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Originally, poles were made of Ash, the same wood used for making the longbow, and from hickory, the wood obtained from the Walnut tree. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945.
Originally, poles were made of Ash, the same wood used for making the longbow, and from hickory, the wood obtained from the Walnut tree. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945.
Glass fibre vaulting poles were invented in 1967 by James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company, Columbia, South Carolina. An application filed on 10 March 1967 was granted patent status on 27 January 1970 for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same. The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibres impregnated with a resin. This was baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fibre tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fibre golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2822175A/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US2822175A]).
Glass fibre vaulting poles were invented in 1967 by James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company, Columbia, South Carolina. An application filed on 10 March 1967 was granted patent status on 27 January 1970 for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same (see:[https://patents.google.com/patent/US3491999A/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US3491999A]). The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibres impregnated with a resin. This is baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fibre tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fibre golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2822175A/en?oq=US3491999A US Patent US2822175A]).


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 06:19, 15 October 2023

Varsity Athletics Match is an annual athletics (track and field) match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge held annually since 1864.

Exeter College, Oxford, were the first to hold college sports, in 1850. Other colleges followed suit in quick succession and sometime in 1856 a committee was formed under Robert Barclay of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the first inter-college athletic sports were held at Fenner's, the Cambridge University cricket ground, from 16 to 18 March 1857. These would come to be known as the Cambridge University Sports. Oxford University emulated that in 1860 and the first athletics match between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge took place on the Christ Church College cricket ground in Oxford, on Saturday 5 March 1864. There were eight events on the programme and the match ended in a draw, with each team winning four events. There not being any women at either university at the time the meet was open to men only, and women did not participate until 1975.

Athletics was not the first sport to establish a match between Oxford and Cambridge. They had played cricket in 1827, rowing started in 1829, rackets in 1855, and tennis in 1860. That's real tennis, lawn tennis was not developed until the 1870s. They also played billiards in 1860, had their first rifle shooting match in 1862, and had a steeplechase match in 1863.

The only field events on the programme that first year were the long jump and high jump, both of which were won by Francis Gooch, Merton College, Oxford. Benjamin Darbyshire, Wadham College, Oxford, won both the 100 yards and 440 yards, while four different Cambridge athletes, all from Trinity College, won their four events. Charles Lawes won the 1 mile, Arthur Daniel the 120 yard hurdles, Edward Wynne-Finch won the 200 yard hurdles, the only time the event has ever been held in the match, and Richard Garnett won the steeplechase. Unlike a modern steeplechase held on the track, this was held over 2 miles of rough country, with the athletes twice negotiating a 12-foot brook and several hedges before returning to finish on the track.

In 1867 the authorities at Oxford University refused permission for the match to be held there and the venue switched to Beaufort House in West London. The Civil Service Sports had been held there since 1864, the Amateur Athletic Club Championship had been held there in 1866, it was the premier athletics venue in London and the change of venue established the varsity match as an important part of the social calendar of the day. By 1876 fifteen thousand spectators came annually to watch the match.

The 1868 edition saw five world best performances. John Tennent of Wadham College, Oxford, equalled the world best of 10 seconds for 100 yards; John Ridley of Jesus College, Cambridge set new figures of 51 seconds for 440 yards; William Gibbs, also of Jesus College, Cambridge, established new best figures of 4:28 4/5 for 1 mile; John Morgan of Trinity College, Oxford ran 15:20 1/5 for 3 miles, the first time the event had been held in the match, and Thomas Batson of Lincoln College, Oxford, threw the hammer 99ft 6in (30.34m).[1]

In 1864 and 1865 Francis Gooch (Merton, Oxford) won both the high jump and long jump events, for a total of four event wins, a record that was not broken until 1913 when Henry Ashington (King's, Cambridge) won five events in two years and seven events in three years. After finishing last in 1 mile in 1911 he won the 120 yard hurdles and long jump in 1912, the same two events plus the 880 yards in 1913, the first to win three events in one year, and won the high jump and long jump in 1914. He died in action on 31 January 1917.

