Talk:Black people

Citation apparatus

There are numerous citations in this article that completely lack content. My guess is that these were once second or later invocations of citations given in full earlier in the article, but someone removed the first citation and didn't move the content to the second one. Someone who is working on this article should sort through the history and restore these. The citations in question are the ones with the following names: DSouza, Boulaga, Risch, serre, Shahadah. - Jmabel | Talk 01:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

I've browsed back in the edit history and found those references and readded them. --Ezeu 19:38, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Remove latino

I removed latinos as brown latino doesn't mean nothing racially it only means someone from a coutry where a latin laguage is spoken!!. If you meant race mixed Mexicans, write the correct word "mestizos" or mixed —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.232.226.252 (talk • contribs) 28 December 2006.

u r correct Tony Braxton is latino and she is African-Caribbean--HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 19:38, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion for reorganization

Replace the Historical section with a couple of links. That would leave an article focused on modern definitions, and other modern viewpoints. All of the historical stuff exists in Race (historical definitions) and Hamitic myth. As written, what might be marginally useful background information dominates. Jd2718 18:14, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Superimposition of Eurocentric linguistics

Munto doesn’t mean black peole, it means people just like in Arabic zanj doesn’t mean black, this is a Eurocentric superimposition. i.e. European world view is imposed on African linguistics thus our word for normal people (as we see ourselves, everyone is different from us hence we are normal and they are white) however Europeans have imposed one standard on the world where their world view & perception is suppose to be everyone else’s. Hence people is African languages means "black people" as they see us. All of this is discussed in the linguistics article referenced on this site.--HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 19:16, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

My brief review says that Bantu is the plural of Muntu (person or man/ people), though if it is not needed for the article, it doesn't need research. Jd2718 19:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

HalaTruth, can you point me to the referenced article you mentioned above that discusses this issue. Africans do have specific terms for white people. In the languages I understand there are such terms, ie mzungu in Swahili and other lanugages in East Africa. In Luo there are even synonyms, eg. munu (which means white person), or combinations of the words "white" and "person", eg. jo apar or jo mapar. There are certainly innumerable other examples. I am not entirely sure what point the "muntu" reference is meant to illustrate, but it seems somewhat astray.--Ezeu 22:24, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Halaquh seems to be referring to this edit,[1] which seems to turn a sensible statement into nonsense. The original point was well expressed. Now we have the tautological assertion that the majority population of Sub-Saharan Africa is "African". The point of the sentence is to say that the word for person implicitly means what in in English would be called a black person, since there isa a separate term for a whitey. I don't know how true this is, but the point is clear and it has nothing to do with "Eurocentric superimposition". Paul B 23:28, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

do not mistranslate words to mean wht europeans think thy r. In Wolof Tumbaa, the word for person is not black person it is person. imposing white thinking on African languages, like zanj means black . again in English it would be person. Mzngi would be white person-BAKA!--HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 00:15, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

You merely demonstrsate that you did not even understand the original paragraph, and insist on the unhelpful and unsupported claims about "europeans". The original para very clearly stated that the word meant simply person, but pointed out that it was used implicitly to mean a black person because a different term is used for whites - in other words the normative model of a person is black. If you want to argue against that you will have to show that this is not true of actual usage. Paul B 00:21, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

then the correct word would be African people, because indians in Africa, tamils in Africa dont get called "people", and by the def of black people it is an inclusive term.so to avoid confusion, p,s i did understand it. but u did a good job re explaining it--HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 00:35, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

From the above discussions I think we all agree in principal its just probably the wording. I understand the concept might be a little difficult to grasp. I included the information to add a local african perspective. In actual fact the word "african" is from latin and "black" is english. I can imagine before the europeans came to africa, africans would not describe themselves as blacks or even africans for that matter but as people. They would probably identify themselves with their empire, nation, tribe, language etc. When the europeans first set foot on african soil they must have looked odd and their ways strange-thus they were given a different name.

This legacy still remains in some african languages where in conversation, person(muntu) may implicitly mean black person when trying to compare or contrast with a white person(muzungu). This is not eurocentric because all the words in question are african.

