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[[Center for Veterinary Medicine]] page ideas

'''History'''

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/history-cvm

Current director: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/steven-solomon

'''Mission/Vision'''

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/cvm-vision-and-mission

'''Regulatory functions'''

- Animal Drugs

- Animal Food and Feeds

-Animal Medical Devices

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/center-veterinary-medicine

Does NOT - provide vet advice, regulate the practice of vet med, regulate vaccines for infectious animal diseases (USDA)

Some flea/tick products - EPA regulates others as pesticides

'''Office Structure'''

- Office of the Director

- Office of Management

- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation

- Office of Surveillance and Compliance

- Office of Research

- Office of Minor Use and Minor Species

- Ombudsman

'''Workplace Culture'''

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/work-lifewellness


For Barbara Anna Schaal page - rearranged text and added headings - moved to main page
For Barbara Anna Schaal page - rearranged text and added headings - moved to main page

Revision as of 20:33, 25 April 2021

CURRENT WORK IN PROGRESS


Center for Veterinary Medicine page ideas

History

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/history-cvm

Current director: https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/steven-solomon

Mission/Vision

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/cvm-vision-and-mission

Regulatory functions

- Animal Drugs

- Animal Food and Feeds

-Animal Medical Devices

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/center-veterinary-medicine

Does NOT - provide vet advice, regulate the practice of vet med, regulate vaccines for infectious animal diseases (USDA)

Some flea/tick products - EPA regulates others as pesticides

Office Structure

- Office of the Director

- Office of Management

- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation

- Office of Surveillance and Compliance

- Office of Research

- Office of Minor Use and Minor Species

- Ombudsman

Workplace Culture

https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-veterinary-medicine/work-lifewellness

For Barbara Anna Schaal page - rearranged text and added headings - moved to main page

Education

Schaal grew up in Chicago, graduated from the University of Illinois, Chicago with a degree in biology, and received a doctorate from Yale University in 1974.

Area of Expertise

Schaal is best known for her work on the genetics of plant species. She is known particularly well for her studies that use molecular genetic data to understand evolutionary processes such as gene flow, geographical differentiation, and the domestication of crop species.[1]

Career

Schaal was on the faculty of the University of Houston and Ohio State University before joining Washington University in 1980, where she has served as chair of the biology department. In 2009, Schaal was named the Mary-Dell Chilton Distinguished Professor in Arts & Sciences at Washington University. She was formerly the director of Tyson Research Center and has been president of the Botanical Society of America and president of the Society for the Study of Evolution.[1][2]

Schaal became Washington University’s dean of Arts & Sciences on January 1, 2013.[3] In 2015 Schaal was elected as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and assumed the position in 2016.[2][1] In her president's address at AAAS' 2017 annual meeting, held Feb. 16-20 in Boston, titled 'Science and Technology for the Public Good,' she discussed the value of science and told the audience of scientists, students, journalists and science communicators that 'it is our obligation as scientists and citizens to speak up for science … be a force for science.[4]

Schaal established both the Distinguished Teaching Award and the Faculty Leadership Award in 2014 as a way to recognize exceptional commitment to Arts & Sciences and its students.[5]





For COVID-19 pandemic in Maine article - moved to main page:

Impact on colleges and universities

Maine colleges and universities received $41 million in federal aid as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, with $17.2 million going to the University of Maine System's seven campuses and $8.7 million going to the Maine Community College System.[6] Half of the federal aid money received will go directly to supporting students.[6]

Public universities

The Maine public university system includes the University of Maine campus in Orono, The University of Maine at Augusta, The University of Maine at Farmington, The University of Maine at Fort Kent, the University of Maine at Presque Isle, the University of Maine at Machias, the University of Southern Maine, and the University of Maine School of Law.[7] The University of Maine system announced that all courses would be administered via remote learning starting March 25, 2020, with the Law School resuming classes on March 23, 2020.[8] The 90% of students who vacated their residence halls were eligible for tuition rebates on a case-by-case basis.[8] Commencement ceremonies across the university system originally scheduled for May 9, 2020 were postponed, and each individual university will designate a postponement date.[9]

The University of Maine system created the Maine Welcome program to offer in-state tuition to students at other colleges and universities who may have had their studies disrupted by closures of academic institutions due to COVID-19.[10] 98.5% of students who were enrolled in University of Maine system campuses at the start of the semester completed their studies despite COVID-19 disruptions.[11] The University of Maine system formed a Fall 2020 Safe Return Planning Committee and will plan to return to in-person instruction by the end of August and will invest $97 million in institutional aid that does not need to be repaid by students or their families.[12] To support hybrid learning models that comply with social distancing requirements, the University of Maine system will spend $2.56 million for classroom IT upgrades.[13]


