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'''Nils-Aslak Valkeapää''', known as '''''Áillohaš''''' in the [[Northern Sami language]] (23 March 1943 – 26 November 2001), was a Finnish [[Sami people|Sami]] writer, musician and artist. His most well-known international debut was when he performed at [[1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]] of the [[1994 Winter Olympic Games]] in [[Lillehammer]], Norway. He received the [[Nordic Council Literature Prize]] for ''[[The Sun, My Father]]'' in 1991.
'''Nils-Aslak Valkeapää''', known as '''''Áillohaš''''' in the [[Northern Sami language]] (23 March 1943 – 26 November 2001), was a Finnish [[Sami people|Sami]] writer, musician and artist.


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Line 19: Line 19:
Valkeapää's [[First language|mother tongue]] was [[Northern Sámi]]. However, like many Sámi children in the 1950s, he did not have access to formal education in his native language and did not learn how to write in Northern Sámi until adulthood.<ref name=":0" /> Along with his early education in boarding schools, Valkeapää spent six years studying at the [[Kemijärvi]] Teachers' Training College, though he never worked as a teacher.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hautala-Hirvioja |first=Tuija |title=Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=Aarhus University Press |year=2017 |chapter=Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art}}</ref>
Valkeapää's [[First language|mother tongue]] was [[Northern Sámi]]. However, like many Sámi children in the 1950s, he did not have access to formal education in his native language and did not learn how to write in Northern Sámi until adulthood.<ref name=":0" /> Along with his early education in boarding schools, Valkeapää spent six years studying at the [[Kemijärvi]] Teachers' Training College, though he never worked as a teacher.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hautala-Hirvioja |first=Tuija |title=Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=Aarhus University Press |year=2017 |chapter=Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art}}</ref>


==Works==
==Career==
Nils-Aslak Valkeapää expressed himself through several art forms, and was known as a multimedia artist. With reference to this, he used to say that it was impossible for him to decide which expression came to him first; the poem, the [[joik]] (anglicised spelling is yoik to reflect the pronunciation) or the pictures.


=== Music ===
His first publication was the artistic and political pamphlet Terveisiä Lapista (1971) (English title: Greetings from Lapland), which was published in Finnish. He later published nine collections of poetry. He was awarded [[Nordic Council Literature Prize|The Nordic Council Literature Prize]] in 1991 for the book called [[Beaivi, áhčážan]] (English title: The Sun, My Father). His poems have been translated into a number of languages, including English, German, French, Japanese, Faroese, Norwegian and Swedish. His poetry is described as being close to nature and genuine, and it is often referred to as an expression of indigenous peoples' way of thinking and worldview. Valkeapää also wrote a play, Ridn'oaivi ja Nieguid oaidni (English title: The Frost-haired and the Dream-seer). The play was inspired by the Japanese theatre tradition of [[Noh]] and given its first performance in Japan in 1995.
Valkeapää first came into the public eye as a performer of traditional Sámi [[joik]] and was central to the revitalisation of the genre. His debut record, ''Joikuja'', was released in 1968.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Gaski |first=Harald |title=Nils-Aslak Valkeapää |date=2023-03-08 |url=https://snl.no/Nils-Aslak_Valkeap%C3%A4%C3%A4 |work=Store norske leksikon |access-date=2023-08-16 |language=no |last2=Haugen |first2=Morten Olsen |last3=Fredriksen |first3=Lill Tove |last4=Berg-Nordlie |first4=Mikkel}}</ref> In 1973, folk and jazz musicians Seppo Paakkunainen, Ilpo Saastamoinen and Esko Rosnell invited Valkeapää on a musicians' retreat. During the retreat, Valkeapää was inspired by [[Antonín Dvořák|Dvořák]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9]] and its African-American [[Spirituals|spiritual]] influences to develop fusion joik. In collaboration with Paakkunainen, he developed ''Juoigansinfonija'', a [[jazz]]-joik symphony.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramnarine |first=Tina K. |date=2009 |title=Acoustemology, Indigeneity, and Joik in Valkeapää's Symphonic Activism: Views from Europe's Arctic Fringes for Environmental Ethnomusicology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653066?read-now=1&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=53 |issue=2}}</ref> In 1978, Valkeapää released his jazz-joik record ''Sámiid eatnan duoddariid.''<ref name=":1" /> Valkeapää's music was somewhat controversial in Finland, both for his unorthodoxic inclusion of jazz elements and because [[Laestadianism|Laestadian]] Sámi often viewed joik as immoral.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Drysdale |first=Helena |date=December 3, 2001 |title=Obituary: Nils-Aslak Valkeapää |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nilsaslak-valkeap-atilde-curren-atilde-curren-5366731.html}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dubois |first=Thomas A. |title=Sámi Media and Indigenous Agency in the Arctic North |last2=Cocq |first2=Coppélie |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2020}}</ref> Valkeapää continued to perform jazz-joik and resisted efforts to "preserve" the traditional form, stating in his book ''Terveisiä Lapista'': "When I hear talk of conserving the culture, I see an investigator of folklore in my mind’s eye, and interpret their activities quite literally: cataloguing a dead culture."<ref name=":2" />


