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| <ref name="nasa5">{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-04-19 |title=Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site |publisher=.jpl.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-11-30}}</ref>
| <ref name="nasa5">{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-04-19 |title=Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site |publisher=.jpl.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-11-30}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:32, 20 November 2021

Earth imaged by MESSENGER during its 2005 flyby

List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.

Spacecraft Organization Date Type Closest Approach Status Notes Image Ref
Giotto
(first pass) 		ESA 2 July 1990 flyby 22,730 km success first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup [1]
Galileo
(first pass) 		NASA 8 December 1990 flyby 301 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km [2]
Sakigake
(first pass) 		Japan ISAS 8 January 1992 flyby 88,790 km success previously visited Halley's comet [3]
Suisei Japan ISAS 20 August 1992 flyby failure failure previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned [4]
Galileo
(second pass) 		NASA 8 December 1992 flyby 305 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter [5]
Sakigake
(second and third passes) 		Japan ISAS 14 June 1993 flyby [6]
28 October 1994 flyby out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995
NEAR Shoemaker NASA 23 January 1998 flyby 540 km success gravity assist en route to Eros [7]
Nozomi
(first pass) 		Japan ISAS 20 December 1998 flyby 1000 km partial success gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan [8]
Giotto
(second pass) 		ESA 1 July 1999 flyby failure n/a already defunct [1]
Cassini NASA
ESA
ASI 		18 August, 1999 flyby 1171 km success gravity assist en route to Saturn [9]
Stardust
(first pass) 		NASA 15 January 2001 flyby 6000 km success gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild [10]
Nozomi
(second pass) 		Japan ISAS December, 2002 flyby 11,000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8]
Nozomi
(third pass) 		Japan ISAS 19 June 2003 flyby 1000 km success gravity assist en route to Mars [8]
Hayabusa Japan ISAS 19 May 2004 flyby 20,000 km success en route to Itokawa [11]
Rosetta
(first pass) 		ESA 4 March 2005 flyby 1950 km success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters [12]
MESSENGER NASA 2 August 2005 flyby 2348 km success en route to Venus and Mercury [13]
Stardust
(second pass) 		NASA 15 January 2006 flyby success drop-off of sample return capsule [10]
Rosetta
(second pass) 		ESA 13 November 2007 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) NASA 31 December 2007[14] flyby 15,567 success previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) NASA December 2008[14][16] flyby 43,450 km success gravity assist [15]
Stardust
(third pass) 		NASA 14 January 2009 flyby 9200 km success[17] mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km [10]
Rosetta
(third pass) 		ESA 13 November 2009 flyby success gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) NASA June 2009[14] distant flyby success [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) NASA December 2009[14][16] distant flyby success [15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) NASA June 2010[14] flyby 36,900 km success [15]
Juno NASA 9 October 2013 flyby 559 km success gravity assist en route to Jupiter 2011-040A
Hayabusa2 JAXA 3 December 2015 flyby success gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu 2014-076A
PROCYON Japan University of Tokyo
JAXA 		3 December 2015[18] flyby success was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned[19] 2014-076D
Shin'en 2 Japan Kyutech 4 December 2015[20] flyby success 2014-076B
OSIRIS-REx NASA 22 September 2017[21] flyby 17,237 km success Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu 2016-055A
BepiColombo ESA
JAXA 		10 April 2020 flyby 12,700 km success Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury BEPICLMBO

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  2. ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  3. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  4. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
  5. ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  6. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  7. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  8. ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  9. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  10. ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  11. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  12. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  13. ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  14. ^ a b c d e "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". Epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  15. ^ a b c d e "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  16. ^ a b "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  17. ^ "Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009". Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  18. ^ "PROCYON". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  19. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (May 8, 2015). "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
  20. ^ "Keiichi Okuyama-Lab". Kyushu Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  21. ^ "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Slingshots Past Earth". NASA. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
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