Private universities

Bowdoin College announced on March 11, 2020 that students would not be permitted to return to campus from spring break and that the remainder of the semester would be conducted by remote learning.[14] As of March 25, 2020 four cases of coronavirus were confirmed among the campus community.[15] On March 13, 2020 The University of New England announced that all competitive athletics were canceled for the spring season and that all courses would move online for the spring semester, excluding advanced Dental Hygiene and advanced Nursing student courses.[16] On March 22, 2020, The University of New England announced that an employee had tested positive for COVID-19 and on March 24, 2020, the university announced that it would postpone its commencement ceremonies.[16] The Board of Trustees of the University of New England made the decision to not increase tuition, fees, and room and board costs for the 2020-2021 academic year in light of the pandemic.[16] On May 4, 2020, the University of New England reported that it would reopen its campus in time for the fall semester, and on May 18, 2020, it was announced that virtual graduation events would be held the weekend of June 12-14, 2020.[16] Colby College announced that all on-campus classes would end the week of March 12, 2020 and students would move off campus.[17] All events, performances, and athletic matches were canceled at Colby College beginning on March 15, 2020.[18] On March 19, 2020, a staff member in the Colby College department of athletics was the college's first positive case.[19] On March 26, 2020, there were five total members of the Colby College community, including at least two students, who had tested positive for the virus.[20]

Students of Bates College were asked to leave campus on March 14, 2020 and the college transitioned to remote work models on March 17, 2020.[21] As of March 25, 2020 there were two confirmed COVID-19 cases in Bates College faculty members.[21] Bates College has taken a financial loss of up to $2 million as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[22] On March 12, 2020, The College of the Atlantic announced that all instruction for spring 2020 would move to an online format, residence halls would be closed, and all in-person services would be eliminated.[23] Maine College of Art closed all academic buildings to students on March 15, 2020 and announced on March 29, 2020 that the remainder of the spring term would be conducted online.[24][25] Saint Joseph's College of Maine has transitioned all classroom instruction to online formats and held a virtual commencement ceremony on May 9, 2020.[26] On March 13, 2020, Husson University announced that it would move the majority of classes to online formats, with some exceptions for graduate and professional school courses, and on March 20, 2020 the university announced that it would postpone its commencement ceremonies.[27] On March 15, 2020, in-person instruction was suspended at Thomas College, courses transitioned to online formats, and it was announced that campus residences were closing on March 18, 2020.[28] There have been no COVID-19 cases on the Thomas College campus and the institution plans to resume in-person classes in the fall.[28]

On March 16, 2020, Maine Maritime Academy announced that it would discontinue on-campus instruction and move to remote instruction.[29] Summer cruises for the TS State of Maine and the Bowdoin ships were postponed, and students registered to complete a cruise in the summer will have to seek alternative opportunities.[30] Unity College began remote instruction on March 30, 2020, but has planned on on-campus commencement ceremony for August 1, 2020.[31][32] The Maine College of Health Professions suspended clinical courses on March 13, 2020.[33] In response to the need for nurses during the pandemic, the Maine College of Health Professions re-opened its application for an Associates Degree in Nursing program until June 1, 2020, and waived the requirement for HESI exam scores.[34] The Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts postponed all summer 2020 residency programs and will offer online instruction during the summer.[35]



Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts

Community colleges

On March 12, 2020, Southern Maine Community College (SMCC) chose to extend its Spring Break and on March 17, 2020, the decision was made to move all courses to an online format, close residence halls, and cancel all gatherings of more than ten people.[36] Students will be allowed to convert letter grades into pass/fail grades at the end of the term.[36] On April 1 2020, the President of SMCC, Joe Cassidy, made the decision to host a virtual commencement ceremony.[36] SMCC will also hold all summer classes online.[37] Short-term workforce training including an online pharmacy technician training and professional education online licenses in areas such as business, data analysis, finance, and human resources were also made available by SMCC to those impacted by the pandemic.[38]