The opposite is in the US where society expects African-Americans to be labelled as so but does demand the same from "european americans". Muntuwandi 19:10, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

It still looks like original research to me (the part about "muntu" = implicitly "black person"). If it is true then there must be regional differences in the usage of the term "muntu". A reference would be nice. --Ezeu 23:17, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

if one examines terms for black people in Bantu languages, many are simply derivatives of the word african eg swahili "mwafrika", which obviously entered the language recently after the arrival of europeans. Early africans viewed themselves as "the people" and the outsiders as foreigners(muzungus). This concept was not pejorative on both sides but just the reality of the demographics. Even a white person is a muntu, but if there is need for differentiation he is a muzungu. Interestingly the word "muzungu" has nothing to do with skin color but more with the behaviour of the european explorers.Muntuwandi 06:46, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

External links (add link to Black Peoople)

I think my link should be included on the Black People page of wiki because the website has over 250,000 pages of information 100% of the content is about black people and by black people. The website has been on the internet over 10years. 100% relative to the wiki page content. Same content.

link below. Thank You —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.81.140.185 (talk) 21:10, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

• Black People

• • However interesting that website is, Wikipedia is not a link repository, and links to websites that do not add encyclopedic value, however interesting they are, will be deleted. You can rest assured about that. --Ezeu

Statistics Canada

The article currently says that "Statistics Canada uses the term Black as a synonym for African", and uses this webpage as its source for that assertion. Looks like nonsense to me--Ezeu 22:03, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

I agree, its original research, SqueakBox 22:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Consistency of spelling

The rule on British spellings vs. American spellings is, if I remember correctly, that whichever way an article starts it should remain that way. Recently someone changed a spelling in another article, apparently just thinking that the American spelling was wrong. In that case I had no trouble being sure of which side of the pond the article had started on since I had created that article some time ago.

It would save me a lot of trouble if every article had a note (in "comment" format) at the top stating whether the spelling standard was to be American or British.

If we don't keep to this standard, then people will start changing things back and forth. P0M 04:38, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Pictures

I have included a picture of a non-african black person from the south pacific. This article discusses who is "black", therefore pictures are helpful. Any suggestions on this

Find a more photogenic image. Though if we add this image to White people I'd have no problem with it.

File:P7032101 small2.jpg

A homeless Frenchman in Paris.

futurebird 05:26, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

---

(some comments seem to be missing... hmmm...)futurebird 06:17, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

---

What do you mean by a more photogenic image? The man looks dashing to me. --Ezeu 09:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

File:Cartert man.jpg

A man from the Carteret Islands in the South Pacific.

A Kenyan man

An image where the person looks their best, is well lighted, and with a flattering expression on their face. This image represents a group of people. The current image is an excellent example of the right kind of image for this article. (Though, I do wish the Kenyan man was identified by name.)

If I added the homeless frenchmen to white people I know it would be removed for similar reasons.


futurebird 13:05, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

I was not able to load the video untill just now. Is there a reason we can't pull another still from the video? futurebird 13:38, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

A trumping issue is that it's non-free. We should not use it under WP:FAIR, as it's entirely plausible we could create a free equivalent. — Matt Crypto 13:46, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

So then, the whole debate about "photogenic images" aside we can't use the image of "A man from the Carteret Islands" because of the copyright issue? futurebird 13:56, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

The legal issues aside, the Wikipedia policy is that we can't use it under fair use if a free equivalent could be created. This article is about black people, and it's clear that photographs of black people can be obtained under a free license. — Matt Crypto 14:09, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

I stumbled accross the video of the carteret islands watching cnn. It was interesting because if anyone met the man walking down the street they would assume that he was of recent african descent. His appearance is almost indistinguishable from African people and yet he is not from africa but from thousands of miles away in the pacific. I think it is a good photo for this article in the discussion "who is black". I agree with ezeu, he looks dashing. I suggest we keep the photo until a more "photogenic" photo can be found.

I am also thinking we should re-establish the gallery with pictures of black people from all around the world (Africa, US, Caribbean, latin-america, brazil, europe, oceania). The previous gallery was too USA-centric.

• 
  Oprah Winfrey is black by all definitions of the term. According to genetic tests done by PBS' African Lives, she is 89% Sub-Saharan, 8% Native American, 3% East Asian. which means that most of her ancestors were born in sub-Saharan Africa. On average, African-Americans have about an 83% African ancestry.
• Barack Obama self-identifies as black and could identify as black or multi-racial by many definitions, some definitions would dispute his right to identify as black because only half of his ancestors are from sub-Saharan Africa[3].
  Barack Obama self-identifies as black and could identify as black or multi-racial by many definitions, some definitions would dispute his right to identify as black because only half of his ancestors are from sub-Saharan Africa.
• Tiger Woods coined the term Cablinasian to describe his ethnicity. He could self-identify as black, Asian, Native American, white, or multi-racial, some definitions would claim that he is not black because only a quarter of his ancestors are from sub-Saharan Africa instead of most.
  Tiger Woods coined the term Cablinasian to describe his ethnicity. He could self-identify as black, Asian, Native American, white, or multi-racial, some definitions would claim that he is not black because only a quarter of his ancestors are from sub-Saharan Africa instead of most.
• As a child, Michael Jackson fit the dictionary definition of a black person because he was a dark-skinned person whose ancestors come from Africa. As an adult he is no longer dark skinned and thus does not meet the first part of the dictionary definition; however, he is still black according to census.
  As a child, Michael Jackson fit the dictionary definition of a black person because he was a dark-skinned person whose ancestors come from Africa. As an adult he is no longer dark skinned and thus does not meet the first part of the dictionary definition; however, he is still black according to census.
• 
  Nelson Mandela is the only living black person to have ranked among A&E's 100 most influential people of the last 1000 years.
• 
  Some scholars created controversy by claiming that ancient Egyptians, like King Tutankhamen, were black.
• 
  Warren Harding may have had black ancestry, making him the first "black president" by some definitions.

