Unionization in the tech sector: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 01:42, 25 November 2021

A tech union is a trade union for tech workers typically employed in high tech or information, community, technology services sectors. Due to the evolving nature of technology and work, different government agencies have conflicting definitions for who is a tech worker. Most definitions include computer scientists, people working in IT, telecommunications, media and video gaming.^[1]^[2]^[3] Broader definitions include all workers required for a tech company to operate, including on-site service staff, contractors, and platform economy workers.^[4]

Israel

Cellular, Internet and High-Tech was founded in 2014 as an affiliate of the Israeli trade union confederation Histadrut.^[5]^[6] It represents 3,000 workers through the collective bargaining agreement it has with 6 high-tech firms including the Israel divisions of SAP and Visonic.^[7] A further 200 employees of Surecomp are organized through the other Israeli federation, Koach LaOvdim.^[7]

People's Republic of China

Mainland China

The All-China Federation of Trade Unions is officially the only trade union in the PRC and acts as an extension of the state's interests. It either co-opts or restricts independent labour organising.^[8]^[9] Most trade union chairs in China are company managers, party cadre members and appointed, rather than elected. However, since 2010, due to increased labour militancy and strikes, workers have been able to demand more worker representation in union elections.^[10]

In 2018 Jasic Technology retaliated against a worker led union drive. Over 100 students and workers were arrested including members of Jasic Workers Solidarity Group in what became known as the Jasic incident.^[11]

In March 2019, Chinese tech workers mobilized, after an anonymous person uploaded a repository named 996.icu to GitHub. 996 refers to 9AM to 9PM, 6 days a week or 72 hour work cycle.^[11] Over 230,000 tech workers, mainly in China 'starred' the repository, making it one of the largest tech actions in China.^[12] US based Microsoft (which own GitHub) employees signed a letter in support of the 996 movement, opposing censorship.^[13]

Hong Kong

In the context of the pro-democracy 2019 protests, tech workers founded the Hong Kong Information Technology Workers' Union and developed a database of sympathetic employers who are supportive of the protests.^[14] The union was later dissolved due to widespread state repression in Hong Kong following the protests.^[15]

Romania

Sindicatul IT Timișoara (Romanian IT Union) represents 3,000 IT and outsourcing workers at Alcatel-Lucent, Wipro, Accenture and Alto since 2009.^[16]

Serbia

The Association of Internet Workers is a trade union of internet-based platform workers in Serbia.^[17]

United Kingdom

The first dedicated union branch for tech workers was launched by members of London chapter of Tech Workers Coalition. The branch is called United Tech and Allied Workers and is affiliated with Communication Workers Union.^[18] In 2018, the British chapter of Game Workers Unite became a legally recognised union with the IWGB for all video game workers.^[19]

United States

Overview

Tech unionization is historically relatively new in the United States, with the exception of telecommunications, primarily with the Communications Workers of America. The overall private job sector has a historically low union density rate of 7 percent, with the tech industry being even lower than that.^[20]

Unionization has picked up speed since 2019 as several unions have successfully launched initiatives to organize tech workers, such as the Communications Workers of America (CWA), United Steel Workers (USW), and Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU).

National US Unions Actively Organizing in Tech

In month 2019, the United Steel Workers (USW) organized HCL workers and subsequently launched

In January 2020, the Communications Workers of America (CWA) launched the Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE-CWA)^[21] to organize tech, game, and digital workers in the US and Canada. According to the CODE-CWA website "thousands of tech, game, and digital workers" have organized with over a dozen CODE-CWA organizing campaigns, including several certified unions with collective bargaining rights.^[22]

Within its first year^[23] the CODE-CWA campaign unionized workers at Glitch,^[24] Blue State Digital,^[25] the Alphabet Workers Union at Alphabet, and game studio Voltage Entertainment^[26]. In 2021, workers at Do Better Tech,^[27]^[28] Mobilize,^[29] Medium,^[30] NPR,^[31]^[32]^[33] Mapbox,^[34] Catalist,^[35] Change.org,^[36] EveryAction,^[37] and New York Times Tech staff launched public unionization drives,^[38] with civic tech companies Mobilize, Catalist and Change.org receiving voluntary recognition from their employers.^[35]^[36] CODE-CWA has also supported workers at Activision Blizzard by filing Unfair Labor Practice charge with the NLRB.^[39] CODE-CWA has also organized the first table-top game company at Pathfinder and Starfinder developer Paizo.^[40]^[41]^[42]