Valkeapää released thirteen records from 1968 to 1994. His song ''Goase Dušše'' (The Bird Symphony), composed of nature sounds from the Sápmi region, received the jury’s special prize at the [[Prix Italia]] radio competition in 1993.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gaski |first=Harald |title=Arctic Discourses |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2010 |chapter=Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist}}</ref> Valkeapää also composed the music for and acted in the Oscar-nominated 1987 film [[Pathfinder (1987 film)|''Ofelaš'']].<ref>{{Citation |title=Pathfinder (1987) {{!}} MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/en/us/films/pathfinder |access-date=2023-08-20 |language=en}}</ref> He received further international recognition as a musician when he performed at [[1994 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]] of the [[1994 Winter Olympic Games]] in [[Lillehammer]], Norway.<ref name=":02" />
His paintings are often based on Sami mythological beings, whereas birds, people and reindeer are often depicted in his pencil drawings. Valkeapää was an outstanding photographer, which is reflected in several of his published books. He also made sculptures of processed wooden logs, drift timber and animal bones. He donated 30 works of art to [[Kautokeino]] municipality. This collection is on permanent display at Guovdageainnu gilišillju (or Kautokeino open-air museum).


=== Writing ===
Valkeapää was a central person in the revitalisation of the traditional Sami [[yoik]]. He was first recognised as an artist for his joik during the 1960s, with his first recording ''Joikuja'' from 1968, which contained modernised joik. Several of his publications can be termed yoik compositions. He was behind 14 music releases in his lifetime, and was awarded the [[Prix Italia]] for his composition Goase dušše (English title: The Bird Symphony) in 1993. As time went by, the yoik "Sámi eatnan duoddariid" (English roughly: Sami plains) (originally released on the album Sápmi lottážan (English: Sápmi, my Dear Little Bird) in 1979) achieved classic status among the Sami people. The yoik was designated national yoik on the 22nd [[Saami Conference]], which took place in Váhtjer ([[Gällivare]], Sweden) in 2022.
Valkeapää's first book, ''Terveisiä Lapista'' (''Greetings from Lapland''), was published in 1971 and acted as a political treatise on the issues impacting Sámi people, including condemnations of boarding schools designed for [[Norwegianization of the Sámi|assimilation]] and land acquisition policies.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Drysdale |first=Helena |date=December 3, 2001 |title=Obituary: Nils-Aslak Valkeapää |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nilsaslak-valkeap-atilde-curren-atilde-curren-5366731.html}}</ref> The book was written in Finnish, and was the second-ever book by a Sámi author to be translated into English.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Korhonen |first=Kuisma |title=Shaping the North Through Multimodal and Intermedial Interaction |last2=Lehtola |first2=Veli-Pekka |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2022 |chapter=Transmediality and Multimodality in the Artistic Work of Nils-Aslak Valkeapää}}</ref>