Muntuwandi 16:13, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

That gallery is great! It could have a title like “Who is black?” It needs more people who are not from the USA. futurebird 16:36, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Pictures and names

Ideally any images we add should name the person in the photograph. Is it dehumanizing to simply present a series of random nameless people? What do you think? futurebird 12:52, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Adding an image?

What do others here think about adding this image?

(with a caption, of course.)futurebird 06:15, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Too many men

The images are looking more international, but there are far too many men! futurebird 14:50, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Current state

I am sorry to see that this page has languished and settled into a torpor of sorts. It could be far more interesting, but the vested interests have driven off all others. It makes me sick to see all the valuable content that has been placed here, then deleted, over and over for months and years. But oh well. I do not think much can be done about it since fevers run so high and each group is so convinced they are correct and no one else should have any input.--Filll 21:43, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

In my opinion the language of this article is very complicated and could do with some simplication. By reading this article, one would think that only someone with a PHD degree could understand who black people are.Muntuwandi 00:38, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Whenever I tried to simplify the English, I was attacked. This is not rocket science. It is not that complicated. But people want to make it complicated. And certain people have decided they own the term. Unfortunately all the people that feel they own the term "black people" disagree with each other. So, it just devolves into a nightmare. And droves of editors leave. And huge amounts of great material get thrown away. Because who wants to waste time fighting about nonsense when it is of no consequence anyway? It is unappreciated. There are better ways to spend one's time. Too many people with agendas who are too angry. So...I just have given up. Too bad, because this could be a fascinating subject.--Filll 01:07, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

If you look in the history of the talk page and the article, you will see all kinds of great stuff. Tons of amazing pictures and material. Scientific stuff. Social stuff. Historical stuff. Different views from around the world. Amazing and interesting. However, the subject is too politically charged to allow anyone to write it, except a very few people who have taken ownership of the article off and on. And so, that is what we get. For example, I loved the idea that Jablonski's recent work could be featured here with at least a sentence or two. Nope. Not allowed. I wanted to have some discussion of the science of genetics. Nope. Not allowed. I wanted some discussion of blacks in history around the world. Nope. Not allowed. Discussion of disagreements over definitions? Nope. Not allowed. I wanted a family of pages where all the material could be collected and featured, since we had so much. Nope. Not allowed. Now of course there are tools like RfC etc to settle these, but who wants to get involved with that nightmare? If someone is so angry and determined, let them have it. I dont care. I will work on other pages.--Filll 01:22, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I think this is one of the most objective articles on Wikipedia. This was extremely informative. there may be a few things to touch up- like more clarification about the poltical term Black in the Civil Rights Movement. But for the most part, I though this article really covered everyone's side and the history behind the term very well. Dkceaser 02:06, 23 January 2007 (UTC)Dkceaser

Gallery

I am not sure why the gallery even exists. But the current version is awfully large and awfully homogenous. It looks like every person in it is of at least partially Bantu origin. The heading "famous people" is hopelessly POV. Is there a reason to keep it? And if there is, could we get a few (not 16) photos of people from the different groups that this article is claiming may be called Black? Jd2718 00:36, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

A picture is worth a thousand words-

This article is about black people, not just about Africans or African-Americans that have their own seperate articles. I felt reinstating the gallery would be a good idea particulary if it showed notable people considered Black from each continent or sub-region of the world.Apparently President Bush once asked Brazilian President Cardoso "Do you have blacks too"[2]. Muntuwandi 00:59, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

But the current gallery does not show anything close to that variety. Fewer, but more diverse, that would be better. Jd2718 01:28, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

That was attempted earlier on but we had some controversies regarding using fair use images. My efforts to find free images of black people from the Australia and Oceania region have been thwarted by complicated image laws and policies that only a supreme court judge could understand.Muntuwandi 01:43, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

If I recall back a few months, there was also a lot of hostility to various images. After a while, it becomes too tedious to fight any more about just nothing. I start to understand why so many have suggested to just AfD this article. It just makes too many people too angry about almost nothing. And it is tiring.--Filll 01:54, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Muntuwandi, if I had only understood your intention in adding that image I might not have given you such a hard time. I thought you were a white supremacist who was trying to make it seem like black people never bother to shave! I rushed to judgment, but in the end, we don't have the copyright for that image. So, let's move on and find one that we do have the copyright for. Maybe we could inquire at some international message boards. I bet someone would want to offer up their picture. But, they have to be photogenic!! :P futurebird 20:22, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I also understand more and more why someone wanted an article called Bleople. I could imagine an article or two about bLack pEople or Black folks or Blax or whatever. But the political correctness police will attack any of those.--Filll 01:57, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I like it, but I think it should be a diverse as possible. So, find some uh-- non-bantu photos! The word "famous" should go.futurebird 20:06, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Rushton is not racist