In January 2021, Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) launched Tech Workers Union Local 1010 as a result of its success unionizing Kickstarter.^[43] In August, workers at Code for America went public with their union drive with OPEIU.^[44]

Recent US Tech Unionization Firsts

In 2019, workers at HCL with the USW were the first to organize an office based tech union.^[4]

In 2020, the Communications Workers of America (CWA) were the first to launch a national tech (and game) union organizing campaign, the Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE-CWA). The CODE-CWA campaign has since organized the first successful strike in the game sector of the tech industry at Voltage Entertainment,^[26] the first table-top game company at Pathfinder and Starfinder developer Paizo,^[40]^[41]^[42] the first voluntary union recognition in the US tech industry at Glitch, the first ratified collective bargaining agreement at Glitch,^[45] the first worker-owned cooperative in the tech industry at Do Better Tech,^[27]^[28] and the first mass-voluntary membership union at a major modern tech company at Alphabet.^[46]

Recent US Tech Industry Unions by Company

Recent US Tech Industry Unions by Company
Company	Parent Union	Unit Name	Company Type	Founded	Union Type	Local	Union Status	Campaign Description
NPR	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Digital Media United	Non-profit	November 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On November 2, 2021 workers in NPR's Communications and Audience Growth divisions announced they had requested voluntarily union recognition from NPR management and to join the Digital Media United NABET-CWA Local 31 NPR tech and digital staff unit as a part of the CODE-CWA organizing effort. On November 9, 2021 the workers announced that they had been voluntarily recognized by management and would be joining the existing tech and digital staff unit at NPR as NABET-CWA members.
Paizo	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	United Paizo Workers	Games Studio	October 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On October 14, 2021 workers at Paizo, the table-top game company behind Pathfinder and Starfinder, announced they had requested union voluntary recognition from management under the name "United Paizo Workers" with CODE-CWA following months of conflict where Paizo staff, freelancers, and fans protested poor working conditions at the company. On October 22, 2021 following pressure on the company from workers, fans, and allegedly a strike among Paizo freelancers it was announced that Paizo management chose to voluntarily recognized the workers' union and have since moved into the process of collective bargaining, becoming the first known certified union of table-top game workers with collective bargaining rights.
EveryAction	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	EveryAction Workers Union	Company	September 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On September 3, 2021 CODE-CWA announced that 240 workers at EveryAction had received voluntary recognition of their union and would be represented by CODE-CWA after a super majority of employees signed union authorization cards expressing support for unionizing. EveryAction Workers Union, the newly formed constituent of CODE-CWA, became the "largest progressive tech union with majority traditional tech workers in the United States." EveryAction also surpassed Change.org in becoming the largest tech company to voluntarily recognize a union.
Code for America	OPEIU		Non-profit	August 2021	Contract		Certified	In August, workers of Code for America went public with their union drive with OPEIU.^[44]
Change.Org	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Solidarity @ Change	Non-profit	June 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On June 30, 2021 it was announced that 70 workers at Change.Org had received voluntary recognition of their union and will be represented by CODE-CWA for collective bargaining. To date, Change.org is the largest tech company to voluntarily recognize a union as the representative of its staff. About half the staff are based in the US and half in Canada.
Catalist	Communications Workers of America (CWA)		Company	June 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On June 16, 2021 workers at Catalist announced that a super majority of the 30 or so workers for the company had signed authorization cards to be represented by the company and had received voluntary recognition of their union from Catalist management.
Mapbox	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Mapbox Workers Union	Company	June 2021	Contract	n/a	Not Certified	On June 15, 2021 workers at Mapbox announced that a super-majority of the over 200 workers for the company, both tech and non-tech, had signed union authorization cards to be represented by CODE-CWA.
NPR	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Digital Media United	Non-profit	April 2021	Contract	NABET-CWA Local 31	In Collective Bargaining	On April 26, 2021 workers in NPR's Digital Media Division announced they had formed a union with NABET-CWA Local 31 as a part of the CODE-CWA organizing project and requested voluntary recognition of their union from NPR management. Digital Media United NABET-CWA, the newly formed constituent of CODE-CWA, includes a wide range of tech related disciplines including engineering, design, content operations, online support, and product management workers. On April 28, 2021 Digital Media United NABET-CWA announced that NPR management chose to voluntarily recognize their union.