Valkeapää's debut book of poetry, ''Giđa ijat čuovgadat'' (''Spring Nights So Bright''), was published in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hautala-Hirvioja |first=Tuija |title=Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=Aarhus University Press |year=2017 |chapter=Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art}}</ref> From 1974 to 2001, he published nine books of poetry, all written in [[Northern Sámi]].<ref name=":12" /> Only two of his books were ever translated into Finnish - his debut and his 1988 collection ''Beaivi, Áhcázan'' (''The Sun, My Father''). ''Beaivi, Áhcázan'' was awarded the [[Nordic Council Literature Prize]] in 1991.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Gaski |first=Harald |title=Arctic Discourses |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2010 |chapter=Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist}}</ref>
In the 1987 Oscar nominated film [[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Ofelaš]] (English title: Pathfinder), Valkeapää played the part of the siiddaisit (head of the siida, a small Sami society). He also composed the music for the film. In the TV series Son of the Sun and Daughter of the Moon, he played the part of the shaman Agimiela. In addition, he had a part in the radio theatre performance Dola fámuin (English roughly: With the Power of Fire).


Along his poetry and nonfiction, Valkeapää also wrote a [[Noh]] play that was performed in Japan in 1995. The play was first performed in Sámi at the [[Beaivváš Sámi Našunálateáhter]] as ''Ridn’oaivi ja Nieguid Oaidni'' (''The Frost-haired and the Dream-seer'') in 2007.<ref name=":22" />

In 1984, Valkeapää was one of the founders of the publishing house DAT. He established DAT to publish his books and music and to support and publish other Sámi artists and writers.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Gaski |first=Harald |title=Arctic Discourses |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2010 |chapter=Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist}}</ref>

=== Art ===
Valkeapää was both an artist and a photographer. Many of his paintings were based on Sámi mythological beings, while his pencil drawings often featured birds, people and reindeer. He included his art in several of his poetry books, including his award-winning book ''Beaivi, Áhcázan'', and he designed the covers for not only his own music records and books but also for books by other Sámi writers like [[Rauni Magga Lukkari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hautala-Hirvioja |first=Tuija |title=Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives |publisher=Aarhus University Press |year=2017 |chapter=Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art}}</ref> His artwork was also presented at the North Norway Festival in 1991.<ref name=":04" />

Valkeapää donated thirty of his art pieces to the [[Kautokeino]] municipality, where the collection is on permanent display at Guovdageainnu Gilišillju (the Kautokeino Museum).

=== Activism ===
Nils-Aslak Valkeapää was central in establishing Sami Authors' Union and also in helping performing artists to have their own union. For a period, he was the culture coordinator for the World Council of Indigenous peoples (WCIP). He was behind what was called the world's first culture festival for i Indigenous peoples, Davvi Šuvva, in Karesuando in 1979, as well as when the festival was held again in 1992.
Nils-Aslak Valkeapää was central in establishing Sami Authors' Union and also in helping performing artists to have their own union. For a period, he was the culture coordinator for the World Council of Indigenous peoples (WCIP). He was behind what was called the world's first culture festival for i Indigenous peoples, Davvi Šuvva, in Karesuando in 1979, as well as when the festival was held again in 1992.


Valkeapää was a mentor, publisher and inspirator of many young yoikers and writers. In 1984 he was the driving force behind establishing the Sami Publisher DAT, which has later published most of his books and music. He was himself the editor of several books published by DAT.
Valkeapää was a mentor, publisher and inspirator of many young yoikers and writers.


He earned a lot of recognition for his work, and was appointed honorary doctor of the [[University of Oulu]] in 1994 and the [[University of Lapland]] in Rovaniemi in 1996. In 1995 he was awarded the honorary order of the White Star of the Republic of Estonia.
He earned a lot of recognition for his work, and was appointed honorary doctor of the [[University of Oulu]] in 1994 and the [[University of Lapland]] in Rovaniemi in 1996. In 1995 he was awarded the honorary order of the White Star of the Republic of Estonia.


