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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite</span></h1> |
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Objects intentionally placed into orbit</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Satellite" title="Special:EditPage/Satellite">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Satellite%22">"Satellite"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Satellite%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Satellite%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Satellite%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Satellite%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Satellite%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human-made satellites. For moons, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Satellite (disambiguation)">Satellite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two 3U CubeSats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/330px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/495px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/660px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> orbiting around <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> after being deployed from the ISS <a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_(ISS_module)" title="Kibō (ISS module)"><i>Kibō</i> module</a>'s Small Satellite Orbital Deployer</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>A <b>satellite</b> or <b>artificial satellite</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup> is an object, typically a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, placed into <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial body</a>. Satellites have a variety of uses, including communication relay, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>, navigation (<a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, scientific research, and Earth observation. Additional military uses are reconnaissance, <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">early warning</a>, signals intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery. Other satellites include the final rocket stages that place satellites in orbit and formerly useful satellites that later become defunct. |
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</p><p>Except for <a href="/wiki/Passive_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive satellite">passive satellites</a>, most satellites have an <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> system for equipment on board, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transponders</a>. Many satellites use a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">standardized bus</a> to save cost and work, the most popular of which are small <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a>. Similar satellites can work together as groups, forming <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellations</a>. Because of the high <a href="/wiki/Launch_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch cost">launch cost</a> to space, most satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">relay stations</a> in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. |
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</p><p>Satellites are placed from the surface to the orbit by <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, high enough to avoid <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbital decay</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. Satellites can then change or maintain the orbit by <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a>, usually by <a href="/wiki/Thrusters_(spacecraft)" title="Thrusters (spacecraft)">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster">ion thrusters</a>. As of 2018, about 90% of the satellites orbiting the Earth are in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>; geostationary means the satellites stay still in the sky (relative to a fixed point on the ground). Some imaging satellites chose a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> because they can scan the entire globe with similar lighting. As the number of satellites and <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a> around Earth increases, the threat of collision has become more severe. A small number of satellites orbit other bodies (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Mars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Sun</a>) or many bodies at once (two for a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a>, three for a <a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbit</a>). |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> gather information for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">mapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">monitoring the weather</a>, ocean, forest, etc. <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a> take advantage of outer space's <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuum" title="Ultra-high vacuum">near perfect vacuum</a> to observe objects with the entire <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Because satellites can see a large portion of the Earth at once, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications satellites">communications satellites</a> can relay information to remote places. The signal delay from satellites and their orbit's predictability are used in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems, such as GPS. <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> are satellites designed for robotic <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> outside of Earth, and <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a> are in essence crewed satellites. |
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</p><p>The first artificial satellite launched into the Earth's orbit was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, on October 4, 1957. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in the Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States (3,996 commercial), 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early proposals</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">First satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_Satellite_Development"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Later Satellite Development</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Orbit_and_altitude_control"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Orbit and altitude control</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Power"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Power</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Earth_observation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Earth observation</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spy_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spy satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Navigation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Navigation</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Telescope"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Telescope</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Experimental"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Experimental</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Weapon"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Weapon</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Environmental_Impact"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental Impact</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Resource_use"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Resource use</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Launches"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Launches</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Operational_lifetime"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Operational lifetime</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#LEO_Satellites"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">LEO Satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Night_sky"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Night sky</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ground-based_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ground-based infrastructure</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#End_of_life"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">End of life</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Pollution_and_interference"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Pollution and interference</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_artificial_satellites_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of first artificial satellites by country">Timeline of first artificial satellites by country</a></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_proposals">Early proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Early proposals"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball">Newton's cannonball</a>, a thought experiment by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> to explain the motion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Moon" title="The Brick Moon">The Brick Moon</a>" (1869).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> The idea surfaced again in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Begum%27s_Fortune" title="The Begum's Fortune">The Begum's Fortune</a></i> (1879). |