New York Times	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	New York Times Tech Guild	Company	April 2021	Contract	New York NewsGuild-CWA	Filed For Union Election	On April 13, 2021 more than 650 tech workers at the New York Times announced that they were unionizing with the NewsGuild-CWA. In July 2021 the workers filed for union certification with the National Labor Relations Board. On August 11, 2021 the New York Times Tech Guild held a half-day work stoppage in protest of alleged union-busting tactics from the New York Times management for which the Guild filed at least three unfair labor practices charges with the NLRB. If the union is certified, it will be the largest union representing tech workers with collective bargaining rights in the country.
Mobilize	Communications Workers of America (CWA)		Company	March 2021	Contract		In Collective Bargaining	On March 15, 2021 it was announced that tech workers at community-organizing app company Mobilize had certified a union as a part of the CODE-CWA effort.
Medium	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Medium Workers Union	Company	February 2021	Contract	n/a	Not Certified	Medium Workers Union announced their intent to form a trade union with CODE-CWA at the company Medium in February 2021. According to MWU, 70% of the eligible employees have signed union authorization cards, representing workers in editorial, engineering, design and product departments. On February 11, the workers asked management for voluntary recognition of their union. Medium workers held an online vote for recognition by management, which fell one vote short of the majority threshold required by their agreed terms. In March 2021, organizers stated that they would not pursue a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) election in the near future.
Alphabet	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Alphabet Workers Union	Company	January 2021	Non-contract	CWA Local 1400	Active	On January 4, 2021 over 400 employees of Alphabet (parent company of Google) formed the Alphabet Workers Union (CWA Local No. 1400) with a rare solidarity union model. Alphabet Workers Union is notably open to non Alphabet employees, including Temporary, Vendor, and Contract workers, who make up almost half of the workforce.
Do Better Tech	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	n/a	Worker Co-op	January 2021	Contract	CWA Local 9003	Ratified Bargaining Agreement	In January 2021 Do Better Tech worker co-operative IT and tech firm was in the process of voluntarily recognizing a union with CWA Local 9003. The co-ops website says it operates as a "unionized worker cooperative."
Blue State Digital	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	n/a	Company	October 2020	Contract	CWA Local 1101	In Collective Bargaining	In October 2020, Blue State Digital also voted to form a union with CWA Local No. 1101.
Voltage Entertainment	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	Voltage Organized Workers (VOW)	Game Studio	August 2020	Non-contract	n/a	n/a	In August 2020, CODE-CWA organized the first successful strike in the game industry at Voltage Entertainment.
Glitch	Communications Workers of America (CWA)	n/a	Startup	March 2020	Contract	CWA Local 1101	Ratified Bargaining Agreement	Glitch staff announced intentions to unionize with the CWA Local No. 1101 as part of CODE-CWA in early 2020. The company voluntarily recognized their union. Around the same time, the company laid off a third of its staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Glitch signed a collective bargaining agreement in March 2021, the first in the American tech industry.
Instacart	UFCW		Company	February 2020	Contract		Defunct	14 Instacart employees voted to form a union with UFCW, in the first app based union in the nation in February 2020.^[47]^[48] One year later, in January 2021, Instacart announced it is laying off 2,000 employees including all 10 remaining unionized workers.^[49]
Kickstarter	Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU)	Kickstarter United	Company	February 2020	Contract	OPEIU Local 153	Certified	In February 2020, Kickstarter employees voted to unionize with Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) Local 153.^[50]
HCL Technologies	United Steel Workers		Company	September 2019	Contract		Ratified Bargaining Agreement	In 2019, 80 vendor contractors of Google at the outsourcing company HCL Technologies voted to form a union with Pittsburgh United Steel Workers, making it the first successful tech union for office based workers.^[51] Two years later, HCL and 65 workers ratified a three-year collective bargaining agreement.^[52]
npm, Inc.				March 2019				In March 2019, 5 employees of npm, Inc. were laid off, in retaliation for organizing a union.^[53] In July, npm settled with three employees after they filed a complaint with the NLRB.^[54]
Lanetix	Communications Workers of America (CWA)		Company	January 2018	Contract	Washington-Baltimore News Guild (CWA)		In January 2018, 15 employees of logistics company Lanetix were fired, 10 days after they petitioned to form a union with Washington-Baltimore News Guild (CWA).^[55] In November, the company agreed to pay $775,000 to the 15 former employees after the NLRB found they retaliated.^[56]^[57]

