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Collyridianism (or Kollyridianism) was an alleged Early Christian movement in Arabia whose adherents apparently worshipped the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, as a goddess.^[1]^[2] The existence of the sect is subject to some dispute by scholars, as the only contemporary source to describe it is the Panarion of St. Epiphanius of Salamis, published in approximately 376 AD.^[1]^[3]

According to Epiphanius, certain women in largely-pagan Arabia syncretised indigenous beliefs with the worship of Mary and offered little cakes or bread-rolls.^[4] The cakes were called collyris (Greek: κολλυρις) and are the source of the name Collyridians.^[5] Epiphanius stated that Collyridianism originated in Thrace and Scythia although it may have first travelled to those regions from Syria or Asia Minor.^[4]

Interpretations

The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. According to Sabrina Higgins, "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."^[6] Conversely, Carl Olson and Sandra Miesel dispute the idea that Christianity copied elements of Isis's iconography, saying that the symbol of a mother and her child is part of the universal human experience.^[7]

The theologian Karl Gerok disputed the existence of the Collyridians, describing it as improbable that a sect composed only of women could have lasted for as long as described by Epiphanius.^[1] The Protestant writer Samuel Zwemer pointed out that the only source of information about the sect came from Epiphanius.^[1]

In his 1976 book The Virgin, the historian Geoffrey Ashe put forward the hypothesis that the Collyridians represented a parallel Marian religion to Christianity, founded by first-generation followers of the Virgin Mary, whose doctrines were later subsumed by the Church at the Council of Ephesus in 431.^[5] The historian Averil Cameron has been more skeptical about whether the movement even existed and noted that Epiphanius is the only source for the group and that later authors simply refer to his text.^[8]

In Christian–Muslim dialogue

The Collyridians have become of interest in Christian–Muslim religious discussions in reference to the Islamic concept of the Christian Trinity. The debate hinges on some verses in the Qur'an, primarily 5:73, 5:75, and 5:116 in the sura Al-Ma'ida, which have been taken to imply that Muhammad believed that Christians considered Mary to be part of the Trinity.^[9] That idea has never been part of mainstream Christian doctrine and is not clearly and unambiguously attested among any ancient Christian group, including the Collyridians.

However, research in Islamic studies claims that "the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement."^[10]^[11] For example, David Thomas states that verse 5:116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs but rather as giving examples of shirk (claiming divinity for beings other than God) and a "warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary, a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped."^[12] When read in that light, it can be understood as an admonition: "Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth-century church councils that she is 'God-bearer.'" Similarly, Gabriel Reynolds, Sidney Griffith and Mun'im Sirry argue that the verse is to be understood as a rhetorical statement to warn from the dangers of deifying Jesus or Mary.^[13]^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Block, Corrie (2013-10-08). The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 9781135014056.
^ Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped.
^ "The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III. De Fide". Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. 79 (Second, revised ed.). 2012-12-03 – via Brill.
^ ^a ^b Saint Epiphanius (2013) [c. 375]. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III. Translated by Williams, Frank. Leiden: Brill. p. 637. ISBN 978-9004228412.
^ ^a ^b Carroll, Michael P. (1992-05-05). The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins. Princeton University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0691028672.
^ Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 3–4 — 2012 Sabrina Higgins: "Divine Mothers: The Influence of Isis on the Virgin Mary in Egyptian Lactans-Iconography"
^ Carl Olson; Sandra Miesel (2004). The Da Vinci Hoax: Exposing the Errors in The Da Vinci Code. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-034-9.
^ Cameron, Averil (2004), "The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Religious Development and Myth-Making", Studies in Church History, 39: 1–21, doi:10.1017/S0424208400014959, S2CID 163960138, at 6–7.
^ Article "Maryam" by A.J. Wensinck in Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, H.A.R. Gibbs and J.H. Kramers eds. (1953, Leiden: E.J. Brill), p. 328.
^ Qur'ānic Studies Today, von Angelika Neuwirth, Michael A Sells. p. 302: "...the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement".
^ Mun'im Sirry (1 May 2014). Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
^ David Thomas, Trinity, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an.
^ Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, von Mun'im Sirry. 2014, p. 47 ff. "In more recent scholarship of the Quran, as represented by the works of Hawting, Sidney Griffith and Gabriel Reynolds, there is a shift from the heretical explanation to the emphasis on the rhetorical language of the Quran. When the Quran states that God is Jesus the son of Mary... it should be understood as... statements. Griffith states, 'the Quran's seeming missstatement, rhetorically speaking, should therefore not thought to be a mistake, but rather... a caricature, the purpose of which is to in Islamic terms highlight the absurdity and wrongness of christian belief, from an islamic perspective.' [...] Reynolds persuasively arguments that 'in passages involving christianity in the Quran, we should look for the Quran's creative use of rhetoric and not for the influence of christian heretics'".
^ Neuwirth, Angelika; Sells, Michael Anthony (2016). Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today, p. 300–304. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-18195-3.

