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According to some historians despite this he still did not accept the [[Resolution of the Comintern on the Macedonian question|Comintern's position]] on the existence of a separate [[Macedonian nation]].<ref>Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.</ref><ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref> At that time, he was one of the 32 people's representatives of the [[Bulgarian Communist Party]] in the [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian Parliament]].
According to some historians despite this he still did not accept the [[Resolution of the Comintern on the Macedonian question|Comintern's position]] on the existence of a separate [[Macedonian nation]].<ref>Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.</ref><ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref> At that time, he was one of the 32 people's representatives of the [[Bulgarian Communist Party]] in the [[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian Parliament]].


In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in [[Sofia]], while being a deputy in the Bulgarian parliament. and tried along with other members of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United)|IMRO (United)]]. At the trial, Martulkov, declared himself as "Bulgarian" and denied his membership in the IMRO (United). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and was ordered to pay a fine because of spreading hatred against the ruling class.<ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref> Although according to Bulgarian historian Dimitar Georgiev, Martulkov was pratically forced to declare himself as a Bulgarian due to the propaganda at the time.<ref>"the Bulgarian propaganda made them Bulgarians. "''I was suffocated by this atmosphere''" writes Alexo Martulkov, who participates in the mentioned courses, "''but I had to endure because there was no other way out.''" Georgiev, Dimitur (1981). Национално-освободителната борба в Македония (1912 - 1915). Izd-vo na Bŭlgarskata akademii︠a︡ na naukite. p. 90.</ref>
In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in [[Sofia]], while being a deputy in the Bulgarian parliament. and tried along with other members of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United)|IMRO (United)]]. At the trial, Martulkov, declared himself as "Bulgarian" and denied his membership in the IMRO (United). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and was ordered to pay a fine because of spreading hatred against the ruling class.<ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref>


== During and after World War II ==
== During and after World War II ==

Revision as of 12:24, 12 May 2023

Alekso Martulkov
Алексо Мартулков
Born23 October 1878
Veles, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Died19 December 1962 (aged 84)
Sofia, People's Republic of Bulgaria
Other names"Bismarck"[1]
Notable workMy Participation in the Revolutionary Struggles of Macedonia
HonoursBulgarian "Medal of Merit" (Bronze)

Yugoslavian "Medal of Merit for the People"

Macedonian "Ilinden Memoirs"

Alekso Martulkov (Macedonian and Bulgarian: Алексо Мартулков), born as Aleksandar Ončev Martulkov[2][3] (Macedonian: Александар Ончев Мартулков, Bulgarian: Александър Ончев Мартулков; 23 October 1878 — 19 December 1962), was one of the first socialist revolutionary and publicist from the region of Macedonia.[4] He was a member of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party[5] and later the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section) and the Bulgarian Communist Party. Simultaneously, he was a member of the IMRO and subsequently the IMRO (United).[6] He advocated for the independence of Macedonia.[7][8] Martulkov was also a member of the Bulgarian Parliament, as well as the Presidium of ASNOM and the parliament of SR Macedonia.[9] He is considered a Macedonian in the Macedonian historiography and a Bulgarian in the Bulgarian historiography.[10]

Early life

Veles during Martulkovs childhood

Martulkov was born in 1878 in Veles, then in the Ottoman Empire,[11] into a poor family. His father, Jovan Martulkov, worked as a baker in a local factory,[12] while his mother worked as a gardener for a wealthy family.[12] He had an older brother who eventually became a teacher in a local school in Bitola. He lost his parents at the age of eight due to their impoverished conditions.[13]

He studied in his hometown, where, according to contemporary sources, he was undisciplined and would often get into arguments with other students which would eventually lead him to be expelled.[14] Afterwards he would finish his basic education in Bitola.[15] After finishing his basic education he would study in the Bulgarian Pedagogical School in Skopje. He would develop a revolutionary and anti-monarchist ideology which was inspired by Petar Mandzhukov, as well as a socialist-focused ideology, for which he was inspired by one of his teachers in Skopje.[16] Because of this, in 1898, he and a group of other socialist students formed a secret socialist group within the school.[17]