Additional Historic US Tech Union Organizing

From 1974 to 1983, the United Electrical (UE) formed a Silicon Valley Electronics Organizing Committee (EOC), which was made up of 1 full time staffer and a dedicated network of rank and file from National Semiconductor, Siltec, Fairchild, Siliconix, Semimetals, and others.^[58] They had a newsletter called "The Union Voice" in three languages English, Spanish and Tagalog.^[59]

Between 1970 and 2016, a patchwork of IBM worker initiatives formed including the National Black Workers Alliance, IBM Workers United and Alliance@IBM.^[60]

From 2014 to 2020,^[61]^[62] various Amazon worker initiatives have unsuccessfully sought union recognition in different Amazon warehouses, most recently in Bessemer, Alabama.^[62] In 2021, members of Teamsters members voted at a convention to form an 'Amazon division' to make it a strategic priority.^[63]^[64]

References

^ Wolf, Michael; Terrell, Dalton (May 2016). "The high-tech industry, what is it and why it matters to our economic future : Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2020-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States - Computing Research Association (CRA)". Computing Research Association. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Braslow, Samuel (2020-01-09). "Video Game and Tech Company Workers Are Turning to Unions for Labor Protection". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ ^a ^b Tarnoff, Ben. "The Making of the Tech Worker Movement". Logic Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ "Unions set sights on high-tech industry". Haaretz. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Fisher, Ben. Unlikely unionists : organised labour in the Israeli ICT sector (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Referat Globale Politik und Entwicklung. ISBN 978-3-96250-653-7. OCLC 1220920741.
^ ^a ^b Gamss, Netanel (February 24, 2021). "High-tech unions get a cool reception in Israel. Could U.S. example change that?". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Workers' rights and labour relations in China". China Labour Bulletin. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
^ Bai, Ruixue (2011). "The Role of the All China Federation of Trade Unions: Implications for Chinese Workers Today". WorkingUSA. 14 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00318.x. ISSN 1743-4580.
^ Hui, Elaine Sio-ieng; Chan, Chris King-chi (September 2015). "Beyond the Union-Centred Approach: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Trade Union Elections in China: Trade Union Elections in China". British Journal of Industrial Relations. 53 (3): 601–627. doi:10.1111/bjir.12111. S2CID 20101896.
^ ^a ^b Lin, Kevin (May 14, 2020). "Tech Worker Organizing in China: A New Model for Workers Battling a Repressive State". New Labor Forum. 29 (2): 52–59. doi:10.1177/1095796020916201. ISSN 1095-7960. S2CID 219422484.
^ Tan, JS. "Tech Workers Are Workers, Too". Jacobin Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
^ "Microsoft workers decry grueling '996' working standard at Chinese tech firms". the Guardian. 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
^ Wu, Sarah (2020-01-10). "Hong Kong workers flock to labor unions as new protest tactic". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
^ "感謝各位支持　HKITWU決定解散" (Press release). 2021-09-18.
^ Donna, Baines; Ian, Cunningham (2020-11-09). Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-0869-6.
^ "Serbian freelancers protest new taxation law that threatens to push thousands into poverty". Global Voices. 2021-04-09. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
^ Mellino, Emiliano (2020-09-22). "Google and Microsoft staff set to join the UK's first tech trade union". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Fogel, Stefanie (2018-12-14). "Game Workers Unite UK Is That Country's First Games Industry Union". Variety. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ "Union Members Summary". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2020-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Major union launches campaign to organize video game and tech workers". Los Angeles Times. 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ "Campaigns". Organizing Campaigns. 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Schiffer, Zoe (2021-01-05). "Here's what we know about the Google union so far". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
