such as where a Hong Kong man killed a woman in Taiwan but fled to his home city. These articles negatively criticized the decisions made by the Central Government from mainland China, the article was later removed by a large-scale Chinese censorship operation a few hours after it was published on WeChat [21].

In addition, some Hong Kong protesters distraught by the violent turn of events created digital apologies on WeChat but the posters were immediately censored by deleting and blocking such information on the WeChat platform[22]. Meanwhile, when people tried to post photos of people holding candles and singing on WeChat ‘moments’, WeChat would show a message stating the WeChat account has been suspected of spreading malicious rumours and has been temporarily blocked[23]. To unblock a user’s WeChat account from spreading malicious rumours, WeChat users are required to record faceprint for security purposes to unblock a WeChat account[23]. This showcased how WeChat and Weixin are both censored by mainland China as users can be easily detained if they were to post information such as the Hong Kong protest.


International

Facebook

File:Bloodstained Bauhinia flower.png
Bloodstained Bauhinia Flower that is being widely spread on Facebook during the 2019 HongKong protest.

In the summer of 2019, Facebook users all around the world were changing their Facebook profile photos using an overlay of a bloodstained Bauhinia flower. This profile picture change was a way to show support for Hong Kong protesters. The posts were often accompanied by hashtags or captions showing support for Hong Kong. In addition to the Bauhinia flower pictures, netizens have been expressing their personal opinions on Facebook posts throughout the Hong Kong political activities.[24]

Twitter

On October 4, 2019, general manager of the Houston Rockets, Daryl Morey,  tweeted the logo to “Fight for Freedom Stand with Hong Kong”. CCTV, Tencent and the Chinese Basketball Association responded by halting deals with the NBA or banning NBA on the media. Chinese companies withdrew their sponsorships of the NBA, leading to losses of supposedly $25 million US dollars. There was also an onset of Chinese social media accounts with negative responses to Morey’s tweet.[25]

The NBA responded to the tweet on Sina Weibo with an apology letter in response to China’s backlash. This apology led to backlash from US basketball fans, and many users posted with #StandWithMorey and #StandWithHongKong. Netizens have criticized the NBA for being driven by business intentions to issue the apology to China, one of the NBA’s largest markets.[26][25] Political and celebrity figures such as Ted Cruz, Hillary Clinton and Tilman Fertitta have weighed in on the situation on social media.[27] This event has been credited for drawing major international attention to the Hong Kong protests.[27] The original tweet has been deleted.

Soon after on October 8, 2019, famous video game competitor Blitzchung made waves when he appeared on the Hearthstone championship livestream and said “Liberate Hong Kong. Revolution of our times” while wearing a mask.[28] This happened soon after Carrie Lam announced the face mask ban. Blizzard revoked his prize money and banned him from competing for a year, to which other video game players and fans responded online with #BlizzardBoycott and #BoycottBlizzard.[29] 64% of the #BoycottBlizzard tweets were from the US.[30] The international video game community showed solidarity through social media posts, reddit threads, and an online petition called “Gamers for Freedom”.[29] Blitzchung’s actions and the ensuing social media response added impetus to the movement by pushing more international supporters to become vocal online.

Moreover, protestors are using Twitter as a way to spread instant news. Mainland Chinese media and major Hong Kong media have had a history of censorship, namely during the Occupy Central protests in 2014.[31] As a way to avoid censorship, protesters post videos and photos to Twitter in real time, and they tag major journalists and publications in their tweets. One example is the Yuen Long attacks on the evening of July 21. Gwyneth Ho posted a video on the @StandNewsHKTwitter account of the attacks at the Yuen Long MTR station.[32] The viral video shows herself and other people being hit by men wearing white shirts.[33] It is common for videos and live streams such as these to be posted during major protest activities.