Eastern Maine Community College (EMCC) announced an extended spring break on March 13, 2020.[39] On March 16 2020, EMCC dining halls were closed for in-person dining, the number of students allowed to be in common areas such as the library and student center was limited, student housing was closed, and the decision was made to move courses online.[39] Central Maine Community College (CMCC) announced an extension of spring break on March 12, 2020, closing of non-academic services on March 16, 2020, and movement to online courses on March 17, 2020.[40][41][42] CMCC announced that all summer classes will be online on April 16, 2020 and informed students of financial assistance available through the Federal CARES Act on May 20, 2020.[43][44]

On March 12, 2020, Kennebec Valley Community College (KVCC) announced a spring break extension.[45] KVCC updated students on the movement to online course formats on March 18, 2020, and announced on March 31, 2020 that commencement plans would be modified.[45] York County Community College has also moved all classes online and on May 20, 2020, announced a postponement of their spring 2020 commencement ceremony.[46][47] Northern Maine Community College (NMCC) discontinued face-to-face classroom instruction on March 18th, 2020 and also canceled their spring 2020 commencement ceremony.[48] On April 12, 2020, NMCC began enrolling students in four free online healthcare career path training programs to address pandemic workforce needs.[49] Washington County Community College moved all their courses online as of March 17, 2020.[50]

The Maine Community College System is prepared to host fall classes online or in person, or a combination of both formats.[51]


Additional Work in Progress:

Currently working on creating a new page for the National Coalition for Food and Agricultural Research (NCFAR)

  • History and mission
  • Membership guidelines
  • Current member organizations and sponsors
  • Action program
  • Research outreach committee
  • Hill research seminars


PREVIOUS WORK - MOVED TO MAIN PAGES

ARTICLE IS NOW LIVE HERE: Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges

History and mission

The AAVMC was founded as an independent, non-profit corporation in Illinois in 1966 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2016.[52] Deans of the 18 United States veterinary colleges and the three Canadian veterinary colleges at the time were made representatives of the organization to represent founding institutions. In 1972, three Councils were formed to create the AAVMC Assembly, which included the Council of Deans, Council of Chairs, which included university department chairs, and the Council of Educators, which included individual faculty members.[52] The AAVMC also began holding the Iverson Bell Symposium in 1972 to promote diversity in the field of veterinary medicine.[52] W. Max Decker became the first formal AAVMC employee in 1977 when he became a part-time director and treasurer of the organization.[52] The organization began to receive corporate support in 1965, when Merck Chemical Division made a donation of $10,000.[52] The three-Council structure of AAVMC was eliminated in 1984, and the organization was restructured to include a board of directors and an executive committee.[52] Billy Hooper, former associate dean for academic affairs at Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, became the full time executive director and helped create a permanent office in Washington D.C. in 1986.[52] This allowed for a partnership to form between the Pew National Veterinary Education Program and AAVMC, which was operated by the Pew Charitable Trust from 1987-1989.[52] AAVMC continues to partner with many national and international organizations. In 1995, the national common application service for applicants to veterinary school, the VMCAS, was launched and has been in operation since.[52]

The mission of the AAVMC is to promote excellence in academic veterinary medicine as well as provide leadership for the field, with the intent to prepare the veterinary workforce with the appropriate knowledge and skills to meet the needs of animal health, relieve animal suffering, conserve animal resources, promote public health, and advance medical knowledge. [53] It fulfills its mission through advocacy, supporting the work of member institutions, facilitating veterinary school enrollment, and building global partnerships in academic veterinary medicine.[53] The current Chief Executive Officer is Andrew Maccabe, who holds a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from The Ohio State University, a Master of Public Health degree from Harvard University, and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arizona.[54] He was a former public health officer for the U.S. Air Force and served as a public health liaison for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) prior to his role at the AAVMC.[54] The AAVMC Board of Directors is an elected body consisting of a president, president-elect, past-president, secretary, treasurer, four at-large regional directors, and two at-large directors representing specific areas of veterinary medicine.[55] The non-voting members of the Board of Directors include liaisons that represent the American Association of Veterinary Clinicians, the Association of Public and Land Grant Universities, and the Student American Veterinary Medical Association, along with the Chief Executive Officer.[55]