^ "Online code collaboration tool Glitch votes to unionize". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Miller, Sean (October 21, 2020). "Employees At Democratic Firm Blue State Unionized By CODE-CWA". Campaigns and Elections. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ ^a ^b Carpenter, Nicole (2020-08-11). "These game writers made history by going on strike — and winning". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ ^a ^b "https://twitter.com/adamwebs1/status/1345027742723497984". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Home Page | Do Better Tech". dobettertech.com. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Kramer, Anna (2021-03-15). "Mobilize app workers have unionized, adding momentum to CWA's tech organizing efforts". Protocol. Retrieved 2021-08-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Schiffer, Zoe (2021-03-01). "Medium union effort stalls, falling one vote short of majority". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ "https://twitter.com/webuildnpr/status/1386680140097363974". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ "https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1455522581205954567". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ "https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1458163480691945475". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ "Silicon Valley workers vote down union at SoftBank-backed Mapbox". Reuters. 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ ^a ^b Rowland, Geoffrey (2021-06-16). "Workers at progressive data firm Catalist unionize". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ ^a ^b "Change.Org Workers Form A Union, Giving Labor Activists Another Win In Tech". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ "Workers at EveryAction Become Largest Progressive Tech Union". Communications Workers of America. 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Eidelson, Josh. "New York Times Tech Staff to Walk Out in Growing Union Fight". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Parrish, Ash (2021-09-14). "Activision Blizzard sued again, this time for labor violations". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ ^a ^b Hall, Charlie (2021-10-14). "Workers at Paizo unionize, a first for the tabletop role-playing game industry". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ ^a ^b "https://twitter.com/rkgwork/status/1451344696597438467". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
^ ^a ^b Carpenter, Nicole (2021-10-22). "Pathfinder, Starfinder publisher voluntarily recognizes workers' union". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ "OPEIU Launches Tech Workers Union Local 1010 to Raise Standards for Tech Industry Employees". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Schiffer, Zoe (2021-08-04). "Code for America employees are unionizing". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
^ Schiffer, Zoe (2021-03-02). "Glitch workers sign tech's first collective bargaining agreement". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Conger, Kate (2021-01-04). "Hundreds of Google Employees Unionize, Culminating Years of Activism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (February 2, 2020). "Instacart Workers Win Historic Union Election". Vice Media. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ Statt, Nick (2020-02-04). "Instacart workers voted to unionize this past weekend for better working conditions". The Verge. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ Schiffer, Zoe (2021-01-21). "Instacart is firing every employee who voted to unionize". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
^ Carman, Ashley (2020-02-18). "Kickstarter employees vote to unionize". The Verge. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ "US HCL Tech Employees: HCL Tech employees at Google US join Union". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
^ Heater, Brian. "Pittsburgh Google contractors ratify deal with HCL". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Conger, Kate; Scheiber, Noam (2019-07-08). "Employee Activism Is Alive in Tech. It Stops Short of Organizing Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
^ Francisco, Thomas Claburn in San. "NPM Inc settles union-busting complaints on third try – after CEO trolled for ordering internal mole hunt". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
^ Evangelista, Benny (2018-02-01). "SF tech company fired software engineers seeking to organize, union claims". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
^ "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
^ "Software Engineers Settle NLRB Case for $775,000". Management Report for Nonunion Organizations. 42 (4): 1–2. 2019. doi:10.1002/mare.30479. ISSN 1530-8286. S2CID 240800883.
^ Early, Steve; Wilson, Rand (1986-04-01). "Organizing High Tech: Unions & Their Future". Labor Research Review. 1 (8).
^ Bacon, David. "Up Against the Open Shop - the Hidden Story of Silicon Valley's High-Tech Workers". Truthout. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
^ Wright, Andy (2020-02-17). "Don't Call It a Trend: A Brief History of Organizing in Tech". OneZero. Retrieved 2021-04-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ Luhby, Tami (2014-01-15). "Amazon warehouse workers in Delaware have voted against forming a union". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ ^a ^b "Amazon Warehouse Workers In Alabama May Get To Vote Again On Union". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ Hsu, Andrea (22 June 2021). "The Teamsters Want To Unionize Amazon Workers. Here's What That Means". NPR. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
^ "Amazon crushed the Alabama union drive – can the Teamsters do better?". the Guardian. 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