Due to the fact that the group was discovered by the authorities inside the school he would be expelled from the Pedagogical School due to his involvement with the group. During this time he stayed at his grandparents house.[18] Subsequently Martulkov left for Sofia, where he began to develop socialist ideas as a member of the Macedonian-Adrianople Social Democratic Group.[11] Later he moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he studied chemistry but due to the lack of money he returned to Sofia after one year.[19]

Afterwards Martulkov returned to Ottoman Macedonia where he joined the IMARO. He worked in Veles and Kumanovo and helped wounded revolutionaries during the llinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.[20][21] Afterwards, he was a teacher in the Bulgarian school in his hometown.[22][23] During this period he and other socialist revolutionaries joined the People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section).[24] In the autumn of 1907 he along with other IMRO revolutionaries held a meeting in Sofia where they would discuss about the Macedonian question.[25]

During The Balkan Wars and World War I

Veles in 1913. Around this time Martulkov and other former MRO members held meetings in Veles to decide the fate of IMRO.

During the Balkan Wars, he and other former IMARO revolutionaries, such as Petar Poparsov and Rizo Rizov, met with Dimitrija Čupovski, they would make an appel from the local residents from Veles to sign which would be sent to the London Conference, which would demand autonomy for Macedonia.[26] According to Martulkov out of the 400 signers around 300 of them were either Turkish or from Turkish origins.[27] On the eve of the Second Balkan War in 1913, he was sent by Todor Aleksandrov on a reconnaissance mission in the area of Macedonia controlled by Serbia.[28]

In 1914, he fled to Sofia to avoid being drafted by the Serbian authorities.[29][30] He participated in IMARO's committee of deserters, which was organized by other former soldiers from the Serbian army such as Nikola Voynicalev, Yordan Shurkov, Nikola Panev, Nikola Yanev, Georgi Bogdanov and many more.[31] The recruitment was organized mostly in Veles and Skopje,[32] its main task was to help people from Macedonia leave the Serbian Army and join the Bulgarian Army instead.[33]

According to Martulkov he and other locals working with IMARO had no control over which of the locals joined the Serbian army or Bulgarian army.[34] Its been documented that he helped around 1.500 deserts.[32] While mobilizing around 2.500 from the Veles regiment[32] and the Kocani regiment with 2.400.[32] as well as helping out a small force located in Bitola and Shtip. Later during the First World War, on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Ilinden Uprising, he was awarded with a Bulgarian bronze medal.[35][better source needed] Around this time he also participated in the Veles Brotherhood in Sofia.[36]

After World War I

During the mid 1920s, he became one of the first members of the newly formed IMRO (United).[37][38][39] In 1931, together with Hristo Traikov, he was threatened with physical violence by Ivan Mihailov's IMRO faction, because he spread communist ideas among the Macedonian emigration in Bulgaria. Hristo Traikov was killed by activists of Ivan Mihailov's wing who also worked with Aleksandar Protogerov such as Pavel Pop Andonov,[40] but luckily Martulkov escaped with only injuries.[41][42][43]

Macedonian Flag period (1932 - 1934)

Photo of the first issue from the newspaper "Macedonian Flag" with its main editor being Alekso Martulkov.[44]

In June 14 1932 in Sofia Martulkov and Naumov published the first article of the newspaper "Macedonian Flag" (Makedonsko Zname) which was an organ of the IMROU for immigrants from Macedonia in Bulgaria,[44] he published an issue once a week and the newspaper lasted between 1932 to 1934 when it would be eventually banned after the 1934 military coup in Bulgaria.[45]

In his newspapers he actively critizied the current state of IMRO stating that the only reason it fought for autonomous Macedonia was to just unite it with Bulgaria.[46] Vasil Ivanovski helped in contributing in the newspaper.[47] The newspapers program was mostly focused on helping out and promoting socialist and pro-Macedonian views amongst the immigrants in Blagoevgrad province and some in Sofia.[48]

During late 1933, Vasil Hadzhikimov would write about unification with Bulgaria in the newspaper, as well as stating that IMROU was an independent organization and that a Macedonian nation didn't exist, he also stated that Macedonian was an umbrella term for other ethnic group's.[49]

Vasil Ivanovski didn't support these claims and led the pro-Macedonian faction of the newspaper.[49] On that occasion he published an issue titled "Why we Macedonians are a Separated nation".[50] During this dispute Alekso Martulkov never stated his opinion publicly, although according to some sources he might have supported Vasil Ivanovski faction.[51]

After period (1935 - 1939)

According to some historians despite this he still did not accept the Comintern's position on the existence of a separate Macedonian nation.[52][53] At that time, he was one of the 32 people's representatives of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the Bulgarian Parliament.