Advocacy priorities

The AAVMC has multiple key advocacy priorities. They work to ensure support for the Veterinary Services Grant Program. This program, funded by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) via the Farm Bill, provides financial support for the expansion of rural veterinary practices, mobile veterinary practices, and to recruit additional veterinarians and students to these practices.[56][57] The AAVMC also supports increasing appropriations allotments for the Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program, which provides $25,000 in loan repayment per year, for a period of three years, for veterinarians who agree to practice medicine in areas that have veterinary medical shortages, as determined by the USDA.[56][58] In addition, the AAVMC supports increased funding for research programs that target antimicrobial resistance.[56] The AAVMC also supports the Global Health Security Agenda as outlined by the CDC and other national and international health organizations.[56] To advocate for these issues in Washington D.C., the AAVMC regularly writes letters in support of policy initiatives in higher education, animal health, biomedical research, and agriculture.[56] The AAVMC also conducts legislative briefings, has an active Advocacy Committee[59], works with the Veterinary Medicine Caucus in the United States House of Representatives, participates in the National Coalition for Food and Agricultural Research[60], and organizes visits to Capitol Hill for member institution representatives.[56] To promote AAVMC advocacy initiatives, the organization launched a Public Policy Faculty Fellows Program, which brings faculty of member institutions to Washington D.C. to develop advocacy skills, learn about the federal legislative process, and explore veterinary public policy.[61]

Member institutions

Colleges and schools of veterinary medicine that are accredited or have gained reasonable assurance from the COE that are within the United States include Auburn University, Colorado State University, Cornell University, Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Lincoln Memorial University, Long Island University, Louisiana State University, Michigan State University, Midwestern University, Mississippi State University, North Carolina State University, The Ohio State University, Oklahoma State University, Oregon State University, Purdue University, Texas A & M University, Tufts University, Tuskegee University, University of Arizona, University of California, Davis, University of Florida, University of Georgia, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Minnesota, University of Missouri, University of Pennsylvania, University of Tennessee, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, and Western University of Health Sciences. [62]

Two Caribbean islands have accredited veterinary schools including Ross University (Saint Kitts and Nevis) and St. George's University (Grenada).

In Canada, the institutions which have gained accreditation or reasonable assurance from the COE are Atlantic Veterinary College at the University of Prince Edward Island, Université de Montréal, University of Calgary, University of Guelph, and Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan.

Other AAVMC member institutions include Massey University (New Zealand), Murdoch University (Australia), Royal Veterinary College at the University of London (United Kingdom), Seoul National University (South Korea), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico), the Universiteit Utrecht (Netherlands), University of Bristol (United Kingdom), University College Dublin (Ireland), University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom), University of Glasgow (United Kingdom), University of Melbourne (Australia), University of Queensland (Australia), University of Sydney (Australia), and VetAgro Sup (France).

Veterinary Medical College Application Service (VMCAS)

The AAVMC administers the VMCAS, which is a centralized application system that prospective veterinary students use to submit their application materials.[63][64] All required application materials are processed, verified, and then sent to the veterinary medical schools that the applicant designates, such that applicants only fill out one main application. Application fees are calculated based on the number of schools that the applicant wants to send their application.[65]

Competency Based Veterinary Education (CBVE)

The AAVMC has spear-headed a working group to develop a competency-based learning framework for veterinary medical education, which would standardize learning milestones and establish core activities that would be required for veterinary students across institutions.[66] The domains of competence include clinical reasoning and decision-making, individual animal care and management, animal population care and management, public health, communication, collaboration, professionalism and professional identity, financial and practice management, and scholarship, and the CBVE framework is accessible online.

Accreditation of colleges and schools of veterinary medicine

Colleges and schools of veterinary medicine in the United States, Canada, and across the globe that wish to become a member institution of the AAVMC must be accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education (COE).[67] The COE is recognized by the United States Department of Education and is re-certified as the accrediting body for colleges and schools of veterinary medicine every seven years.[67] Accredited institutions must also renew their accreditation every seven years. The AAVMC appoints 20 members of the COE and funds eight of these members. The AVMA also appoints and funds eight members. The remaining members represent Canada and are appointed by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. All appointed members serve six year terms and are full-time, permanent faculty members at either the associate professor or professor level at an AAVMC-member institution or affiliate member, and COE members represent preventative medicine, basic science, large animal clinical science, small animal clinical science, postgraduate education, veterinary medical research, and AAVMC membership.[67] The COE publishes a Policies and Procedures manual, which outlines the current standards for accreditation.[68] These standards include organization, finances, physical facilities and equipment, clinical resources, library and information resources, students, admission, faculty, curriculum, research programs, and outcomes assessment. There are five classes of accreditation: reasonable assurance, provisional accreditation, accredited, accredited with minor deficiencies, and probationary accreditation. Accreditation processes include an on-site visit by the COE and a self-study.[69]

Publications

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (JVME) is a peer-reviewed, internationally distributed journal published by AAVMC.[70] The journal publishes on topics relating to veterinary educational methods, recruiting veterinary students, clinical instruction, higher education policy, and other topics related to veterinary education.[70] The AAVMC also publishes a monthly newsletter called the Vet-Med Educator which highlights current news and events[71], as well as an annual report about AAVMC activities and accomplishments[72].