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</p><p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> (1857–1935) published <i>Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices</i>, which was the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a> required for a minimal orbit, and inferred that a <a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-stage rocket">multi-stage rocket</a> fueled by liquid <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a> could achieve this. |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Herman Potočnik">Herman Potočnik</a> explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book, <i>The Problem of Space Travel</i>. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described <a href="/wiki/Geostationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary">geostationary</a> satellites (first put forward by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>) and discussed the communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short with the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In a 1945 <i><a href="/wiki/Wireless_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless World">Wireless World</a></i> article, English science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> described in detail the possible use of <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> |
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</p><p>In May 1946, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="Project RAND">Project RAND</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_Design_of_an_Experimental_World-Circling_Spaceship" title="Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship">Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship</a>, which stated "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Bureau of Aeronautics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> proposed an orbiting <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In February 1954, Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle", by R. R. Carhart.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H. K. Kallmann and W. W. Kellogg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_satellites">First satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: First satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Steel ball with 4 antennas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></figcaption></figure> |
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<p>The first artificial satellite was <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 4 October 1957 under the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere#Temperature_and_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric layers</a> through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. |
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</p><p>In the context of activities planned for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (1957–1958), the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a>. On 31 July, the Soviet Union announced its intention to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957. |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a> was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_animals_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_animals-12">[11]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In early 1955, after being pressured by the <a href="/wiki/American_Rocket_Society" title="American Rocket Society">American Rocket Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and the International Geophysical Year, the Army and Navy worked on <a href="/wiki/Project_Orbiter" title="Project Orbiter">Project Orbiter</a> with two competing programs. The army used the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-C_IRBM" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-C IRBM">Jupiter C rocket</a>, while the civilian–Navy program used the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard rocket</a> to launch a satellite. <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> became the United States' first artificial satellite, on 31 January 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-14">[13]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/TIROS-1" title="TIROS-1">TIROS-1</a> spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite">Television Infrared Observation Satellite</a> (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatem_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatem-15">[14]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">United States Space Surveillance Network</a> cataloged 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> |
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Astérix or A-1 (initially conceptualized as FR.2 or FR-2) is the first French satellite. It was launched on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, Algeria. With Astérix, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite and the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket |
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</p><p>France is the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket, the <a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_(satellite)" title="Astérix (satellite)">Astérix</a>, on 26 November 1965 by a <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> A rocket from the CIEES launch site at <a href="/wiki/Hammaguir" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. |
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</p><p>Early satellites were built to unique designs. With advancements in technology, multiple satellites began to be built on <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_satellite_buses" title="Comparison of satellite buses">single model platforms</a> called <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite buses</a>. The first standardized satellite bus design was the <a href="/wiki/HS-333" title="HS-333">HS-333</a> <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous</a> (GEO) <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a> launched in 1972. Beginning in 1997, <a href="/wiki/FreeFlyer" title="FreeFlyer">FreeFlyer</a> is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design, and operations. |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Satellite_Development">Later Satellite Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Later Satellite Development"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/300px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/450px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/600px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007F00; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Orbital launch</a> and satellite operation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Satellite operation, launched by foreign supplier</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8040; color:black;"> </span> Satellite in development</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_small_lift_launch_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of small lift launch systems">Orbital launch</a> project at advanced stage or indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> deployed</div></figcaption></figure><p>While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> it was launched aboard an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, whose launch of the first satellite involved a donated U.S. <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">Redstone</a> rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> The first Italian satellite <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_1" title="San Marco 1">San Marco 1</a> was launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Scout_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout rocket">Scout rocket</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> In similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites were launched by foreign rockets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p><p>After the late 2010s, and especially after the advent and operational fielding of large <a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation" title="Satellite internet constellation">satellite internet constellations</a>—where on-orbit active satellites more than doubled over a period of five years—the companies building the constellations began to propose regular planned deorbiting of the older satellites that reached the <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life (product)">end of life</a>, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory authority">regulatory process</a> of obtaining a launch license.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The largest artificial satellite ever is the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>By the early 2000s, and particularly after the advent of <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> and increased launches of <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite_(spaceflight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsatellite (spaceflight)">microsats</a>—frequently launched to the lower altitudes of <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO)—satellites began to more frequently be designed to get destroyed, or breakup and burnup entirely in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> |