In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in Sofia, while being a deputy in the Bulgarian parliament. and tried along with other members of the IMRO (United). At the trial, Martulkov, declared himself as "Bulgarian" and denied his membership in the IMRO (United). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and was ordered to pay a fine because of spreading hatred against the ruling class.[54]

During and after World War II

The Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria, recognizing a separate Macedonian people and asking for Pirin Macedonia to be united into a Macedonian state within Yugoslavia.[55][56] One of the signatories is Aleksandar Martulkov.[57]

Аccording to Dimitar Minchev before the occupation of Vardar Macedonia by Bulgaria in the spring of 1941, he participated in a group of like-minded activists who initiated the creation of Bulgarian Action Committees there.[58]

After the Bulgarian coup d'état in September 1944, he signed the Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria along with other prominent revolutionaries, such as Pavel Shatev, Tushe Deliivanov, Petar Shandanov, Mihail Gerdzhikov and others, which agitated for a Macedonian state within Yugoslavia and accepted the Comintern's position on the Macedonian nation.[59] After the Second World War, he moved to the PR Macedonia, where he participated in ASNOM.[60] He would be elected as a honorary member in The Association of Macedonian Journalists.[61] He retired in Skopje.

Due to his contributions to Yugoslavia, he was awarded the Yugoslav Medal of Merit for the People.[62] As an Ilinden Uprising veteran, he was awarded the Macedonian medal of Ilinden Memoirs in 1951.[62] In 1945, Martulkov met with Georgi Dimitrov in Sofia and mentioned his concerns on some of the pro-Serbian and anti-Bulgarian policies of the Communist Party of Macedonia, which he believed was an attempt of Serbianisation of the local population in Macedonia. He asked Dimitrov to intervene to change this policy.[63][64]

Later Martulkov, as many of the older left-wing IMRO government officials,[65] was removed from his high position, and then isolated.[66] At the end of his life, disappointed with the policy of the new authorities in Yugoslavia,[67] Martulkov returned to Sofia, where he died on 19 December 1962.[68][69]

Memoirs

Alekso Martulkov sitting with other former IMRO (United) revolutionaries in the newly formed Socialist Republic of Macedonia

In 1954 Martulkovs' Memoirs would be published in Macedonian by the Institute of National History. The preface is written by Gjorgi Abadžiev. In the book Martulkov gives a detailed biography of his life and early childhood and his troubling experience with the Turkish authorities in Istanbul. In his memoirs he also mentions stories with his parents and grandparents and his experience with them, as well as writing about the Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation and its struggle aswell as its divides and tensions about the fight against the Ottoman Empire and the various national propagandas spread by neighboring states during the Macedonian Struggle.

He also talks about his role and influence over IMRO (United) and his experience meeting other revolutionaries. In his book he tells stories about his time migrating from Veles to Bulgaria and his time spend in Bulgaria.[70] He also writes about how he met Pavel Shatev and other boatmen of Thessaloniki, how he helped organizing the Ilinden Uprising in the Veles and Kumanovo regions under the Skopje revolutionary district