== Death and legacy ==
Nils-Aslak Valkeapää died in his sleep in [[Espoo]] on 26 November 2001.<ref>[https://nbl.snl.no/Nils-Aslak_Valkeapää Billedkunstner, Forfatter og Musiker Nils-Aslak Valkeapää] (in Norwegian)</ref>
Nils-Aslak Valkeapää died in his sleep in [[Espoo]] on 26 November 2001.<ref>[https://nbl.snl.no/Nils-Aslak_Valkeapää Billedkunstner, Forfatter og Musiker Nils-Aslak Valkeapää] (in Norwegian)</ref>


Revision as of 03:44, 20 August 2023

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää
Born(1943-03-23)23 March 1943
Enontekiö  Finland
Died26 November 2001(2001-11-26) (aged 58)
Espoo, Finland
Nationality Sami
Other namesÁillohaš
Occupation(s)Elementary school teacher, writer, musician, artist and film director

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, known as Áillohaš in the Northern Sami language (23 March 1943 – 26 November 2001), was a Finnish Sami writer, musician and artist.

Early life

Valkeapää was born on March 24, 1943 in Enontekiö in Finnish Sápmi to a family of nomadic Sámi reindeer herders.[1] His father, Johannes J. Valkeapää, was Finnish Sámi from the Kaaresuvanto area, while his mother, Ellen Susanna Aslaksdatter Bals, was Norwegian Sámi from Uløya in Troms.[2] Valkeapää lived in Finnish Sápmi until his father's death, when his family moved to Skibotn in Norwegian Sápmi.[3]

Valkeapää's mother tongue was Northern Sámi. However, like many Sámi children in the 1950s, he did not have access to formal education in his native language and did not learn how to write in Northern Sámi until adulthood.[1] Along with his early education in boarding schools, Valkeapää spent six years studying at the Kemijärvi Teachers' Training College, though he never worked as a teacher.[4]

Career

Music

Valkeapää first came into the public eye as a performer of traditional Sámi joik and was central to the revitalisation of the genre. His debut record, Joikuja, was released in 1968.[5] In 1973, folk and jazz musicians Seppo Paakkunainen, Ilpo Saastamoinen and Esko Rosnell invited Valkeapää on a musicians' retreat. During the retreat, Valkeapää was inspired by Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 and its African-American spiritual influences to develop fusion joik. In collaboration with Paakkunainen, he developed Juoigansinfonija, a jazz-joik symphony.[6] In 1978, Valkeapää released his jazz-joik record Sámiid eatnan duoddariid.[5] Valkeapää's music was somewhat controversial in Finland, both for his unorthodoxic inclusion of jazz elements and because Laestadian Sámi often viewed joik as immoral.[7][8] Valkeapää continued to perform jazz-joik and resisted efforts to "preserve" the traditional form, stating in his book Terveisiä Lapista: "When I hear talk of conserving the culture, I see an investigator of folklore in my mind’s eye, and interpret their activities quite literally: cataloguing a dead culture."[8]

Valkeapää released thirteen records from 1968 to 1994. His song Goase Dušše (The Bird Symphony), composed of nature sounds from the Sápmi region, received the jury’s special prize at the Prix Italia radio competition in 1993.[9] Valkeapää also composed the music for and acted in the Oscar-nominated 1987 film Ofelaš.[10] He received further international recognition as a musician when he performed at the opening ceremony of the 1994 Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway.[7]

Writing

Valkeapää's first book, Terveisiä Lapista (Greetings from Lapland), was published in 1971 and acted as a political treatise on the issues impacting Sámi people, including condemnations of boarding schools designed for assimilation and land acquisition policies.[11] The book was written in Finnish, and was the second-ever book by a Sámi author to be translated into English.[11][12]