I was disturbed to see Deeceevoice remove the single best definition of a black person from the article by libeling this professional academic as a racist. Rushton is a professor at one of Canada's top universities and a member of the American Association of Advancement of Sciences. He was recently a guest on CNN's Paula Zahn discussing sex differences in intelligence, so I guess we're going to try to claim he is a sexist too. Rushton has devoted the last 20 years of his illustrious career studying racial differences in behavior, intelligence, brain size, genitalia, DNA, and hormones. His ideas may be provocactive, but there's not a shred of evidence to justify libeling this man as a racist, and even if he were, an unpopular ideology does not justify excluding his views from the article. If that were the case then we should remove all the Afrocentric opinions from the fringe pseudo scholars who are mentioned in the criticism section. It's bad enough that Rushton's widely cited theory was removed from the article. I'm willing to let that slide, but to remove the single best definition of a black person from the article simply by libeling the source is completely unaccepatable. Kobrakid

I suspect this user to be one of several sockpuppets/meatpuppets, namely User:Timelist, User:Editingoprah, User:Gottoupload and User:Kobrakid. This person/people have been trying to peddle this same tired old line, against consensus, for quite some time. They disappeared for a while recently when the going got quite heated, but now they seem to have made a reappearance, presumably thinking that the coast was clear. I think this user is using sockpuppets to try to create the appearence of support for their dubious POV. I think there is and always has been a consensus on this page that people like Rushton, and his ilk are not reliable sources and do not constitue authorities in this field of research, indeed most academics shun people like Rushton because of the overt racism of their conclusions. It is clear that Rushton is not actually a biologist, and so certainly does not constitute an authority for biological definitions anyway. I also think there is no consensus that only people with a recent African origin are considered Black people, which is what the definitions this user included state, these contradict the rest of the article. I am going to look into this group of editors histories and determine if I can get a case of sockpuppetry against them. Alun 18:11, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

(edit conflict)Sounds feasible to me, you need to get a user check Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser, SqueakBox 18:42, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I am not anybody's sockpuppet or meatpuppet and don't appreciate the PC police using the same tired personal attacks to silence a diverse range of view points. Fill has also complained about the PC police removing cited reliable information from the article. How can you speak for what most academics think of Rushton. Anyone who comes to the conclusion that race is a meaningful biological category is smeared by people like you. Well I've had it. Wikipedia is supposed to be neutral in view point and I'm tired of you silencing, smearing, and censoring accomplished academics simply because they don't support your narrow view point. Your charge that Rushton is racist is the most serious violoation of wikipedia's civility rules I've ever seen. Please think about the consequences of your personal attacks as this forum is read by many people. Gottoupload

What do you mean, the personal computer police? Several people think Rushton is rascist and that clearly doesnt even violate civility rules as these apply to editors only. I think people will draw their own conclusions, SqueakBox 18:46, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Not true. You're not allowed to use wikipedia as a vehicle to make seroiious career threatening smears against people, regardless of whether they are users or not. This is very very serious. Gottoupload

For the soockpuppetry please see Wikipedia:Suspected sock puppets/Editingoprah Wikipedia:Mediation_Cabal/Cases/2006-08-08_Black_people. Paul B 18:52, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Before making claims that make you look like an idiot I suggest you check my contribs, Gottoupload. What you just did is incivility, please desist your aggressive attitude. Freedom of speech meansd if we think an academic is rascist we can say so and use this to justify their non inclusion in an article, SqueakBox 18:58, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Freedom of speech used as an excuse to censor Rushton. LOL! If that's not an example of talking out of both sides of one's mouth I don't know what is. In any event I want Rushton in the article because he represents the view that MOST of your ancestors must be from a certain region of the world to be considered black as opposed to the one drop rule cited above and as opposed to the extreme 75% of your ancestors cited by Levin. His more controversial ideas are not being pushed, but his definition represents one view out of many on what it means to be black and in order to build a better encyclopedia, it should be included. Gottoupload

Calling him rascist isnt censoring him and anyway his not being included here would not be censorship. I see he has his own article, it would have been helpful to link to it in the first place. His ideas look very extreme and he hardly comes across as either pro or even balanced abouit black people. I think we shouldnt include this section about him, SqueakBox 19:11, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree we shouldn't include his controversial views in the article and I'll support you in keeping those out, but simply citing a basic textbook definition of a black person that a lot of people agree with makes sense to me. Why the resistance? It's no secret that are many different ways to define a black person and his is no more offensive than any other. There's really no reason for your resistance Gottoupload