[Block13-1] Block, Corrie (2013-10-08). The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 9781135014056.

[2] Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped.

[3] "The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III. De Fide". Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. 79 (Second, revised ed.). 2012-12-03 – via Brill.

[:1-4] Saint Epiphanius (2013) [c. 375]. The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III. Translated by Williams, Frank. Leiden: Brill. p. 637. ISBN 978-9004228412.

[:0-5] Carroll, Michael P. (1992-05-05). The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins. Princeton University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0691028672.

[6] Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies 3–4 — 2012 Sabrina Higgins: "Divine Mothers: The Influence of Isis on the Virgin Mary in Egyptian Lactans-Iconography"

[DaVinciHoax-7] Carl Olson; Sandra Miesel (2004). The Da Vinci Hoax: Exposing the Errors in The Da Vinci Code. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-034-9.

[8] Cameron, Averil (2004), "The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Religious Development and Myth-Making", Studies in Church History, 39: 1–21, doi:10.1017/S0424208400014959, S2CID 163960138, at 6–7.

[9] Article "Maryam" by A.J. Wensinck in Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, H.A.R. Gibbs and J.H. Kramers eds. (1953, Leiden: E.J. Brill), p. 328.

[10] Qur'ānic Studies Today, von Angelika Neuwirth, Michael A Sells. p. 302: "...the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement".

[11] Mun'im Sirry (1 May 2014). Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 47.

[12] David Thomas, Trinity, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an.

[13] Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, von Mun'im Sirry. 2014, p. 47 ff. "In more recent scholarship of the Quran, as represented by the works of Hawting, Sidney Griffith and Gabriel Reynolds, there is a shift from the heretical explanation to the emphasis on the rhetorical language of the Quran. When the Quran states that God is Jesus the son of Mary... it should be understood as... statements. Griffith states, 'the Quran's seeming missstatement, rhetorically speaking, should therefore not thought to be a mistake, but rather... a caricature, the purpose of which is to in Islamic terms highlight the absurdity and wrongness of christian belief, from an islamic perspective.' [...] Reynolds persuasively arguments that 'in passages involving christianity in the Quran, we should look for the Quran's creative use of rhetoric and not for the influence of christian heretics'".

[14] Neuwirth, Angelika; Sells, Michael Anthony (2016). Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today, p. 300–304. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-18195-3.

