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|Image=[[File:ISR Surface.jpg|300px]]
|Image=[[File:ISR Surface.jpg|300px]]
|Caption=Some of the buildings associated with the ISR at [[CERN]], [[Geneva]]. The accelerator itself is beneath the curved, tree-covered hill that runs around the ''outside'' of the road.}}
|Caption=Some of the buildings associated with the ISR at [[CERN]], [[Geneva]]. The accelerator itself is beneath the curved, tree-covered hill that runs around the ''outside'' of the road.}}
[[File:Intersecting Storage Rings 01.png|thumb|304x304px|'''Intersecting Storage Rings''']]{{Short description|Former CERN infrastructure}}The '''ISR''' (standing for "'''Intersecting Storage Rings'''") was a [[particle accelerator]] at [[CERN]]. It was the world's first [[hadron]] [[collider]], and ran from 1971 to 1984, with a maximum [[center of mass]] [[energy]] of 62 [[GeV]]. From its initial startup, the collider itself had the capability to produce particles like the [[J/ψ particle|J/ψ]] and the [[Upsilon particle|upsilon]], as well as observable [[particle jet|jet structure]]; however, the [[particle detector]] experiments were not configured to observe events with large [[momentum]] [[:wikt:transverse|transverse]] to the [[beamline]], leaving these discoveries to be made at other experiments in the mid-1970s. Nevertheless, the construction of the ISR involved many advances in [[accelerator physics]], including the first use of [[stochastic cooling]], and it held the record for [[Luminosity_(scattering_theory)|luminosity]] at a hadron collider until surpassed by the [[Tevatron]] in 2004.
[[File:Intersecting Storage Rings 01.png|thumb|304x304px|'''Intersecting Storage Rings''']]{{Short description|Former CERN infrastructure}}The '''ISR''' (standing for "'''Intersecting Storage Rings'''") was a [[particle accelerator]] at [[CERN]]. It was the world's first [[hadron]] [[collider]], and ran from 1971 to 1984, with a maximum [[center of mass]] [[energy]] of 62 [[GeV]]. From its initial startup, the collider itself had the capability to produce particles like the [[J/ψ particle|J/ψ]] and the [[Upsilon particle|upsilon]], as well as observable [[particle jet|jet structure]]; however, the [[particle detector]] experiments were not configured to observe events with large [[momentum]] [[:wikt:transverse|transverse]] to the [[beamline]], leaving these discoveries to be made at other experiments in the mid-1970s. Nevertheless, the construction of the ISR involved many advances in [[accelerator physics]], including the first use of [[stochastic cooling]], and it held the record for [[Luminosity_(scattering_theory)|luminosity]] at a hadron collider until surpassed by the [[Tevatron]] in 2004.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hubner|first=Kurt|date=2012-06-18|title=Design and construction of the ISR|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.3948|journal=arXiv:1206.3948 [physics]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hübner|first=Kurt|last2=Darriulat|first2=Pierre|last3=Amaldi|first3=Ugo|last4=Bryant|first4=Philip John|date=2012|title=40th Anniversary of the First Proton-Proton Collisions in the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1456765|language=en|doi=10.5170/CERN-2012-004}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The ISR was proposed in 1964 for conducting the head-on proton-proton collisions at a beam energy of 28 GeV; to the study of the new particles created in such collisions.  The project was approved within a year. In 1971 itself, detectors were set up by 12 experimental teams at five intersecting points of ISR.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Fabjan|first1=Christian|title=The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider|date=2015-11-20|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/9789814749145_0004|work=Technology Meets Research|volume=Volume 27|pages=87–133|series=Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics|publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC|doi=10.1142/9789814749145_0004|isbn=978-981-4749-13-8|access-date=2021-06-08|last2=Hübner|first2=Kurt}}</ref>
The ISR was proposed in 1964 for conducting the head-on proton-proton collisions at a beam energy of 28 GeV; to the study of the new particles created in such collisions.  The project was approved within a year.

The idea of colliding beams was first conceived by a group at [[Midwestern Universities Research Association]] (MURA) in the [[United States]], as a way to have collisions at an increased [[Center of mass|center of mass energy]]. The MURA group also invented [[Radio frequency|radiofrequency]] (RF) stacking technique to accumulate the proton beams of sufficient intensity.<ref name=":1" /> CERN Council looked into this novel idea in 1957, and an Accelerator Research (AR) group was established to look into the possibilities of having such a facility. AR studied the two-way [[Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator|fixed-field alternating gradient]] (FFAG) accelerator for [[plasma acceleration]] and for an electron collider. In 1960 when the construction of the [[Proton Synchrotron]] was completed, the AR group focussed on a proton-proton collider. To check the feasibility and yield of the RF stacking method, the CERN Electron Storage and Accumulation Ring (CESAR) on a smaller scale compared to ISR, was proposed in 1960 and successfully tested by 1964; followed by the official proposal of ISR in the same year, when the AR group presented the technical design report.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hübner|first=Kurt|date=2012-03|title=The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|journal=The European Physical Journal H|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=509–522|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|issn=2102-6459}}</ref>

In 1971 itself, detectors were set up by 12 experimental teams at five intersecting points of ISR.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last1=Fabjan|first1=Christian|title=The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider|date=2015-11-20|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/9789814749145_0004|work=Technology Meets Research|volume=Volume 27|pages=87–133|series=Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics|publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC|doi=10.1142/9789814749145_0004|isbn=978-981-4749-13-8|access-date=2021-06-08|last2=Hübner|first2=Kurt}}</ref>