• Rushton is a quack when it comes to race, and he is a psychologist, not a biologist. His methods were faulty, and his conclusions have been widely criticized by other academics. He promotes what has been called scientific racism. Even the highly-whitewashed J. Philippe Rushton article (and the links on that page) point out that he has an undeniable political agenda. And again, he is not a biologist so should not be cited as an expert on biological matters.~~

You might want to tell the University of Western Ontario and the American accoociation of Advanacement of Sciences and academic journals like Intelligence, Personality & Individual Differences, which regularly publish his work, that he's a quack. Rushton is what's known as a sociobiologist. The article makes clear that biological definitions of blacks are controversial and Rushton is not given undue weight. However it's important to represent the view that MOST of your ancestors must be from sub-Saharan Africa to be black because this view is quite common and not currently represented in the article. Gottoupload

2 types of editors

There are 2 types of editors I see in this article. Those that contribute to the article by adding information, and those that narrow the article by removing things. When I added Rushton et al to the article I didn't remove any of the opposing views, I simply added a different perspective not already represented in the article. All views should be heard. Why would anyone want it any other way? Gottoupload

All mainstream views should be added, SqueakBox 20:01, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

The view that most of your ancestors must be from sub-Saharan Africa to be black is very mainstream. Besides there is no single univerally agreed standard for deciding who is black Gottoupload

Mainstream USA, maybe. In Australia that idea is just plain insulting.Trishm 23:22, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Rushton is from Britain and lives in Canada. So the view is obviously mainstream in far more than just America. And I don't think we can argue that just because a certain view-point may be offensive to a certain segment of Australia's population, that therefore the idea should not be permitted to be expressed. I want this article to show the full range of views. Kobrakid

agreed it isnt mainstream at all, just another US POV which the entire world must swallow as reality. another pan-American export. if there is no agreement then we must treat all who are called "black" as equal not give bias to people of African biology.--HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 23:39, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

The definition was not even created by American, but a British-born South African Canadian. And we're not giving bias to people of African biology, we are simply documenting the existence of this perspective along with extensive criticism. What's the problem? You want a one sided article? If black people come to this article trying to get a broad perspective on how black people are viewed and defined, we are doing them a disservice by excluding a whole branch of opinion in this area Kobrakid

Viva la difference

To me what makes the article fascinating is the diversity in view points. I think it's interesting that some people define black people as anyone descended from an equatorial region of the world, others are a little more narrow and limit black people to those from Africa, and some are more narrow still and limit black people to only those from sub-Saharan Africa. But then regardless of which of these 3 camps you fall into, another debate runs parallel. How much black ancestry does one need to be black? Is any known black ancestry enough as the one drop rule suggests? Do MOST of your ancestors have to be black as Rushton suggests? Or is do almost ALL of your ancestors have to be black as Michael levin and Brazilian culture suggests. These types of disagreements are what makes the article fascinating so I don't understant the resistance to including this diverse range of opinion. Gottoupload

Is that title Franish? Spench? Its vive la diference in French or viva la diferencia in Spanish, SqueakBox 20:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Clean up

When I edit capitalization I get gallery etc, something is wrong with the formatting and needs to be fixed. ic ant figure out how to myself, SqueakBox 20:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Now fixed. Thanx, SqueakBox 20:16, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Sources in biological section

After some digging, I found that all three supposed experts in the Biological section - Michael Levin, J. Phillipe Rushton, and Sally Satel - are not biologists (Levin's a philosopher, Rushton is a psychologist and Satel is a psychiatrist), and all three have blatant right wing political agendas. Levin is anti-gay, has written for right wing libertarian publications, and has spoken at events for the white separatist American Renaissance (magazine). Rushton is the head of the anti-immigrant and racist Pioneer Fund. Satel wrote a book against political correctness and doesn't think social justice should be a part of the medical field. Considering all three support only one side of the issue, and none of them have the academic credentials to speak on biological topics, I suggest deleting all three - at least until credible sources (i.e. actual biologists) are introduced into the section. Spylab 22:46, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

• Typical! Great digging! futurebird 22:47, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