The Veterinary Medical School Admissions Requirements Guide (VMSAR) is published yearly with up to date information regarding the admissions process and requirements for AAVMC member institutions to help guide veterinary school applicants.[73] The book summarizes deadlines, prerequisite coursework, tuition and fee costs, and campus life for each institution, provides an overview of the VMCAS, and highlights testimonials from current students and veterinarians to showcase what it is like to be a veterinarian.[73]

See also

Section below added to One Health page:

History

In the mid-1800s, Rudolf Virchow, a physician, recognized the link between animal and human medicine, came up with the term zoonosis to describe a disease that can be passed from animals to humans, and actively advocated for veterinary medical education.[74] The founding of the Veterinary Public Health Division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1947 by James H. Steele, a veterinarian trained in public health, contributed to the understanding of how diseases are spread between animals and humans, or the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases.[74] Calvin Schwabe, another veterinarian trained in public health, coined the term One Medicine in a veterinary medical textbook in 1964, which reflects the similarities between animal and human medicine and stresses the importance of collaboration between veterinarians and physicians to help solve global health problems.[74] In 2004, The Wildlife Conservation Society held a conference at Rockefeller University in New York called One World, One Health, out of which the twelve Manhattan Principles were created.[75][76] These principles highlighted links between humans, animals, and the environment, how these links are integral to understanding disease dynamics, and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to prevention, education, investment, and policy development.[76]

Due to global scares surrounding the H5N1 influenza outbreaks of the early-mid 2000s, the American Veterinary Medical Association established a One Health Initiative Task Force in 2006, the American Medical Association passed a One Health resolution to promote partnering between veterinary and human medical organizations in 2007, and a One Health approach was recommended for responses to global disease outbreaks in 2007.[75][74] Building on these initiatives, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and World Health Organization (WHO) came together with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations System Influenza Coordination, and the World Bank to develop a framework entitled "Contributing to One World, One Health-A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface” in 2008, reiterating recommendations for a One Health approach to global health.[75][74] This framework was expanded and the aforementioned organizations moved into developing implementable policies surrounding One Health at the Stone Mountain Meeting, which was held in May 2010 in Georgia.[75][74]

The first international meetings with the topic of One Health were held in 2011 in both Africa and Australia.[75][74]. In 2012, Barbara Natterson-Horowitz, a physician, and Kathryn Bowers, a science journalist, published the book Zoobiquity, which highlights case studies of parallels between animal and human health.[77] This book has spear-headed interdisciplinary research initiatives as well as a Zoobiquity conference series which have been held both in the United States and internationally.[78][79] In 2016, The One Health Commission, One Health Platform, and One Health Initiative Team deemed International One Health Day to be November 3.[80] Organizations can submit event details for One Health Day through the One Health Commission's website for global recognition.[81]

Leading Organizations

The One Health Commission is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization with the mission to connect individuals and create relationships across human, animal, and environmental health sectors, as well as to educate the public about these issues with the intent to improve global health.[82][83] In 2007, Roger K. Mahr from the American Veterinary Medical Association, Jay H. Glasser from the American Public Health Association, and Ronald M. Davis from the American Medical Association came together as liaisons with other health science professionals, academics, students, government workers, and industry scientists to create a task force and have teleconferences to discuss One Health.[84][85] This One Health Initiative Task Force created a report in 2008 which outlined recommendations to create a joint steering committee, implement improved communications efforts, plan national One Health studies, develop a One Health Commission, create advisory teams, establish national meetings, and engage medical, veterinary, and public health students.[86][87] The One Health Commission was officially chartered in Washington D.C. in 2009, with Roger Mahr as the founding CEO.[84] A request for proposal for an institutional partner was put forth in 2010, and Iowa State University was selected to be the main site for operations.[84] In 2013, Roger Mahr retired from the commission and the operations site moved to the Research Triangle of North Carolina, where it currently resides.[84] The current executive director is Cheryl Stroud, a veterinarian, who has held the position since 2013.[88]