Valkeapää's debut book of poetry, Giđa ijat čuovgadat (Spring Nights So Bright), was published in 1974.[13] From 1974 to 2001, he published nine books of poetry, all written in Northern Sámi.[12] Only two of his books were ever translated into Finnish - his debut and his 1988 collection Beaivi, Áhcázan (The Sun, My Father). Beaivi, Áhcázan was awarded the Nordic Council Literature Prize in 1991.[14]

Along his poetry and nonfiction, Valkeapää also wrote a Noh play that was performed in Japan in 1995. The play was first performed in Sámi at the Beaivváš Sámi Našunálateáhter as Ridn’oaivi ja Nieguid Oaidni (The Frost-haired and the Dream-seer) in 2007.[14]

In 1984, Valkeapää was one of the founders of the publishing house DAT. He established DAT to publish his books and music and to support and publish other Sámi artists and writers.[15]

Art

Valkeapää was both an artist and a photographer. Many of his paintings were based on Sámi mythological beings, while his pencil drawings often featured birds, people and reindeer. He included his art in several of his poetry books, including his award-winning book Beaivi, Áhcázan, and he designed the covers for not only his own music records and books but also for books by other Sámi writers like Rauni Magga Lukkari.[16] His artwork was also presented at the North Norway Festival in 1991.[15]

Valkeapää donated thirty of his art pieces to the Kautokeino municipality, where the collection is on permanent display at Guovdageainnu Gilišillju (the Kautokeino Museum).

Activism

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää was central in establishing Sami Authors' Union and also in helping performing artists to have their own union. For a period, he was the culture coordinator for the World Council of Indigenous peoples (WCIP). He was behind what was called the world's first culture festival for i Indigenous peoples, Davvi Šuvva, in Karesuando in 1979, as well as when the festival was held again in 1992.

Valkeapää was a mentor, publisher and inspirator of many young yoikers and writers.

He earned a lot of recognition for his work, and was appointed honorary doctor of the University of Oulu in 1994 and the University of Lapland in Rovaniemi in 1996. In 1995 he was awarded the honorary order of the White Star of the Republic of Estonia.

Death and legacy

Nils-Aslak Valkeapää died in his sleep in Espoo on 26 November 2001.[17]

Posthumous publication of Nils-Aslak Valkeapää's work includes two poems included on his godson Niko Valkeapää's eponymous début album. An article published by the Music Information Center Norway stated, "In his trademark, understated style, Niko composes melodies that weave their way into and out of his godfather’s words. Nils Aslak Valkeapää was one of the foremost exponents of Sami art and culture through his long and distinguished career as a poet, composer and artist. Says Niko on his godfather’s influence: 'I can’t deny that Nils Aslak was a role model for me – he was a figure that I would look up to. He has been a source of inspiration and I have included two of his poems on my album to pay homage to him.”[18]

A recording of Nils-Aslak Valkeapää performing his joik (for the soundtrack of Pathfinder film) forms the centrepiece of "Prayer for the Earth", a track on The Songs of Distant Earth, the 1994 album by British musician Mike Oldfield.

Personal life

Valkeapää was bisexual, but hid his sexuality throughout his life.[19]

Discography

  • Joikuja (1968)
  • Juoigamat (1973)
  • Vuoi Biret-Maaret, vuoi! (1974)
  • De čábba niegut runiidit (1976)
  • Duvva, Áilen Niga Elle ja Aillohaš (1976)
  • Sámi eatnan duoddariid (1978)
  • Sápmi, vuoi Sápmi! (1982)
  • Davás ja geassái (1982)
  • Beaivi, áhčážan (1988)
  • Eanan, eallima eadni (1990)
  • Sámi luondu, gollerisku (1992)
  • Goase dušše (1994)
  • Dálveleaikkat / Wintergames (1994)

Written works

The Sun, My Father artwork by Nils-Aslak Valkeapää

Poems[20]