What does being anti-gay have to do with anything? So only people who are socially progressive are allowed to have an opion. I thought liberals were supposed to be against fascism yet here you are promoting it. Who says the Pioneer-Fund is antigay and anti-immigrant? Rushton was asked to be in charge of it only because he's the most credible scholar on the race realist perspective. Rushton himself has repeatedly denied that he or his ideas are in any way racist and his been backed by eminent biologists such as E.O. Wilson. As for Satel, once agin who cares if Satel is against political correctness. The very fact that Satel takes the concept of race seriously proves Satel is against political correctness. I find it very disturbing and very fascist that you are trying to exclude reliable cited scholarly sources from the article on ideological grounds. And your argument that thye must all be biologists to be cited is equally desperate. First of all, Rushton is a sociobiologist which is the most well suited field for this discussion. Second, insisting that they all be biologists to be cited for biological definitions would be like insisting that everyone cited in the sociopolitical section be a professional sociologist. Absurd. Without the biological definitions the article is extremely unbalanced. We have an entire section following it blasting these definitions as racist and too narrow by scholars (or pseudoscholars) of much lesser reputation, yet we're not allowed to include the definitions themselves. The fact of the matter is these definitions exist, they're actually very mainstream, and trying to exclude them from the article as if they don't exist is a disservice to the reader. Kobrakid

This is an example of why this article is a sad parody of itself. And why so many other editors have given up on it. Aggressive attacks between the 5 or 6 major viewpoints has just discouraged anyone with anything constructive to add. And in fact there is aggressive disinterest in having a suite of articles to explore this area fully. It just makes me amazed.--Filll 17:06, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

It is indeed amazing. I'm with you, Fill. All major viewpoints MUST be represented including the view point that Blacks are a biologically meaningful race defined exclusively by being mostly of sub-Saharan African descent. Wobble wants this view censored because he's pushing the POV that race is a meaningless concept and he pushes this POV in several articles. Deeceevoice is trying to censor this view because it conflicts with her agenda that ancient Egyptians were black or that the great civilizations of South Asia were black. Again we have a bunch of editors who are more concerned with protecting their respective agendas than writing a thorough balanced article. It's a horrible abuse of wikipedia. Kobrakid

• I'm not sure who you're calling aggressive, or which side of the argument you are taking, but having the entire biological section made up of views by white right-wing racist (or borderline racist) political activists, who aren't even biologists or geneticists, doesn't seem to be fulfilling the goal of having diversity of views. As for Kobrakid's rant, obviously he has an specific political agenda that he wants to promote in the article and on the talk page, and he doesn't seem interested in providing neutral facts backed up by reliable sources (nor in discussing these matters in a civil or intelligent manner). Spylab 17:28, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

I absolutely agree with Spylab. But I would go a step further. I would maintain that it is impossible to have a "biological" section and would remove it all together. This article is not about a "race", it is not about any single biological population, it is not about any population from a single part of the world. This article is about "Black people", people in North America may have a parochial view of what it means to be Black, that is that one needs to have a recent African ancestry, but this does not apply universally to all Black people. Just because a definition is true for North America does not make it true for any other part of the world. It is therefore impossible to biologically define Black people. Black people are Black because of the colour of their skin, some people who are Black come from Africa, some come from Australia or other parts of the world, these groups of people do not represent closely related populations. What they do have in common is social, in that they are discriminated against because of their skin colour. I would support the inclusion of a section that discusses the historical exploitation of various groups of Black people by White people all over the world, I think this would make for a much better section than a pseudo-scientific section about "biology". This has got bugger all to do with biology. The only important thing we can say about biology is that all humans are biologically very similar and are all part of the same subspecies. Anything else is parochial, and this is not US or North American Wikipedia. I would also point out that the sock/meat puppets User:Timelist, User:Editingoprah, User:Gottoupload and User:Kobrakid seem to want to push a far right racist point of view against the consensus on this page. At the least they are editing against consensus, at the most they are a group of meatpuppets (or a sockpuppet) who are trying to make an artificial consensus for a racist point of view to be included on this page. Either of these is a clear breach of wikipedia policy. This sock/meat puppet group disappeared from wikipedia mysteriously a little while ago when I told them that I planned to report them for this exact same behaviour. Well I'm going to check their user histories and file a complaint at Wikipedia:Suspected sock puppets. I'm sad because I've never done anything like this before in nearly two years, and I've met some pretty obnoxious people in that time, and I had hopped never to have to get any other editor blocked, but it is impossible with people who seem to be just so intransigent. Alun 17:48, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

• The stuff from Rushton needs to be cropped to one sentence at best, he is not a main stream or accepted source. Giving him undue prominence is unbalenced.

futurebird 02:06, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

• Alun You make some great points I support removing the biological definitions section from this article. That solves the problem of Rushton too. futurebird 02:09, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Alun can rationize all he wants and he can make all the personal attacks that he wants. The fact of the matter is that we three reliable sources (one of them a sociobiologist at a top university and a member of American Association of Advancement of Sciences) all claiming that the blacks are biologically meaningful category defined by having most of your ancestors from sub-Saharan Africa, and all Wobble can do is come up with one lame excuse after another to censor this information because it doesn't conform to the political agenda he's pushing in a multitude of articles. The biolical view is real, it's extensively documented, and no one who is interested in providing a complete view on this subject to the reader would try to remove it. It's clear that Alun and others have strong ideological views on this subject and they are allowing it to cloud their respect for wikipidea NPOV policy. I've seen editors write articles in a biased way but the total removal of an entire school of thought backed and documented by several scholars is the most disgusting display of fascist censorship I have ever seen. Kobrakid