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For example, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> satellites, the first large satellite internet constellation to exceed 1000 active satellites on orbit in 2020, are designed to be 100% demisable and burn up completely on their atmospheric reentry at the end of their life, or in the event of an early satellite failure.<sup id="cite_ref-tasia202104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tasia202104-22">[21]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In different periods, many countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, had some satellites in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Japan's space agency (JAXA) and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> plan to send a wooden satellite prototype called LingoSat into orbit in the summer of 2024. They have been working on this project for few years and sent first wood samples to the space in 2021 to test the material's resilience to space conditions. |
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<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Components"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_and_altitude_control">Orbit and altitude control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Orbit and altitude control"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Altitude control" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude control">Attitude control</a>.</div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/220px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/330px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/440px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Firing of <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i>'s ion thruster</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Most satellites use chemical or <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">adjust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">maintain their orbit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> coupled with <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a> to control their <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">three axis of rotation</a> or attitude. Satellites close to Earth are affected the most by variations in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">gravitational field</a> and the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>; satellites that are further away are affected more by other bodies' gravitational field by the Moon and the Sun. Satellites utilize ultra-white reflective coatings to prevent damage from UV radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> Without orbit and orientation control, satellites in orbit will not be able to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a> on the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 75–76">: 75–76 </span></sup> |
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</p><p>Chemical thrusters on satellites usually use <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> (one-part) or <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant">bipropellant</a> (two-parts) that are <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic</a>. Hypergolic means able to combust spontaneously when in contact with each other or to a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>. The most commonly used propellant mixtures on satellites are <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>-based monopropellants or <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> bipropellants. Ion thrusters on satellites usually are <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster" title="Hall-effect thruster">Hall-effect thrusters</a>, which generate thrust by accelerating <a href="/wiki/Positive_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive ions">positive ions</a> through a negatively-charged grid. Ion propulsion is more efficient propellant-wise than chemical propulsion but its thrust is very small (around 0.5 N or 0.1 lb<sub>f</sub>), and thus requires a longer burn time. The thrusters usually use <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> because it is <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert</a>, can be easily <a href="/wiki/Ionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionized">ionized</a>, has a high <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> and storable as a high-pressure liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 78–79">: 78–79 </span></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Power"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries in space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear power in space</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">Solar panels on spacecraft</a></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-54_ELC-1,_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/220px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/330px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/440px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>'s black solar panels on the left and white <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiators</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Most satellites use <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> to generate power, and a few in deep space with limited sunlight use <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slip_ring" title="Slip ring">Slip rings</a> attach solar panels to the satellite; the slip rings can rotate to be perpendicular with the sunlight and generate the most power. All satellites with a solar panel must also have <a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">batteries</a>, because sunlight is blocked inside the launch vehicle and at night. The most common types of batteries for satellites are <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a>, and in the past <a href="/wiki/Nickel-hydrogen_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-hydrogen batteries">nickel–hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 88–89">: 88–89 </span></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Communications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder (satellite communications)</a></div> |
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<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Applications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_observation">Earth observation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Earth observation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/220px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/330px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/440px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6888" data-file-height="7056" /></a><figcaption>Deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">Earth Radiation Budget Satellite</a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a>, collecting data on Earth's weather and climate</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Earth observation satellites are designed to monitor and survey the Earth, called <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>. Most Earth observation satellites are placed in low Earth orbit for a high data resolution, though some are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> for an uninterrupted coverage. Some satellites are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> to have consistent lighting and obtain a total view of the Earth. Depending on the satellites' functions, they might have a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">normal camera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photometer" title="Photometer">photometer</a>, or atmospheric instruments. Earth observation satellite's data is most used in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2021, there are over 950 Earth observation satellites, with the largest number of satellites operated with <a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet Labs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather satellites</a> monitor <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">city lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a>, effects of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auroral_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroral light">auroras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sand and dust storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> cover, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> mapping, boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> flows, etc. Environmental monitoring satellites can detect changes in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing the current vegetation state to its long term average.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Communication"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></div> |
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<p>A <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a> that relays and amplifies <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> telecommunication signals via a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transponder</a>; it creates a <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a> between a source <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> at different locations on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Communications satellites are used for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Many communications satellites are in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> 22,236 miles (35,785 km) above the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. |