Annual and cumulative scores

Annual and cumulative scores
  Annual score Cumulative score  
Date Venue Oxford Cambridge Tie Oxford Cambridge Tie source
5 March 1864 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 4 4 1 [2][3]
25 March 1865 Fenner's cricket ground, Cambridge 3 6 1 1 [4][5]
10 March 1866 Christ Church College cricket ground, Oxford 3 5 1 2 1 [6][7]
12 April 1867 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 3 6 3 1 [8][9]
3 April 1868 Beaufort House, Walham Green, London 5 4 1 3 1 [10][11]
18 March 1869 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 1 4 1 [12]
7 April 1870 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 7 1 1 2 4 1 [13]
31 March 1871 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 3 4 1 [14]
25 March 1872 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 5 1 3 5 1 [15]
31 March 1873 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 4 5 1 [16]
27 March 1874 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 5 5 1 [17]
19 March 1875 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 6 5 1 [18]
7 April 1876 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 7 5 1 [19]
23 March 1877 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 6 1 [20]
12 April 1878 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 7 1 [21]
4 April 1879 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 7 8 1 [22]
19 March 1880 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 7 9 1 [23]
7 April 1881 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 4 8 9 1 [24]
31 March 1882 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 4 5 8 10 1 [25]
16 March 1883 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 8 11 1 [26]
8 April 1884 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 9 11 1 [27]
27 March 1885 Lilliie Bridge, West Brompton 5 3 1 10 11 1 [28]
2 April 1886 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 6 3 11 11 1 [29]
25 March 1887 Lillie Bridge, West Brompton 3 6 11 12 1 [30]
23 March 1888 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 13 1 [31]
29 March 1889 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 14 1 [32]
22 March 1890 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 6 11 15 1 [33]
20 March 1891 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 5 1 11 16 1 [34]
8 April 1892 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 11 17 1 [35]
23 March 1893 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 12 17 1 [36]
17 March 1894 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 13 17 1 [37]
3 July 1895 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 18 1 [38]
27 March 1896 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 5 13 19 1 [39]
2 April 1897 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 14 19 1 [40]
29 June 1898 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 2 15 19 1 [41]
24 March 1899 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 15 19 2 [42]
30 March 1900 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 16 19 2 [43]
29 March 1901 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 17 19 2 [44]
21 March 1902 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 4 18 19 2 [45]
28 March 1903 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 20 2 [46]
26 March 1904 Queen's Club, West Kensington 2 8 18 21 2 [47]
31 March 1905 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 3 1 19 21 2 [48]
24 March 1906 Queen's Club, West Kensington 7 3 20 21 2 [49]
22 March 1907 Queen's Club, West Kensington 8 1 1 21 21 2 [50]
28 March 1908 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 21 22 2 [51]
19 March 1909 Queen's Club, West Kensington 6 4 22 22 2 [52]
19 March 1910 Queen's Club, West Kensington 3 7 22 23 2 [53]
25 March 1911 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 24 2 [54]
23 March 1912 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 3 [55]
14 March 1913 Queen's Club, West Kensington 5 5 22 24 4 [56]
27 March 1914 Queen's Club, West Kensington 4 6 22 25 4 [57]
1915-1919 no contest due to World War I
1920

Sports

In 1819 boys at Shrewsbury School asked their headmaster, Dr Butler, if they could form a fox-hunting club, and he refused. The boys therefore formed an alternative club where instead of riding horses and chasing hounds they ran across country, with a small number of boys starting first to simulate the prey, and the rest following after an interval as though they were the chasing pack of dogs. Thus the terminology of hunting with dogs became associated with cross country running, with the leaders being called the hares, and the chasing pack the hounds. The hares carried a sack of paper scraps that they dropped to simulate their scent and provide a trail for the hounds to follow, and this sport was called paper chasing, or Hare and Hounds. Becoming popular at the school by 1831 it had become part of the curriculum, with several different courses of different lengths. The original course of a little more than three miles was over some land owned by a farmer called Tuck, and is to this day known simply as Tucks.[58]