References

  1. ^ Shao, Grace (2019-08-15). "Social media has become a battleground in Hong Kong's protests". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  2. ^ "Through Hong Kong protests, social media has become a battleground". The Journal. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  3. ^ Stewart, Emily (2019-08-20). "How China used Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to spread disinformation about the Hong Kong protests". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  4. ^ Parker, Emily. "Social Media and the Hong Kong Protests". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  5. ^ Shao, Grace (2019-08-15). "Social media has become a battleground in Hong Kong's protests". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  6. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Hong Kong protesters warn of Telegram feature that can disclose their identities". ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  7. ^ "Exclusive: Messaging app Telegram moves to protect identity of Hong Kong protesters". Reuters. 2019-08-31. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  8. ^ "Languages in Hong Kong". www.justlanded.com. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  9. ^ Hui, Mary. "Hong Kong's protesters put AirDrop to ingenious use to breach China's Firewall". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  10. ^ Koetse, Manya. "How the Hong Kong Protests Are Discussed on Chinese Social Media". Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  11. ^ Kuo, Lily (2019-08-11). "Beijing's new weapon to muffle Hong Kong protests: fake news". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  12. ^ a b c WeChat/Weixin Company (2020-09-09). "Weixin Privacy Protection Guidelines". weixin.qq.com. Retrieved 2021-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ a b Sep 5, Samuel Wade |; 2019 (2019-09-06). "Chinese Supporters of HK Protests Under Pressure". China Digital Times (CDT). Retrieved 2021-04-18. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Johnson, Ian (2014-07-04). "An Online Shift in China Muffles an Open Forum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  15. ^ a b "香港社会各界严厉谴责激进示威者冲击中央政府驻港机构_滚动新闻_中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  16. ^ a b "中国：应释放声援香港抗争者". Human Rights Watch (in Simplified Chinese). 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  17. ^ King, Gary, Jennifer Pan, Margaret E. Roberts (2017). "How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Arugment". American Political Science Review. 111: 484–501 – via Cambridge Core.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Patterson, James (2019-11-26). "WeChat, China Ban US Users From Talking About Hong Kong Protest". International Business Times. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  19. ^ Cheung, Eric (2021-03-01). "Why Facebook is losing friends in Hong Kong". Rest of World. Retrieved 2021-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Kharpal, Arjun (2019-06-13). "How social media is shaping what people know — and don't know — about the Hong Kong protests". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  21. ^ Peter W. Liu and Justin M. Liu (2020). "The Dark Side of WeChat: How the Chat App Turned 'Mega-platform' has Become China's Ultimate Tool for Authoritarianism and Censorship" (PDF). Monmouth: The Magazine of Monmouth University.
  22. ^ Emily Feng and Amy Cheng (2019-08-14). "China State Media Present Their Own Version Of Hong Kong Protests". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ a b McDonell, Stephen (2019-06-07). "China social media: WeChat and the Surveillance State". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  24. ^ Jakhar, Chris Bell and Pratik (2019-06-13). "Hong Kong: Battered flowers show support". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  25. ^ a b Cha, Victor; Lim, Andy (2019-10-02). "Flagrant Foul: China's Predatory Liberalism and the NBA". The Washington Quarterly. 42 (4): 23–42. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2019.1694265. ISSN 0163-660X.
  26. ^ Perper, Rosie. "China and the NBA are coming to blows over a pro-Hong Kong tweet. Here's why". Business Insider. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  27. ^ a b Xu, Yekai; Wan, Zuofang; He, Qingqian; Ni, Shiguang (2020-01-12). "Evaluating Online Public Sentiments towards China: A Case Study of English and Chinese Twitter Discourse during the 2019 Chinese National Day". arXiv:2001.04034.
  28. ^ "What to Know About Blizzard, Hong Kong and the Controversy Over Politics in Esports". Time. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  29. ^ a b Davies, Hugh. "Spatial Politics at Play: Hong Kong Protests and Videogame Activism" (PDF). DiGRA Conference Publication.
  30. ^ "#boycottblizzard: Popularity, Trend, Related Hashtags". Hashtagify. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  31. ^ Cheung, Peter T.Y. (2018). "In Beijing's Tightening Grip". In Fong, Brian C.H.; Lui, Tai-Lok (eds.). Hong Kong 20 Years after the Handover: Emerging Social and Institutional Fractures After 1997. Studies in the Political Economy of Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 255–286. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51373-7_11. ISBN 978-3-319-51373-7.
  32. ^ "The Hong Kong Protests are Also a Fight for a Free Press". Nieman Reports. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  33. ^ Ramzy, Austin (2019-07-22). "Mob Attack at Hong Kong Train Station Heightens Seething Tensions in City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
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