External links

Chinese: 香港資訊科技界工會; lit. 'Hong Kong Information Technology Workers’ Union' Official Website
UNI Global Union Information, Communications, Technology and Services sector Official Website
Collective Actions in Tech Data

[1] Wolf, Michael; Terrell, Dalton (May 2016). "The high-tech industry, what is it and why it matters to our economic future : Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2020-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[2] "The Supply of Information Technology Workers in the United States - Computing Research Association (CRA)". Computing Research Association. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[3] Braslow, Samuel (2020-01-09). "Video Game and Tech Company Workers Are Turning to Unions for Labor Protection". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[:0-4] Tarnoff, Ben. "The Making of the Tech Worker Movement". Logic Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[5] "Unions set sights on high-tech industry". Haaretz. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[6] Fisher, Ben. Unlikely unionists : organised labour in the Israeli ICT sector (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Referat Globale Politik und Entwicklung. ISBN 978-3-96250-653-7. OCLC 1220920741.

[:6-7] Gamss, Netanel (February 24, 2021). "High-tech unions get a cool reception in Israel. Could U.S. example change that?". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[8] "Workers' rights and labour relations in China". China Labour Bulletin. 2021-06-30. Retrieved 2021-07-09.

[9] Bai, Ruixue (2011). "The Role of the All China Federation of Trade Unions: Implications for Chinese Workers Today". WorkingUSA. 14 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00318.x. ISSN 1743-4580.

[10] Hui, Elaine Sio-ieng; Chan, Chris King-chi (September 2015). "Beyond the Union-Centred Approach: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Trade Union Elections in China: Trade Union Elections in China". British Journal of Industrial Relations. 53 (3): 601–627. doi:10.1111/bjir.12111. S2CID 20101896.

[:1-11] Lin, Kevin (May 14, 2020). "Tech Worker Organizing in China: A New Model for Workers Battling a Repressive State". New Labor Forum. 29 (2): 52–59. doi:10.1177/1095796020916201. ISSN 1095-7960. S2CID 219422484.

[12] Tan, JS. "Tech Workers Are Workers, Too". Jacobin Magazine. Retrieved 2020-12-24.

[13] "Microsoft workers decry grueling '996' working standard at Chinese tech firms". the Guardian. 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2020-12-24.

[14] Wu, Sarah (2020-01-10). "Hong Kong workers flock to labor unions as new protest tactic". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-12-25.

[15] "感謝各位支持　HKITWU決定解散" (Press release). 2021-09-18.

[16] Donna, Baines; Ian, Cunningham (2020-11-09). Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-0869-6.

[17] "Serbian freelancers protest new taxation law that threatens to push thousands into poverty". Global Voices. 2021-04-09. Retrieved 2021-07-16.

[18] Mellino, Emiliano (2020-09-22). "Google and Microsoft staff set to join the UK's first tech trade union". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[19] Fogel, Stefanie (2018-12-14). "Game Workers Unite UK Is That Country's First Games Industry Union". Variety. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[20] "Union Members Summary". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2020-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[21] "Major union launches campaign to organize video game and tech workers". Los Angeles Times. 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[22] "Campaigns". Organizing Campaigns. 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[23] Schiffer, Zoe (2021-01-05). "Here's what we know about the Google union so far". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-01-22.

[24] "Online code collaboration tool Glitch votes to unionize". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[25] Miller, Sean (October 21, 2020). "Employees At Democratic Firm Blue State Unionized By CODE-CWA". Campaigns and Elections. Retrieved 2020-12-31.

[:7-26] Carpenter, Nicole (2020-08-11). "These game writers made history by going on strike — and winning". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[:8-27] "https://twitter.com/adamwebs1/status/1345027742723497984". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[:9-28] "Home Page | Do Better Tech". dobettertech.com. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[29] Kramer, Anna (2021-03-15). "Mobilize app workers have unionized, adding momentum to CWA's tech organizing efforts". Protocol. Retrieved 2021-08-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[30] Schiffer, Zoe (2021-03-01). "Medium union effort stalls, falling one vote short of majority". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-08-11.