These boys obviously did not invent the idea of running across country, which had been known for centuries. Schools started the process of turning an adventurous and athletic pastime into an organised sport. The Scottish King Malcolm III is said to have summoned men to race up Craig Choinnich overlooking Braemar with the aim of finding the fastest runner in Scotland to be his royal messenger, and a 1540 manuscript in the British Museum describes a run across Roodee, also known as Chester Racecourse, for a prize of "six glayves of silver."[59][60][61] William Shakespeare, writing in the early seventeenth century, has Sir John Falstaff tell Prince Henry, "I would give a thousand pounds, I could run as fast as thou canst," and Samuel Pepys in his diary for 10 August 1660 describes going to Hyde Park to see, "a fine foot-race three times round the Park between an Irishman and Crow, that was once my Lord Claypoole's footman."[62][63] In his diary for the year 1720, whilst he was an undergraduate at Oxford university, Sir Erasmus Phillips (1699-1743) later the MP for Haverfordwest, describes how he rode out to Woodstock Park one afternoon where he was one of, "a most prodigious concourse of people," who saw a four-mile foot race between the duke of Wharton's footman and Mr Diston's footman."[64] In July 1826 Bell's Life reported that, "Yesterday se'nnight a match of running, between the gentlemen of Milton and the gentlemen of Chart, was won by the latter."[65]

By 1834 Hare and Hounds was known at Rugby school, and their route, the "Barby Hill Run," was described in an 1857 novel, Tom Brown's School Days, by Thomas Hughes, who had gone to Rugby but was by then an influential politician. At Eton College the chasing pack were known as Beagles, but in many other places they are called Harriers (a breed of dog used largely for hunting hares). At Harrow School they ran across farm land at Pinner but Winchester school did not start cross country until some time in the 1880s. In 1837 Rugby School started a longer run of approximately twelve miles known as the Crick Run because it goes out to the village of Crick and returns to the school. This has become an annual tradition and continues to this day.[66][67]

By the early 1850s, athletic clubs had started holding their own paper chases as a form of training, the sport was seen at Oxford University by that time and a national championship was first held on 7 December 1867. It was held on Wimbledon Common in south-west London. It was not particularly well organised, many runners went off course, and it was declared void and had to be rerun, but it was a start and the championship has been held over the distance of 10 miles (16,093 metres) since 1877.

In 1869 Thames Hare and Hounds, the world's first cross country running club, was formed in the same area of south west London, and the same year William C. Vosburgh of New York introduced the sport to the United States. Harvard University held races from 1880, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge held their first cross country contest at Oxford in December 1880. The Scottish Cross Country Union was formed in 1886 and held their first national championship at Lanark in March of that year, and the United States followed suit in 1887.

Over time the sacks of paper scraps gradually got discarded and courses came to be marked with flags, lines on the grass, bunting, and marshalls, with races held on farm land, through forests, and over various forms of mixed terrain with championships frequently being held on golf courses and horse racing courses.

In 1898 Harold Hardwick of Salford Harriers took a team across to France for a cross country match and in the process invented international cross country running as a sport. The International Cross Country Union was formed in 1903, and the four home nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales started a match in that year which became a true international event in 1907 when France sent a team to compete. Other European countries sent teams during the 1920s and Tunisia sent a team in 1958.

Women were largely excluded from the sport for many years due to a widespread but false perception that it was injurious to their health and reproductive ability. Women were also excluded because they did not receive formal education, and the sport started largely at schools, from which women were excluded - women first went to university in England in 1868.[68] There were races for women, but they were few and far between. At the Longtown Sports in Cumbria in June 1851 the prize for the women's race was three times that for the men's, and the first three women all got the same prize, whereas the second-placed man only got half the winner's prize.[69] Women's sports clubs and formal competitions for women's teams did not arrive until the 1920s. France was the first country to hold national championships for women, and women were allowed to participate informally in international cross country only from 1931. There were not even officially any rules for women's cross country until 1962 and their races were not considered championships until 1967.[70]

Originally, poles were made of Ash, the same wood used for making the longbow, and from hickory, the wood obtained from the Walnut tree. Bamboo poles were introduced in 1904, and both aluminum and steel poles appeared after 1945. Glass fibre vaulting poles were invented in 1967 by James Monroe Lindler of the Columbia Products Company, Columbia, South Carolina. An application filed on 10 March 1967 was granted patent status on 27 January 1970 for the manufacture of, "a vaulting pole of hollow construction with an integral helical winding," and a method of manufacturing the same (see:US Patent US3491999A). The process starts with a metal tube, referred to in the industry as a mandrel, around which is wound a tape made of glass fibres impregnated with a resin. This is baked in an oven and after cooling the mandrel is removed to leave a hollow glass fibre tube. This process was based on a similar method used for manufacturing glass fibre golf clubs patented by the Woolley Manufacturing Company of Escondido, California in 1954 (see: US Patent US2822175A).