The One Health Initiative is a interdisciplinary movement to create collaborations between animal, human, and environmental health organizations including the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Agriculture, and the United States National Environmental Health Association, among others.[89] The website was created by a pro bono team of Laura H. Kahn, Bruce Kaplan, Thomas P. Monath, Jack Woodall, and Lisa A. Conti to create an email distribution list as well as a repository for news and information pertaining to One Health.[90] Currently, 1,252 individuals from 76 countries are on the email list, and 972 individuals are on their initiative supporter list.[90]

The One Health Platform is a scientific reference network which unites researchers and experts of One Health to better understand and prepare for zoonotic disease outbreaks from animals to humans and antimicrobial resistance, including a better understanding of environmental factors that impact disease dynamics.[91] The organization has nine objectives, which include disseminating research results at biennial meetings, identifying knowledge gaps in the field, engaging policy makers, establishing a Bio Threats Scanning Group to connect One Health and global health security, share data, serve as a reference network to the government, foster collaborations, and implement policies, and increase awareness during One Health Day.[92] The management board is made up of Ab Osterhaus, John Mackenzie and Chris Vanlangendonck.[93] The One Health Platform is responsible for organizing the World One Health Congress meeting each year.[94]

The World Health Organization (WHO) was created on April 7, 1948 and has since expanded to include 150 country offices and six regional offices in addition to its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.[95] The WHO is the main authority for global health within the United Nations.[96] The WHO was a partner in the 2008 establishment of a strategic One Health framework for approaching global health problems.[75][74] In September 2017, a feature page for One Health was included on the WHO website, defining One Health and highlighting important topic areas such as food safety, zoonotic disease, and antimicrobial resistance.[97]

The World Organization for Animal Health was created as the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) via an international agreement signed on January 25, 1924 out of a need to combat animal disease outbreaks[98]. It officially became the World Organization for Animal Health in 2003, but retained its old acronym, and is headquartered in Paris, France.[98] The OIE has 182 member countries as of 2018 and is managed by a World Assembly of Delegates which includes representatives of each member country.[98] It was also a partner in establishing a strategic One Health framework in 2008.[75][74] The OIE works to maintain transparency surrounding global animal disease, collect and distribute veterinary information, publish international trade standards for animals/ animal products, improve veterinary services globally, and to promote animal welfare and food safety.[99] Along with the WHO, the OIE hosts workshops about how to implement One Health networks and practices to improve health services in member countries.[100]

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is an agency of the United Nations, founded in 1945, to address global food security needs.[101] It is an organization that represents 194 member countries.[102] In 2011, the FAO put forth a strategic action plan for One Health, which had the objective to strengthen food security by improving animal production systems and veterinary services and called for action in improving collaborations between animal, human, and environmental health sectors.[103] The FAO works closely with the OIE and WHO, referred to all together as the Tripartite organizations, and published a new guide to approaching zoonotic disease with a One Health framework in 2019.[104]

Added to Mycobacterium bovis page:

Zoonotic tuberculosis

The infection of humans with M. bovis is referred to as zoonotic tuberculosis.[105] In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), published the first Roadmap for Zoonotic Tuberculosis, recognizing zoonotic tuberculosis as a prominent global health problem.[106] The main route of transmission is through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or other dairy products, although transmission via inhalation and via consumption of poorly cooked meat has also been reported.[106] In 2018, based on the most recent Global Tuberculosis Report, an estimated 142,000 new cases of zoonotic tuberculosis, and 12,500 deaths due to the disease occurred.[107] Cases of zoonotic tuberculosis have been reported in Africa, the Americas, Europe, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific.[108] Human zoonotic tuberculosis cases are linked to the presence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, and regions without adequate disease control measures and/or disease surveillance are at higher risk.[108] It is difficult to clinically distinguish zoonotic tuberculosis from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in people, and the current most commonly used diagnostics cannot effectively distinguish between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, which contributes to an underestimation of total cases worldwide.[109] Controlling this disease requires animal health, food safety, and human health sectors to work together under a One Health approach (multi-disciplinary collaborations to improve the health of animals, people, and the environment).[110]

The 2017 Roadmap identified ten priority areas for addressing zoonotic tuberculosis, which include collecting more accurate data, improving diagnostics, closing research gaps, improving food safety, reducing M. bovis in animal populations, identifying risk factors for transmission, increasing awareness, developing policies, implementing interventions, and increasing investments[106]. To align with goals outlined in the Stop TB Partnership Global Plan to End TB 2016-2020[111], The Roapmap outlines specific milestones and goals to be met within this time frame.[106]

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