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 {{Short description|Ancient group alleged to have worshipped Mary mother of Jesus as a goddess}}
-'''Collyridianism''' (or '''Kollyridianism''')  In [[arabic]] ( ''المريميين'' ) or ( ''قوليريديانية'' ) was an alleged [[Early Christian]] movement in Arabia whose adherents apparently worshipped the [[Virgin Mary]], mother of [[Jesus]], as a goddess. And They said that the Father and the Son and Virgin Mary are three persons one essence.<ref name="Block13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRtGAQAAQBAJ&dq=Collyridianism&pg=PA186|title=The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations|last=Block|first=Corrie|date=2013-10-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135014056|pages=186|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped.}}</ref> The existence of the sect is subject to some dispute by scholars, as the only contemporary source to describe it is the {{transliteration|grc|[[Panarion]]}} of St. [[Epiphanius of Salamis]], published in approximately 376 AD.<ref name="Block13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-12-03|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III. ''De Fide''|url=https://brill.com/abstract/title/21620|journal=Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies|language=en|edition=Second, revised|volume=79|via=Brill}}</ref><!-- second source for publication date of Panarion only -->
+'''Collyridianism''' (or '''Kollyridianism''') was an alleged [[Early Christian]] movement in Arabia whose adherents apparently worshipped the [[Virgin Mary]], mother of [[Jesus]], as a goddess.<ref name="Block13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRtGAQAAQBAJ&dq=Collyridianism&pg=PA186|title=The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue: Historical and Modern Interpretations|last=Block|first=Corrie|date=2013-10-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135014056|pages=186|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today. p. 301. The Collyridians, an arabian female sect of the fourth century, offered Mary cakes of bread, as they had done to their great earth mother in pagan times. Epiphanius who opposed this heresy, said that the trinity must be worshipped but Mary must not be worshipped.}}</ref> The existence of the sect is subject to some dispute by scholars, as the only contemporary source to describe it is the {{transliteration|grc|[[Panarion]]}} of St. [[Epiphanius of Salamis]], published in approximately 376 AD.<ref name="Block13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-12-03|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Books II and III. ''De Fide''|url=https://brill.com/abstract/title/21620|journal=Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies|language=en|edition=Second, revised|volume=79|via=Brill}}</ref><!-- second source for publication date of Panarion only -->
 According to Epiphanius, certain women in largely-[[paganism|pagan]] [[Early centers of Christianity#Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] [[syncretism|syncretised]] indigenous beliefs with the worship of Mary and offered little cakes or bread-rolls.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=+Collyridians|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III|last=Saint Epiphanius|publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=978-9004228412|location=Leiden|pages=637|language=en|translator-last=Williams|translator-first=Frank|orig-year=c. 375}}</ref> The cakes were called {{transliteration|grc|collyris}} (Greek: {{lang|grc|[[simit|κολλυρις]]}}) and are the source of the name ''Collyridians''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-W83KeGVUgC&dq=Collyridians&pg=PA41|title=The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins|last=Carroll|first=Michael P.|date=1992-05-05|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691028672|pages=43|language=en}}</ref> Epiphanius stated that Collyridianism originated in [[Thrace]] and [[Scythia]] although it may have first travelled to those regions from [[Early centers of Christianity#Antioch|Syria]] or [[Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref name=":1" />
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 In his 1976 book ''The Virgin'', the historian [[Geoffrey Ashe]] put forward the hypothesis that the Collyridians represented a parallel [[Marian_devotions|Marian]] religion to Christianity, founded by first-generation followers of the Virgin Mary, whose doctrines were later subsumed by the Church at the [[First Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]] in 431.<ref name=":0" /> The historian [[Averil Cameron]] has been more skeptical about whether the movement even existed and noted that Epiphanius is the only source for the group and that later authors simply refer to his text.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Cameron | first1 = Averil | year = 2004 | title = The Cult of the Virgin in Late Antiquity: Religious Development and Myth-Making | journal = Studies in Church History | volume = 39 | pages = 1–21 | doi = 10.1017/S0424208400014959 | s2cid = 163960138 }}, at 6–7.</ref>
-== Worship Mary ==
-=== The worship of Mary in different ages ===
-==== In early Christianity ====
-George Sale in the preliminary discourse to his translation of The Koran says:<blockquote>But, to be more particular as to the nation we are now writing of, [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] was of old famous for [[Heresy|heresies]]; which might be in some measure attributed to the liberty and independency of the tribes. Some of the Christians of that nation believed the soul died with the body, and was to be raised again with it at the last day: these Origen is said to have convinced. Among the Arabs it was that the heresies of [[Ebion]], [[Beryllus of Bostra|Beryllus,]] and the [[Nazarene (sect)|Nazareans]], and also that of the Collyridians, were broached, or at least propagated; the latter introduced the Virgin Mary for God, or worshipped her as such offering her a sort of twisted cake called collyris,
-This notion of the divinity of the Virgin Mary was also believed by some at [[The Council of Nicaea (painting)|the Council of Nice,]] who said there were two gods besides the Father viz. Christ and the virgin Mary, and were thence named Mariamites. Others imagined her to be exempt from humanity, and deified; which goes but little beyond the popish superstition in calling her the complement of the Trinity, as if it were imperfect without her. This foolish imagination is justly condemned in the Koran as idolatrous, and gave a handle to Mohammed to attack the Trinity itself.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary, A Part Of Trinity? |url=https://www.islamic-awareness.org/quran/contrad/external/marytrin |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.islamic-awareness.org}}</ref></blockquote>
-==== In the era of the Prophet Muhammad ====