  • Eanni, eannázan (2001) ISBN 82-90625-40-5
  • Girddán, seivvodan (1999) ISBN 82-90625-34-0
  • The Sun, My Father (1997) ISBN 82-90625-32-4
  • In the shadow of midnight sun. Contemporary Sámi prose and poetry (1997) ISBN 82-7374-309-8
  • Jus gaccebiehtár bohkosivccii (1996)
  • Nu guhkkin dat mii lahka: så fjernt det naere (1994) ISBN 82-90625-20-0
  • Trekways of the Wind (1994) Univ of Arizona Press, ISBN 82-90625-21-9
  • Aurinko, isäni (1992) Ulkomainen Kirjallisuus, ISBN 978-82-90625-15-8
  • Fadir min, solin (1992)
  • Solen, min far (1990)
  • Vindens veier (1990)
  • Beaivi áhcázan (1988)
  • Vidderna inom mig (1987)
  • Ich bin des windigen Berges Kind (1985)
  • Ruoktu váimmus (1985) (combination of earlier poem collections)
  • Ádjaga silbasuonat (1981)
  • Kevään yöt niin valoisat (1980)
  • Lávllo vizár biellocizás (1976)
  • Gida ijat cuov’gadat (1974)

References

  1. ^ a b Drysdale, Helena (December 3, 2001). "Obituary: Nils-Aslak Valkeapää". The Independent.
  2. ^ "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää - the humble Sami world artist". Lásságámmi Foundation. 2007.
  3. ^ Gaski, Harald; Haugen, Morten Olsen; Fredriksen, Lill Tove; Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (2023-03-08), "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2023-08-16
  4. ^ Hautala-Hirvioja, Tuija (2017). "Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art". Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives. Aarhus University Press.
  5. ^ a b Gaski, Harald; Haugen, Morten Olsen; Fredriksen, Lill Tove; Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (2023-03-08), "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2023-08-16
  6. ^ Ramnarine, Tina K. (2009). "Acoustemology, Indigeneity, and Joik in Valkeapää's Symphonic Activism: Views from Europe's Arctic Fringes for Environmental Ethnomusicology". Ethnomusicology. 53 (2).
  7. ^ a b Drysdale, Helena (December 3, 2001). "Obituary: Nils-Aslak Valkeapää". The Independent.
  8. ^ a b Dubois, Thomas A.; Cocq, Coppélie (2020). Sámi Media and Indigenous Agency in the Arctic North. University of Washington Press.
  9. ^ Gaski, Harald (2010). "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist". Arctic Discourses. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  10. ^ Pathfinder (1987) | MUBI, retrieved 2023-08-20
  11. ^ a b Drysdale, Helena (December 3, 2001). "Obituary: Nils-Aslak Valkeapää". The Independent.
  12. ^ a b Korhonen, Kuisma; Lehtola, Veli-Pekka (2022). "Transmediality and Multimodality in the Artistic Work of Nils-Aslak Valkeapää". Shaping the North Through Multimodal and Intermedial Interaction. Springer International Publishing.
  13. ^ Hautala-Hirvioja, Tuija (2017). "Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art". Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives. Aarhus University Press.
  14. ^ a b Gaski, Harald (2010). "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist". Arctic Discourses. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  15. ^ a b Gaski, Harald (2010). "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää: Indigenous Voice and Multimedia Artist". Arctic Discourses. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  16. ^ Hautala-Hirvioja, Tuija (2017). "Traditional Sámi Culture and the Colonial Past as the Basis for Sámi Contemporary Art". Sámi Art and Aesthetics: Contemporary Perspectives. Aarhus University Press.
  17. ^ Billedkunstner, Forfatter og Musiker Nils-Aslak Valkeapää (in Norwegian)
  18. ^ http://www.mic.no/mic.nsf/doc/art2003101614141626442664 Tomas Lauvland Pettersen, "A Search for Identity"
  19. ^ Larsen, Dan Robert; Balto, Piera (11 April 2013). "Skjulte sin legning til sin død". NRK (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  20. ^ "Nils-Aslak Valkeapää". www.rovaniemi.fi. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nils-Aslak_Valkeapää&oldid=1171278918"