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==Ancestry and early life==
==Ancestry and early life==
[[Image:Coin of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.jpg|thumb|200px|Coin minted under Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]]
[[Image:Coin of Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.jpg|thumb|200px|Coin minted under Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]]
Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was an [[Afghans|Afghan Pashtun]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780521563215 |edition=Vol 7 |pages=7 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |publisher=Harvard University |year=1910 |edition=Part 2 |pages=314 |language=English}}</ref> noble in the employ of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. According to Gadakari, Hasan Gangu was a Brahmin convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref> According to [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]], Zafar Khan was the nephew of a former high official in the [[Khalji dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]] court.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref> His ancestry is known, but detractors inspired by the prejudices of the partisan advocate of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] have claimed that his ancestry is unknown.{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=88}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=170}} Furthermore, there is a legend regarding him narrated by the 17th century poet [[Ferishta]],{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani'' pp.
Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was an [[Punjabi]] [[Arain]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780521563215 |edition=Vol 7 |pages=7 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |publisher=Harvard University |year=1910 |edition=Part 2 |pages=314 |language=English}}</ref> noble in the employ of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. According to Gadakari, Hasan Gangu was a Brahmin convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref> According to [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]], Zafar Khan was the nephew of a former high official in the [[Khalji dynasty|Delhi Sultanate]] court.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref> His ancestry is known, but detractors inspired by the prejudices of the partisan advocate of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] have claimed that his ancestry is unknown.{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=88}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=170}} Furthermore, there is a legend regarding him narrated by the 17th century poet [[Ferishta]],{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n299/mode/1up 284-285]}} which says that he was a servant of a [[Brahmin]] astrologer named [[gangu (ruler)|Gangu]] of [[Delhi]] and he was himself called Hasan Gangu. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani also corroborates the fact that Alauddin's original name was Hasan Gangu.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1972|p=100}} Ferishta mentions mentioned that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of [[Bahram Gur|Bahman]], but considers it implausible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref>
[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-2/page/n299/mode/1up 284-285]}} which says that he was a servant of a [[Brahmin]] astrologer named [[gangu (ruler)|Gangu]] of [[Delhi]] and he was himself called Hasan Gangu. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani also corroborates the fact that Alauddin's original name was Hasan Gangu.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1972|p=100}} Ferishta mentions mentioned that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of [[Bahram Gur|Bahman]], but considers it implausible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref>
It is possible that Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of [[Brahmins|Brahman]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uppe |first=Dr Shivakumar V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVh-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA |date=2022-07-30 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-84786-0 |language=en}}</ref> and Hassan Gangu might have been born as a Hindu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref>
It is possible that Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of [[Brahmins|Brahman]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uppe |first=Dr Shivakumar V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVh-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA |date=2022-07-30 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-84786-0 |language=en}}</ref> and Hassan Gangu might have been born as a Hindu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:58, 9 July 2023

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah
1st Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate
Monarch3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358
SuccessorMohammed Shah I
BornZafar Khan
1292[1]
Died10 February 1358(1358-02-10) (aged 65–66)[2]
Burial
Bahmani tombs
IssueSultan Muhammed Shah I, Prince Mahmud, Prince Dawood
Regnal name
Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah

Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah (Persian: علاء الدين بهمن شاه; died 10 February 1358)[3] whose original name was Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu, was the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate.

Ancestry and early life

Coin minted under Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah

Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was an Punjabi Arain[4][5][6] noble in the employ of Muhammad bin Tughluq. According to Gadakari, Hasan Gangu was a Brahmin convert to Islam.[7] According to Richard Eaton, Zafar Khan was the nephew of a former high official in the Delhi Sultanate court.[8] His ancestry is known, but detractors inspired by the prejudices of the partisan advocate of the Adil Shahi dynasty have claimed that his ancestry is unknown.[9][10] Furthermore, there is a legend regarding him narrated by the 17th century poet Ferishta,[11] which says that he was a servant of a Brahmin astrologer named Gangu of Delhi and he was himself called Hasan Gangu. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani also corroborates the fact that Alauddin's original name was Hasan Gangu.[12][13][14] Ferishta mentions mentioned that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of Bahman, but considers it implausible.[15] It is possible that Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of Brahman,[16] and Hassan Gangu might have been born as a Hindu.[17][18]

In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the Tughluqs. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to Afghanistan the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of Gulbarga, at the time under Tughluq control. The siege proved successful.[8]

He was made a governor. In 1347 he was made commander of an army in Daulatabad. On 3 August 1347 Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah (Ismail Mukh, whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345) abdicated in his favour and he set up the Bahmani Kingdom with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga).[19][20] He was in charge of a three city Jahangir, with his main rule at Miraj.[21]

Reign

On establishing an independent kingdom Zafar Khan took the title of Abu'l-Muzaffar Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah.[20][14] He gave Ismail Mukh a jagir near Jamkhandi and later conferred to him the highest title of his kingdom, Amir-ul-Umara. But Narayana, a local Hindu chieftain still succeeded in turning Ismail against Bahman Shah for a short period before he poisoned Ismail.[22]

Bahman Shah led his first campaign against Warangal in 1350 and forced its ruler Kapaya Nayaka to cede to him the fortress of Kaulas. His kingdom was divided into four provinces and he appointed a governor for each province.[22] During his reign Hasan fought many wars with Vijayanagara. By the time of his death the kingdom stretched from north to south from the Wainganga River to Krishna and east to west from Bhongir to Daulatabad.[23]

He was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I after his death in 1358.[23]

References

  1. ^ Sherwani 1946, Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp.69.
  2. ^ Briggs 1909, Death of Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp. 297.
  3. ^ Shokoohy, Mehrdad (ed.), "Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani", Encyclopædia Iranica
  4. ^ Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates (Vol 7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1999. p. 7. ISBN 9780521563215.
  5. ^ Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747.
  6. ^ Government Gazette The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (Part 2 ed.). Harvard University. 1910. p. 314.
  7. ^ Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). Hindu Muslim Communalism, a Panchnama. p. 140.
  8. ^ a b M., Eaton, Richard. A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-1-139-05390-7. OCLC 921054505.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Avari 2013, p. 88.
  10. ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 170.
  11. ^ Briggs 1909, Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp. 284-285.
  12. ^ Chandra 2004, p. 177.
  13. ^ Majumdar 1967, p. 248.
  14. ^ a b Bhattacharya 1972, p. 100.
  15. ^ Prashad, Baini (1939). The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii. Banasthali. p. 3.
  16. ^ Uppe, Dr Shivakumar V. (30 July 2022). BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA. Ashok Yakkaldevi. ISBN 978-1-387-84786-0.
  17. ^ Suvorova (2000). Masnavi. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.
  18. ^ Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60.
  19. ^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.279–80
  20. ^ a b Bhattacharya. Indian History. p. 928
  21. ^ Proceedings, Indian History Congress (Part 2 ed.). Indian History Congress. 2007. p. 1443. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  22. ^ a b Majumdar 1967, pp. 249–250.
  23. ^ a b Bhattacharya. Indian History. p. 929

Sources

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Regnal titles
New title
 Bahmani Sultan
3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358 		Succeeded by
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