[31] "https://twitter.com/webuildnpr/status/1386680140097363974". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[32] "https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1455522581205954567". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[33] "https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1458163480691945475". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[34] "Silicon Valley workers vote down union at SoftBank-backed Mapbox". Reuters. 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-11.

[:2-35] Rowland, Geoffrey (2021-06-16). "Workers at progressive data firm Catalist unionize". TheHill. Retrieved 2021-08-11.

[:3-36] "Change.Org Workers Form A Union, Giving Labor Activists Another Win In Tech". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-08-11.

[37] "Workers at EveryAction Become Largest Progressive Tech Union". Communications Workers of America. 2021-09-03. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[38] Eidelson, Josh. "New York Times Tech Staff to Walk Out in Growing Union Fight". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[39] Parrish, Ash (2021-09-14). "Activision Blizzard sued again, this time for labor violations". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[:10-40] Hall, Charlie (2021-10-14). "Workers at Paizo unionize, a first for the tabletop role-playing game industry". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[:11-41] "https://twitter.com/rkgwork/status/1451344696597438467". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-11-11. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

[:12-42] Carpenter, Nicole (2021-10-22). "Pathfinder, Starfinder publisher voluntarily recognizes workers' union". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[43] "OPEIU Launches Tech Workers Union Local 1010 to Raise Standards for Tech Industry Employees". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:13-44] Schiffer, Zoe (2021-08-04). "Code for America employees are unionizing". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-08-11.

[45] Schiffer, Zoe (2021-03-02). "Glitch workers sign tech's first collective bargaining agreement". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[46] Conger, Kate (2021-01-04). "Hundreds of Google Employees Unionize, Culminating Years of Activism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-11.

[47] Gurley, Lauren Kaori (February 2, 2020). "Instacart Workers Win Historic Union Election". Vice Media. Retrieved 2020-12-31.

[48] Statt, Nick (2020-02-04). "Instacart workers voted to unionize this past weekend for better working conditions". The Verge. Retrieved 2020-12-31.

[49] Schiffer, Zoe (2021-01-21). "Instacart is firing every employee who voted to unionize". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-01-22.

[50] Carman, Ashley (2020-02-18). "Kickstarter employees vote to unionize". The Verge. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[:4-51] "US HCL Tech Employees: HCL Tech employees at Google US join Union". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

[52] Heater, Brian. "Pittsburgh Google contractors ratify deal with HCL". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2021-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[53] Conger, Kate; Scheiber, Noam (2019-07-08). "Employee Activism Is Alive in Tech. It Stops Short of Organizing Unions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-04.

[54] Francisco, Thomas Claburn in San. "NPM Inc settles union-busting complaints on third try – after CEO trolled for ordering internal mole hunt". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2021-07-04.

[55] Evangelista, Benny (2018-02-01). "SF tech company fired software engineers seeking to organize, union claims". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-07-04.

[56] "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 2021-07-04.

[57] "Software Engineers Settle NLRB Case for $775,000". Management Report for Nonunion Organizations. 42 (4): 1–2. 2019. doi:10.1002/mare.30479. ISSN 1530-8286. S2CID 240800883.

[58] Early, Steve; Wilson, Rand (1986-04-01). "Organizing High Tech: Unions & Their Future". Labor Research Review. 1 (8).

[59] Bacon, David. "Up Against the Open Shop - the Hidden Story of Silicon Valley's High-Tech Workers". Truthout. Retrieved 2021-04-20.

[60] Wright, Andy (2020-02-17). "Don't Call It a Trend: A Brief History of Organizing in Tech". OneZero. Retrieved 2021-04-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[61] Luhby, Tami (2014-01-15). "Amazon warehouse workers in Delaware have voted against forming a union". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

[:5-62] "Amazon Warehouse Workers In Alabama May Get To Vote Again On Union". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

[63] Hsu, Andrea (22 June 2021). "The Teamsters Want To Unionize Amazon Workers. Here's What That Means". NPR. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

[64] "Amazon crushed the Alabama union drive – can the Teamsters do better?". the Guardian. 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-08-12.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]