• The fact of the matter is that we three reliable sources

No there aren't. These sources are certainly not reliable, they are neo-nazi racist scum. No respectable encyclopaedia would include their spurious nazi claims in an article about Black people. Youl be damanding that we cite Mein Kampf next or March of the Titans as Dark Tea has on White people. Alun 16:14, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Sidenote: to be fair, I wouldn't describe them as neo-Nazis without evidence from a reliable source. In fact, Leven is a Jew, and his Wikipedia article says he stopped his relationship with American Renaissance after he got fed up with the anti-Semitism of many of those involved with that magazine. However, his Jewishness does not preclude him from being racist against non-whites and bigoted against other groups such as gays and feminists (as his article points out) Spylab 16:37, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

• It has been clearly explained why those three non-biologists/non-geneticists cannot be considered reliable sources on the topic of the biological/genetic definition of black people. Their credentials do not qualify them as experts on that topic. Their work on that subject come under the description of academic racism and scientific racism. Those three non-experts do not qualify as reliable sources under Wikipedia guidelines. Spylab 16:07, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Rushton is considered a reliable source on race by the University of Western Ontario and is a member of the American Association of Advancement of Sciences. Anyone who takes race seriously is immediately stigmatized as a scientific racist so your claim means nothing, but if the article is to be NPOV we must show this perspective as long as we do so in a balanced way. Kobrakid

• None of what you just wrote is true. Spylab 16:37, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

• Anyone who takes race seriously is immediately stigmatized as a scientific racist

This is nonsense, I have read a number of serious scientific papers about race recently.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] The thing is that Rushton is not interested in "race", his fantasies revolve arround trying to show that there are real and measurable differences in the intellects of different human groups. He is actually interested in Eugenics and not "race", in this he is frighteningly similar to the nazis. Indeed much as Rushton thinks that some races are superior to others, the nazis believed that Germans were superior to Russians, and actually believed that science proved it. Well we all know what the "inferior" Russians did to Paulus's Sixth Army at thr Battle of Stalingrad and later did to Berlin. Indeed Rushton's his "definition" of Black is extremelly odd. For example In both everyday life and evolutionary biology, a 'Black' is anyone most of whose ancestors were born in sub-Saharan Africa, well it may be news to Rushton, but all of us have ancestors exclusively born in sub-Saharan Africa. Or this a Negroid is someone whose ancestors, between 4,000 and (to accommodate recent migrations) 20 generations ago, were born in sub-Saharan Africa, well I am British, the southern part of Great Britain was part of the Roman Empire for over 300 years, the first African people to come to Britain came at this time, no one in Britain can claim absolutelly that they do not have an African ancestor from between 4,000 and 20 generations ago because if they did they would be lying, the truth is we no one really knows. On a related note, in his book "Blood of the Isles" the geneticist Bryan Sykes claims to have encountered a Scottish woman who had mitochondrial DNA of recent sub-Saharan African origin. This woman was not aware of any African ancestry in her family. Sykes postulates that she may be the descendant of an African woman who came to Britain at the time of the Romans. According to Rushton, this woman is "a Negroid". And anyway this article is not about what Rushton calls "Negroid" people, it is about Black people. Rushton's definitions are not only not biological, they make no sense. Alun 17:51, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Wobble I find it very disappointing that you would compare Rushton to a nazi. Not only are you incapable of refraining from incredibly libelous personal attacks against other people, but you are minimizing the seriousness of the Holocaust when you toss such loaded rhetoric around so casually. Rushton has no interest in eugenics. Rushton is an eminent sociobiologist studying the world around him. Simply because you are offended by his conclusion that peoples of predominantly sub-Sahran descent are sexually more endowed on average to Whites and North East Asians gives you no right to libel him as a nazi. Such behavior is way beneath the standards of wikipedia’s discourse. Rushton does not make the simplistic argument that some races are superior to others. Indeed he claims that each of these broad groupings is perfectly, beautifully adapted to its own ancestral environment.

None of your arguments hold upon scruitiny. Of course ALL of us have ancestors from sub-Saharan Africa. All of us have ancestors that were born in the ocean if you go back far enough. You’re just trying to confuse the issue. It’s obvious that Rushton is talking about recent ancestry. And of course virtually all of us have some recent African ancestry if we analyzed our family trees closely enough. That’s the whole reason definitions like Rushton and Levin fill a void in the article. Rushton emphasizes that most of ones ancestors must be of sub-Saharan extraction while Levin goes further requiring 75%+ ancestry.