External links

National Union of Track Statisticians [1]


References

  1. ^ Richard Hymans "World Record Progressions" International Amateur Athletics Federation (2015)
  2. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 12 Mar 1864 p. 7
  3. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 5 Mar 1864 p. 4
  4. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 7
  5. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1865 p. 21
  6. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1866 p. 9
  7. ^ Sporting Life, Wed 14 Mar 1866 p. 3
  8. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 8
  9. ^ Field, Sat 13 Apr 1867 p. 24
  10. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p.\ 7
  11. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1868 p. 16
  12. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1869 p. 6
  13. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 9 Apr 1870 p. 3
  14. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1871 p. 3
  15. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 30 Mar 1872 p. 5
  16. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1873 p. 9
  17. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1874 p. 3
  18. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1875 p. 12
  19. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 8 Apr 1876 p. 11
  20. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 24 Mar 1877 p. 3
  21. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 13 Apr 1878 p. 3
  22. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 5 Apr 1879 p. 10
  23. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 20 Mar 1880 p. 9
  24. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 09 Apr 1881 p. 10
  25. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 1 Apr 1882 p. 8
  26. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 17 Mar 1883 p. 11
  27. ^ Bell's Life, Wed 9 Apr 1884 p. 1
  28. ^ Bell's Life, Sat 28 Mar 1885 p. 8
  29. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1886 p. 34
  30. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1887 p. 37
  31. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1888 p. 25
  32. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1889 p. 39
  33. ^ Field, Sat 29 Mar 1890 p. 42
  34. ^ Field, Sat 21 Mar 1891 p. 38
  35. ^ Field, Sat 9 Apr 1892 p. 46
  36. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1893 p. 32
  37. ^ Field, Sat 24 Mar 1894 p. 60
  38. ^ Field, Sat 6 Jul 1895 p. 68
  39. ^ Field, Sat 28 Mar 1896 p. 40
  40. ^ Field, Sat 3 Apr 1897 p. 38
  41. ^ Field, Sat 2 Jul 1898 p. 30
  42. ^ Field, Sat 25 Mar 1899
  43. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1900 p. 45
  44. ^ Field, Sat 30 Mar 1901 p. 44
  45. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 22 Mar 1902 p. 7
  46. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1903 p. 41
  47. ^ Field, Sat 2 Apr 1904 p. 47
  48. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1905 p. 44
  49. ^ Field, Sat 31 Mar 1906 p. 48
  50. ^ Field, Sat 23 Mar 1907 p. 38
  51. ^ Field, Sat 4 Apr 1908 p. 39
  52. ^ Field, Sat 20 Mar 1909 p. 40
  53. ^ Field, Sat 26 Mar 1910 p. 51
  54. ^ Field, Sat 1 Apr 1911 p. 57
  55. ^ Sporting Life, Mon 25 Mar 1912 p. 7
  56. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 15 Mar 1913 p. 7
  57. ^ Sporting Life, Sat 28 Mar 1914 p. 2
  58. ^ World Athletics
  59. ^ History of the Highland Games
  60. ^ University of Aberdeen
  61. ^ Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes (1887) Vol 20, p. 253
  62. ^ History of Henry IV, Part I Act II, sc 4
  63. ^ Samuel Pepys Diary
  64. ^ Athletics and Football (1885) Montague Shearman
  65. ^ "Bell's Life", Sun 30 Jul 1826 p. 14
  66. ^ Harrow School, Yesterday and Today (1948) E. D. Laborde
  67. ^ Fifty Years of Sport, Vol III Eton, Harrow and Winchester (1922) Lord Desborough
  68. ^ University of London
  69. ^ "Carlisle Journal", Fri 13 Jun 1851 p. 3
  70. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica


Category:1864 establishments in England Category:Annual events in London Category:Athletics competitions in England Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1864 Category:Sport at the University of Oxford Category:Sport at the University of Cambridge Category:Sports competitions in London

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