References

  1. ^ Nikolov, Boris (1999). VMORO: pseudonyms and ciphers 1893-1934. Sofia. p. 16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Pačemska Petreska, Darinka (1985). VMRO ; vnatresnata makedonska revolucionerna organizacija. p. 159.
  3. ^ Bunteski, Riste (1996). Metodija S̆atorov--S̆arlo: politic̆ki stavovi. Drus̆tvo za nauka i umetnost. p. 71. ISBN 9989767033.
  4. ^ Pavlovski, Jovan (2006). Ми-Анова енциклопедија. Skopje. p. 1043.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Oružane borbe makedonskog naroda od VI do XX veka. Belgrad: Vojnoistorijski institut. 1975. p. 207.
  6. ^ Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. p. 356.
  7. ^ Nadoveza, Branko (1997). Balkanski socliajalisti i balkanska federacija. p. 154.
  8. ^ Rabotnicheskata partii︠a︡ v Bŭlgarii︠a︡, 1927-1938 g. Sofia. 1966. p. 580.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Dokumenti. Vol. 1st. 1984. p. 131.
  10. ^ Луиза Рувякина, Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944 г.) 2005, Главно управление на архивите; ISBN 9789549800470, стр. 1197.
  11. ^ a b Gerdzhikov, Mikhail (1984). Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art. Sofia. p. 407.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ a b Martulkov 1954, p. 9.
  13. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 10.
  14. ^ Prilozi: Contributions, Volumes 23-28. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. Oddelenie za opštestveni nauki. 1992. p. 69. The Macedonian national revolutionary and socialist Alekso Martulkov was a student and the son of a brat, the cause of quarrels and "Gjurultii" and undisciplined, which was the reason for the teacher's council, i.e. the teachers, to exclude him.
  15. ^ Gjorgievski, Naume (2012). БИБЛИОТЕЧНАТА ДЕЈНОСТ ВО БИТОЛА И БИТОЛСКО. Книга 1 Од зачетоците до 1974 година (in Macedonian). University „Св. Климент Охридски“. p. 62.
  16. ^ Balkanski, Gr. (1969). Nat͡sionalno osvobozhdenie i sot͡sialna revoli͡ut͡sii͡a. v svetlinata na bŭlgarskii͡a nat͡sional-revoli͡ut͡sionnen opit v Makedonii͡a. Izdanii͡a "Nash Pŭt". p. 22.
  17. ^ Петър Манджуков, Предвестници на бурята, Федерация на анархистите в България, София, 2013, стр. 67.
  18. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 318 - 319.
  19. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 36.
  20. ^ Stojcev, Vance (2004). Military History of Macedonia. Vol. 1. Skopje. p. 490. ISBN 9789989134050.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 79.
  22. ^ Петрова, Е. Документи за Д.Груев, М.Герджиков, В.Пасков и П.Мартулков като учители в Македония.- Военноисторически сборник, 1990, No 6, стр. 85-99.
  23. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 311.
  24. ^ iz Preteklosti Makedonskega Ljudstva (in Slovenian). Radio-televizija. 1969. p. 174.
  25. ^ Горгиев, Ванчо (1997). Петар Поп Арсов : прилог кон проучувањето на македонското националноослободително движење. Матица македонска. p. 118. ISBN 9789989481031.
  26. ^ Енциклопедија Македоника. Skopje. 2009. p. 924.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ Pandevski, Manol (1987). Makedonskoto osloboditelno delo vo XIX i XX vek: Projavi, relacii, likovi. Misla. p. 355.
  28. ^ Симеон Радев, Това, което видях от Балканската война. Народна култура, София, 1993, Съставителство, предговор и приложения от Траян Радев, Бележки към предговора.
  29. ^ Katarchiev, Ivan (2000). Историја на македонскиот народ. Skopje. p. 88.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet. Sofia. 1981. p. 155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ^ Sofiĭski universitet. Istoricheski fakultet (1981). Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet. Sofiĭski universitet. Istoricheski fakultet. p. 155.
  32. ^ a b c d Stojcev, Vance (2004). Military History of Macedonia. p. 490. ISBN 9989134057.
  33. ^ Гоцев, Димитър. Национално-освободителната борба в Македония 1912 - 1915, Издателство на БАН, София, 1981, стр. 136 - 137, 151 - 153.
  34. ^ Abadžiev, Ǵorǵi (1972). Izbor: Balkanskite vojni i Makedonija. Naša kniga. p. 378.
  35. ^ ДВИА, ф. 40, оп. 1, а.е. 335, л. 108
  36. ^ Macedonian Review. Kulturen Zhivot. 1989. p. 33.
  37. ^ Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. p. 356.
  38. ^ Garvanski, Net︠s︡o (1974). Ne vsichko mozhe da se zabravi. Sofia. p. 142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ^ Dimitar, Minchev (1995). Bulgerian Campaign Committes in Macedonia 1941 (PDF). MACEDONIAN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE SOFIA. p. 12.
  40. ^ Delev, Ivan (1974). Svetli pŭtishta. [avtobiogr.] spomeni. DVI. p. 67.