Rushton uses terms like Black and Negroid interchangeably. Negroid is a modified version of “Negro” which means black in Spanish and Negro is synonymous with black person according to many dictionaries.

Rushton’s definition is simple, clearly worded and to the point, and speaks to how millions of people conceptualize black people. Anyway you look at it, a professor from a respected university who is a member of the American Association of Advancement of Sciences, and has published in many peer reviewed highly respected academic journals is a reliable enough source to be briefly cited for a basic definition. We have an entire section devoted to criticizing Rushton’s perspective on what it means to be black, so we need to document the perspective itself. Kobrakid

Yet these sources are considered mainstream?

I find it truly amazing that people have problems with allowing Rushton (a sociolobiologist, top university professor, and member of the American Association for Advancement of Sciences)provide a brief definition in the article, yet look at all the undue weight given to the following pseudo scolars:

There are objections to the standard definitions of black people, as well as criticism of the term itself.

Cultural writer and filmmaker Owen 'Alik Shahadah says "as a political term it was fiery and trendy but never was it an official racial classification of peoples who have a 120,000 year old history. Indians are from India, Chinese from China. There is no country called Blackia or Blackistan. Hence, the ancestry-nationality model is more respectful and accurate: African-American, African-British, African-Brazilian, and African-Caribbean." 'Alik Shahadah also objects that "in addition, because it is a term placed on us, we have no bases for its control, and hence they are able to say; 'Ancient Egyptians weren't black.' Black has no meaning; except the meaning they place on it, if and when they chose."

Owen 'Alik Shahadah states "the notion of some invisible border, which divides the North of African from the South, is rooted in racism, which in part assumes that a little sand is an obstacle for African people. This barrier of sand hence confines/confined Africans to the bottom of this make-believe location, which exist neither politically or physically". Shahadah argues that the term sub-Saharan Africa is a product of European imperialism, "Sub-Saharan Africa is a byword for primitive African: a place, which has escaped advancement. Hence, we see statements like 'no written languages exist in Sub-Saharan Africa.' 'Egypt is not a Sub-Saharan African civilization.'

Activist Nirmala Rajasingam considers most standard definitions of black too narrow: "It was a failure because it divided the Black community into its constituent parts.. into Jamaican or Punjabi or Sri Lankan Tamil and so on, rather than build up Black unity.. But you know, there are young Asians who would like to call themselves Black, but the African youth will say 'You are not Black, you are Asian. We are Black'. Similarly, there are young Asians who will say 'We are not Black, we are Asian.'. So it has all become diluted and depoliticized."

Lewis R. Gordon (Director of the Institute for the Study of Race and Social Thought at Temple University) says "Not all people who are designated African in the contemporary world are also considered black anywhere. And similarly, not all people who are considered in most places to be black are considered African anywhere. There are non-black Africans who are descended from more than a millennia of people living on the African continent, and there are indigenous Pacific peoples and peoples of India whose consciousness and life are marked by a black identity".

Psychiatrist Ikechukwu Obialo Azuonye says "being dark skinned is a widespread phenomenon which does not define any specific group of human beings. The tendency to reserve the designation black to sub-Saharan Africans and people of their extraction is manifestly misinformed".

Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop also feels that the standard conceptions of black people fall short, stating: "There are two well-defined Black races: one has a black skin and woolly hair; the other also has black skin, often exceptionally black, with straight hair, aquiline nose, thin lips, an acute cheekbone angle. We find a prototype of this race in India: the Dravidian. It is also known that certain Nubians likewise belong to the same Negro type...Thus, it is inexact, anti-scientific, to do anthropological research, encounter a Dravidian type, and then conclude that the Negro type is absent."

Kobrakid

• I'm not sure if all of those people are reliable sources, but note that those people are talking about cultural and historical definitions of blackness, not biological or genetic definitions. Culture is not a science, and there are many different opinions about the sociopolitical definition of specific racial/ethnic groups. When it comes to controversial scientific topics, only people qualified to talk about science should be used as sources. Spylab 16:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Rushton is a member of the American Association of Advancement of Science so I think he's qualified to talk about science. Kobrakid

biology means biology, if it is a biological definition then the people talking about it must be experts in biology. imagine if Noam chomsky as expert as he is started giving biological def for black people? a critic of the general term is one thing but to offer biological definitions is a specific thing. U need a genetic person to talk about genetics, someone who understand genetics.skylab is correct on th epoint cultural opinions or politics isnt an imperical science. --HalaTruth(ሀላካሕ) 19:27, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

In an effort to reach compromise I moved the definitions to a new section called race realism definitions so they wouldn't be confused with genetic authorities. My goal is simply to show the full range of definitions of what it means to be black. Not everyone usese arbitrary social criteria or self-identification. Some people believe being black is based on genes, not social constructions, and this view should be documented in the interest of creating a fuller article. Kobrakid