-Arab sources indicate that [[Arabs]]  knew Jesus and Mary and knew that there was a Christian sect that worshiped them, in books on the interpretation of verses of the Qur’an there are Many [[Hadith|Hadiths]] indicate when the Prophet Mohammed was in [[Mecca]] before the migration to [[Medina]] and when the verse [[Al-Anbiya|Quran 21]]:98 was revealed . which says in abbreviation that the polytheists and the inanimate objects that you worship will be the fuel for Hell. This verse caused some men of Quraish tribe to object it and the objection was  that the [[Jews]] worship [[Uzair]] and that the [[Christians]] worship [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Mary in Islam|Mary]] and that they are worship the angels (Some of them said that the Banu Malih worship angels and Banu Malih is a large family in Quraish) and all of these people are righteous. Are they also? In hell ,to be the Prophet Muhammad’s response that the verse said (ما) Which is used for inanimate objects..<ref>{{Cite web |title=الباحث القرآني |url=https://tafsir.app/ibn-aashoor/21/100 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=tafsir.app}}</ref>
-===== [[Rakusiyya]] sect =====
-The Rakusiyya ''(الركوسية)'' sect is an Arab Christian sect that shares the belief  with [[Sabellianism]] sect that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are one person,about Mary they believe that when Allah united with Mary when she conceived her with the Word, Mary also became god<ref>{{Cite web |title=الركوسية _ منصور عبد الحكيم |url=https://mansor2455.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post_12.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=الركوسية _ منصور عبد الحكيم}}</ref>The sect later became extinct because the number of followers of the Kanu sect was very small and because they converted to Islam.
-=== In the modern age ===
-The [[University of Dayton]] announced on its website the emergence of a new heresy called  Mary-is-God-Catholic-Movement who believed that Mary is god<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary-is-God-Catholic-Movement Condemned : University of Dayton, Ohio |url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/m/mary-is-god-catholic-movement-condemned.php |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=udayton.edu}}</ref>
 ==In Christian–Muslim dialogue==
 {{main|Islamic view of the Trinity}}
-The Collyridians have become of interest in Christian–Muslim religious discussions in reference to the [[Trinity in Islam|Islamic concept of the Christian Trinity]]. The debate hinges on some verses in the [[Qur'an]], primarily {{Quran-usc|5|73|style=nosup|expand=no}}, {{Quran-usc|5|75|style=nosup|expand=no}}, and {{Quran-usc|5|116|style=nosup|expand=no}} in the [[sura]] [[Al-Ma'ida]], which have been taken to imply that Muhammad believed that Christians considered Mary to be part of the Trinity.<ref>Article "Maryam" by A.J. Wensinck in ''Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam'', H.A.R. Gibbs and J.H. Kramers eds. (1953, Leiden: E.J. Brill), p. 328.</ref> But the idea that  Prophet Muhammad was believed that all Christians considered Mary to be part of Trinity , is completely not right, because the Christians of Najran whom the Prophet Muhammad met later upon his invitation to them. Some of them were from a [[Monophysitism]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Najran Christians – The Pen Magazine |url=https://thepenmagazine.net/najran-christians/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
+The Collyridians have become of interest in Christian–Muslim religious discussions in reference to the [[Trinity in Islam|Islamic concept of the Christian Trinity]]. The debate hinges on some verses in the [[Qur'an]], primarily {{Quran-usc|5|73|style=nosup|expand=no}}, {{Quran-usc|5|75|style=nosup|expand=no}}, and {{Quran-usc|5|116|style=nosup|expand=no}} in the [[sura]] [[Al-Ma'ida]], which have been taken to imply that Muhammad believed that Christians considered Mary to be part of the Trinity.<ref>Article "Maryam" by A.J. Wensinck in ''Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam'', H.A.R. Gibbs and J.H. Kramers eds. (1953, Leiden: E.J. Brill), p. 328.</ref> That idea has never been part of mainstream Christian doctrine and is not clearly and unambiguously attested among any ancient Christian group, including the Collyridians.
 However, research in [[Islamic studies]] claims that "the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Qur'ānic Studies Today, von Angelika Neuwirth, Michael A Sells. p. 302: "...the quranic accusations that christians claim Mary as God can be understood as a rhetorical statement".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mun'im Sirry (1 May 2014). Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 47}}</ref> For example, David Thomas states that verse 5:116 need not be seen as describing actually professed beliefs but rather as giving examples of {{transliteration|grc|[[shirk (Islam)|shirk]]}} (claiming divinity for beings other than God) and a "warning against excessive devotion to Jesus and extravagant veneration of Mary, a reminder linked to the central theme of the Qur'an that there is only one God and He alone is to be worshipped."<ref>{{Cite book|title=David Thomas, Trinity, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an}}</ref> When read in that light, it can be understood as an admonition: "Against the divinization of Jesus that is given elsewhere in the Qur'an and a warning against the virtual divinization of Mary in the declaration of the fifth-century church councils that she is '[[Theotokos|God-bearer]].'" Similarly, Gabriel Reynolds, Sidney Griffith and Mun'im Sirry argue that the verse is to be understood as a rhetorical statement to warn from the dangers of deifying Jesus or Mary.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, von Mun'im Sirry. 2014, p. 47 ff. "In more recent scholarship of the Quran, as represented by the works of Hawting, Sidney Griffith and Gabriel Reynolds, there is a shift from the heretical explanation to the emphasis on the rhetorical language of the Quran. When the Quran states that God is Jesus the son of Mary... it should be understood as... statements. Griffith states, 'the Quran's seeming missstatement, rhetorically speaking, should therefore not thought to be a mistake, but rather... a caricature, the purpose of which is to in Islamic terms highlight the absurdity and wrongness of christian belief, from an islamic perspective.' [...] Reynolds persuasively arguments that 'in passages involving christianity in the Quran, we should look for the Quran's creative use of rhetoric and not for the influence of christian heretics'".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Angelika Neuwirth: Qur'ānic Studies Today, p. 300–304|isbn=978-1-138-18195-3|last1=Neuwirth|first1=Angelika|last2=Sells|first2=Michael Anthony|year=2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>