  41. ^ Delev, Ivan (1974). Svetli pŭtishta. Bulgaria. p. 67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ Todorova, Liljana (2002). Влогот на книжевната комуникација. Skopje. p. 235.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  43. ^ Mokrov, Boro (1980). Razvojot na makedonskiot pečat i novinarstvo. Skopje. p. 333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  44. ^ a b "Special Events in Bulgarian History (June 14)". Фокус Информационна Агенция (in Bulgarian). 14 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-06-15.
  45. ^ Ristovski, Blazhe (1999). Macedonia and the Macedonian People. SIMAG Holding. p. 313. ISBN 9789989887000.
  46. ^ Jovan Kočankovski, Ǵorǵi Tankovski, Ǵorǵi Dimovski-Colev (1979). Ilinden i ilindenskite tradicii. Razvitok. p. 158.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Bechev, Dimitar (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 9781538119624.
  48. ^ Korobar, Pero (1987). The Macedonian National Culture in the Pirin Part of Macedonia. Macedonian Review Editions. p. 25.
  49. ^ a b Szobries, Torsten (1999). Sprachliche Aspekte des nation-building in Mazedonien die kommunistische Presse in Vardar-Mazedonien (1940-1943). F. Steiner. p. 72. ISBN 9783515076227.
  50. ^ Marco Dogo, Stefano Bianchini (1998). The Balkans National Identities in a Historical Perspective. Longo. p. 124. ISBN 9788880631767.
  51. ^ Nurigiani, Giorgio (1967). Macedonia Yesterday and Today. Teleurope. p. 155.
  52. ^ Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.
  53. ^ Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.
  54. ^ Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.
  55. ^ "Апел до Македонците во Бугарија - 1944 — Wikibooks". mk.wikibooks.org (in Macedonian). Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  56. ^ V., Andreev (1999). Chronicle of a National Betrayal. Blagoevgrad. pp. 13–15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  57. ^ БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917-1946). Sofia. 1999. p. 1122. ISBN 9789549800043.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  58. ^ Димитър Минчев, Българските акционни комитети в Македония — 1941 г. Македонски Научен Институт — София, 1995, Македонска Библиотека № 34, стр. 11.
  59. ^ Dinev, Angel (1983). Odbrani dela vo tri knigi. Skopje. pp. 333–337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  60. ^ Dokumenti od prvoto i vtoroto zasedanie na ASNOM. Skopje. 1984. p. 485.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  61. ^ Avramović, Miodrag (1971). Srebrni jubilej SNJ 1945-1970: Glavni i odgovorni urednik (in Serbo-Croatian). Savez novinara Jugoslavije. p. 99.
  62. ^ a b "Aleksandar (Alekso) Martulkov". Macedonian Nation.
  63. ^ Добрин Мичев, Македонският въпрос и българо-югославските отношения: 9 септември 1944-1949; Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски", 1994; ISBN 9540701821, стр. 85.
  64. ^ Дневник на Георги Димитров: (9 март 1933-6 февруари 1949), ред. Димитър Сирков; Университетско издателство "Св. Климент Охридски", 1997; ISBN 954071172X, стр. 513.
  65. ^ Ivo Banac, With Stalin Against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism, Cornell University Press, 1988, ISBN 0801421861, p. 203.
  66. ^ According to Vasil Ivanovski, the disdainful attitude towards the personnel who was inconvenient for the Macedonian Communist Party included also Martulkov, who was retired and put into the State archive, and thus was removed from the Presidium of ASNOM. For the contemporary elections, the authorities included him in the list, but only on not electable place, but not as the leader of the list. At the same time, according to Pavel Shatev, he was persecuted and isolated, and Martulkov was in the same situation. For more see: Веселин Ангелов, Македонската кървава Коледа: Създаване и утвърждаване на Вардарска Македония като република в Югославската федерация (1943 - 1946); Галик, 2003, ISBN 9548008777, pp. 180, 183, 233.
  67. ^ Коминтернът и България (март 1919 - септември 1944), том ІІ Документи, Главно управление на архивите при Министерския съвет, Архивите говорят №37, София, 2005, стр. 1197.
  68. ^ Луиза Ревякина, Коминтернът и България: (март 1919 - септември 1944 г.) Архивите говорят. Том 2: март 1919 - септември 1944 г, Главно управление на архивите при министерския съвет на Република България, 2005, ISBN 9549800474, стр. 1197.
  69. ^ Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. ISBN 9789544961022 с. 283.
  70. ^ Martulkov 1954, p. 106 - 107.

Primary Sources

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