The combination of the [[CERN Proton Synchrotron]] (CPS) and ISR also enabled the study of collisions using particles other than the proton, such as the [[deuteron]], [[Alpha particle|alpha particles]], and [[Antiproton|antiprotons]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hübner|first=Kurt|date=2012-03-01|title=The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)|url=https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|journal=The European Physical Journal H|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=509–522|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|bibcode=2012EPJH...36..509H|s2cid=120690134|issn=2102-6467}}</ref>
The combination of the [[CERN Proton Synchrotron]] (CPS) and ISR also enabled the study of collisions using particles other than the proton, such as the [[deuteron]], [[Alpha particle|alpha particles]], and [[Antiproton|antiprotons]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hübner|first=Kurt|date=2012-03-01|title=The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)|url=https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|journal=The European Physical Journal H|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=509–522|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|bibcode=2012EPJH...36..509H|s2cid=120690134|issn=2102-6467}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:47, 19 August 2021

Intersecting Storage Rings

The ISR (standing for "Intersecting Storage Rings") was a particle accelerator at CERN. It was the world's first hadron collider, and ran from 1971 to 1984, with a maximum center of mass energy of 62 GeV. From its initial startup, the collider itself had the capability to produce particles like the J/ψ and the upsilon, as well as observable jet structure; however, the particle detector experiments were not configured to observe events with large momentum transverse to the beamline, leaving these discoveries to be made at other experiments in the mid-1970s. Nevertheless, the construction of the ISR involved many advances in accelerator physics, including the first use of stochastic cooling, and it held the record for luminosity at a hadron collider until surpassed by the Tevatron in 2004.[1][2]

History

The ISR was proposed in 1964 for conducting the head-on proton-proton collisions at a beam energy of 28 GeV; to the study of the new particles created in such collisions.  The project was approved within a year.

The idea of colliding beams was first conceived by a group at Midwestern Universities Research Association (MURA) in the United States, as a way to have collisions at an increased center of mass energy. The MURA group also invented radiofrequency (RF) stacking technique to accumulate the proton beams of sufficient intensity.[1] CERN Council looked into this novel idea in 1957, and an Accelerator Research (AR) group was established to look into the possibilities of having such a facility. AR studied the two-way fixed-field alternating gradient (FFAG) accelerator for plasma acceleration and for an electron collider. In 1960 when the construction of the Proton Synchrotron was completed, the AR group focussed on a proton-proton collider. To check the feasibility and yield of the RF stacking method, the CERN Electron Storage and Accumulation Ring (CESAR) on a smaller scale compared to ISR, was proposed in 1960 and successfully tested by 1964; followed by the official proposal of ISR in the same year, when the AR group presented the technical design report.[1][2][3]

In 1971 itself, detectors were set up by 12 experimental teams at five intersecting points of ISR.[4]

The combination of the CERN Proton Synchrotron (CPS) and ISR also enabled the study of collisions using particles other than the proton, such as the deuteron, alpha particles, and antiprotons. [5]

The initial goal and motivation for ISR was the following.

  1. Finding the proton-proton cross-section for 23-54 GeV energy in the center of mass frame.
  2. Study of the elastic proton-proton scattering.
  3. Obtaining production spectra of particles like pions and kaons.
  4. Search for new particles.

During the end stages of ISR, the beam energies were hiked up to a maximum value of 31.4 GeV.[6][7]

Accelerator

The accelerator was made up of two magnetic rings (located in France), each of around 300m. The rings interlaced together such that they would meet at eight intersecting regions for colliding proton beams. The 28 GeV proton beams would come from the CERN Proton Synchrotron (CPS) located about 200 meters away (In Switzerland)[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Hubner, Kurt (2012-06-18). "Design and construction of the ISR". arXiv:1206.3948 [physics].
  2. ^ a b Hübner, Kurt; Darriulat, Pierre; Amaldi, Ugo; Bryant, Philip John (2012). "40th Anniversary of the First Proton-Proton Collisions in the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)". doi:10.5170/CERN-2012-004. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Hübner, Kurt (2012-03). "The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)". The European Physical Journal H. 36 (4): 509–522. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8. ISSN 2102-6459. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b Fabjan, Christian; Hübner, Kurt (2015-11-20), "The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider", Technology Meets Research, Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics, vol. Volume 27, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 87–133, doi:10.1142/9789814749145_0004, ISBN 978-981-4749-13-8, retrieved 2021-06-08 {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ Hübner, Kurt (2012-03-01). "The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)". The European Physical Journal H. 36 (4): 509–522. Bibcode:2012EPJH...36..509H. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8. ISSN 2102-6467. S2CID 120690134.
  6. ^ Faessler, M. (1984-12-01). "Experimental with alpha particles at the CERN intersecting storage rings". Physics Reports. 115 (1–2): 1–91. Bibcode:1984PhR...115....1F. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(84)90011-5. ISSN 0370-1573.
  7. ^ Fabjan, Christian W.; McCubbin, Norman (2004-12-01). "Physics at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) 1978–1983". Physics Reports. 403–404: 165–175. Bibcode:2004PhR...403..165F. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.018. ISSN 0370-1573.

External links

46°14′05″N 6°02′35″E / 46.23472°N 6.04306°E / 46.23472; 6.04306


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