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The <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> used for telecommunications links travel by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a>. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Communications_satellite_aerospace.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communications_satellite_aerospace.org-30">[29]</a></sup></div></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spy_satellites">Spy satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Spy satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></div> |
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<p>When an Earth observation satellite or a communications satellite is deployed for military or intelligence purposes, it is known as a spy satellite or reconnaissance satellite. |
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</p><p>Their uses include early missile warning, nuclear explosion detection, electronic reconnaissance, and optical or radar imaging surveillance. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Navigation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></div> |
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<p>Navigational satellites are satellites that use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telescope">Telescope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Telescope"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></div> |
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<p><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical satellite">Astronomical satellites</a> are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/220px-Hubble_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/330px-Hubble_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/440px-Hubble_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></figcaption></figure> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental">Experimental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Experimental"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p><a href="/wiki/Tether_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tether satellite">Tether satellites</a> are satellites that are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a <a href="/wiki/Tether" title="Tether">tether</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recovery_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery satellite">Recovery satellites</a> are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth. <a href="/wiki/Biosatellite" title="Biosatellite">Biosatellites</a> are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation. <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">Space-based solar power</a> satellites are proposed satellites that would collect energy from sunlight and transmit it for use on Earth or other places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapon">Weapon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Weapon"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_satellite" title="Early warning satellite">Early warning satellite</a></div> |
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<p>Since the mid-2000s, satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-asat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asat-33">[32]</a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> military shot down an aging weather satellite,<sup id="cite_ref-asat_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asat-33">[32]</a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> shooting down a <a href="/wiki/NRO_L-21" class="mw-redirect" title="NRO L-21">defunct spy satellite</a> in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> On 18 November 2015, after two failed attempts, Russia successfully carried out a flight test of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite</a> missile known as <i><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Nudol</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 27 March 2019, India shot down a live test satellite at 300 km altitude in 3 minutes, becoming the fourth country to have the capability to destroy live satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_Impact">Environmental Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Environmental Impact"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>The environmental impact of satellites is not currently well understood as they were previously assumed to be benign due to the rarity of satellite launches. However, the exponential increase and projected growth of satellite launches are bringing the issue into consideration. The main issues are resource use and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere which can happen at different stages of a satellite's lifetime. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_use">Resource use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Resource use"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Resource use is difficult to monitor and quantify for satellites and <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> due to their commercially sensitive nature. However, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> is a preferred metal in satellite construction due to its lightweight and relative cheapness and typically constitutes around 40% of a satellite's mass.<sup id="cite_ref-schulz_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulz-37">[36]</a></sup> Through mining and refining, aluminium has numerous negative environmental impacts and is one of the most carbon-intensive metals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> Satellite manufacturing also requires rare elements such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, some of which have significant environmental consequences linked to their mining and processing and/or are in limited supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> Launch vehicles require larger amounts of raw materials to manufacture and the <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">booster</a> stages are usually dropped into the ocean after fuel exhaustion. They are not normally recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> Two empty boosters used for <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a>, which were composed mainly of steel, weighed around 38 tons each,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> to give an idea of the quantity of materials that are often left in the ocean. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launches">Launches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Launches"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Rocket launches release numerous pollutants into every layer of the atmosphere, especially affecting the atmosphere above the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> where the byproducts of combustion can reside for extended periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> These pollutants can include <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides</a> (NO<sub>x</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, but the mix of pollutants is dependent on rocket design and fuel type.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">green house gases</a> emitted by rockets is considered trivial as it contributes significantly less, around 0.01%,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> than the aviation industry yearly which itself accounts for 2-3% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Rocket emissions in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> and their effects are only beginning to be studied and it is likely that the impacts will be more critical than emissions in the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> The stratosphere includes the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> and pollutants emitted from rockets can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> in a number of ways. <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Radicals</a> such as NO<sub>x</sub>, HO<sub>x</sub>, and ClO<sub>x</sub> deplete stratospheric O<sub>3</sub> through intermolecular reactions and can have huge impacts in trace amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> However, it is currently understood that launch rates would need to increase by ten times to match the impact of regulated ozone-depleting substances.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-47">[46]</a></sup> Whilst emissions of water vapour are largely deemed as inert, H<sub>2</sub>O is the source gas for HO<sub>x</sub> and can also contribute to ozone loss through the formation of ice particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-46">[45]</a></sup> Black carbon particles emitted by rockets can absorb solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause warming in the surrounding air which can then impact the circulatory dynamics of the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Both warming and changes in circulation can then cause depletion of the ozone layer. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_lifetime">Operational lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Operational lifetime"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LEO_Satellites">LEO Satellites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: LEO Satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Several pollutants are released in the upper atmospheric layers during the orbital lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO satellites.</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Orbital decay</a> is caused by atmospheric drag and to keep the satellite in the correct orbit the platform occasionally needs repositioning. To do this nozzle-based systems use a chemical propellant to create thrust. In most cases <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> is the chemical propellant used which then releases <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> as gas into the upper atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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Also, the environment of the outer atmosphere causes the degradation of exterior materials. The atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere oxidises hydrocarbon-based polymers like <a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> and <a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">Mylar</a> that are used to insulate and protect the satellite which then emits gasses like CO<sub>2</sub> and CO into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Night_sky">Night sky</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Night sky"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Given the current surge in satellites in the sky, soon hundreds of satellites may be clearly visible to the human eye at dark sites. It is estimated that the overall levels of diffuse brightness of the night skies has increased by up to 10% above natural levels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> This has the potential to confuse organisms, like insects and night-migrating birds, that use celestial patterns for migration and orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> The impact this might have is currently unclear. The visibility of man-made objects in the night sky may also impact people's linkages with the world, nature, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-based_infrastructure">Ground-based infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ground-based infrastructure"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>At all points of a satellite's lifetime, its movement and processes are monitored on the ground through a network of facilities. The environmental cost of the infrastructure as well as day-to-day operations is likely to be quite high,<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> but quantification requires further investigation. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_life">End of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: End of life"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>When satellites reach the end of life they are intentionally deorbited or moved to a <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a> further away from Earth in order to reduce <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>. Physical collection or removal is not economical or even currently possible. Moving satellites out to a graveyard orbit is also unsustainable because they remain there for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> It will lead to the further pollution of space and future issues with space debris. |
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When satellites deorbit much of it is destroyed during re-entry into the atmosphere due to the heat. This introduces more material and pollutants into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-schulz_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulz-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> There have been concerns expressed about the potential damage to the ozone layer and the possibility of increasing the earth's <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, reducing warming but also resulting in accidental <a href="/wiki/Geoengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoengineering">geoengineering</a> of the earth's climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> After deorbiting 70% of satellites end up in the ocean and are rarely recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_and_interference">Pollution and interference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Pollution and interference"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_(space_debris_and_satellites).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/220px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/330px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/440px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>The growth of all tracked objects in space over time<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6-55">[54]</a></sup></figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Issues like <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>, radio and <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> are increasing in magnitude and at the same time lack progress in national or international regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-sp1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sp1-56">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6-55">[54]</a></sup> Space debris pose dangers to the spacecraft<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-physUT_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physUT-58">[57]</a></sup> (including satellites)<sup id="cite_ref-physUT_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physUT-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a <a href="/wiki/Kessler_syndrome" title="Kessler syndrome">Kessler syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>With increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>, the astronomical community, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a>, report that orbital pollution is getting increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-iau_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> A report from the SATCON1 workshop in 2020 concluded that the effects of large satellite constellations can severely affect some astronomical research efforts and lists six ways to mitigate harm to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> The IAU is establishing a center (CPS) to coordinate or aggregate measures to mitigate such detrimental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Some notable satellite failures that polluted and dispersed radioactive materials are <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_954" title="Kosmos 954">Kosmos 954</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1402" title="Kosmos 1402">Kosmos 1402</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_systems_in_space" title="List of nuclear power systems in space">Transit 5-BN-3</a>. |
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</p><p>Generally liability has been covered by the <a href="/wiki/Liability_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability Convention">Liability Convention</a>. Using wood as an alternative material has been posited in order to reduce pollution and debris from satellites that reenter the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring tools and methods that enable them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_platform_station" title="High-altitude platform station">High-altitude platform station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar aircraft">Solar aircraft</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_refuelling" title="Satellite refuelling">Satellite refuelling</a></li></ul> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> |
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> |
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">to distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural satellites">natural satellites</a>.</span> |
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</li> |
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</ol></div></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> |
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>. <i>Union of Concerned Scientists</i>. 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Fsatellite-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html">"Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockets+in+Science+Fiction+%28Late+19th+Century%29&rft.pub=Marshall+Space+Flight+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Frocketry%2Ftl4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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</li> |
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBleilerBleiler1991" class="citation book cs1">Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionea0000blei"><i>Science-fiction, the Early Years</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionea0000blei/page/325">325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%2C+the+Early+Years&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-416-2&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft.au=Bleiler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefictionea0000blei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html">"Introduction to satellite"</a>. <i>www.sasmac.cn</i>. 2 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sasmac.cn&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+satellite&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasmac.cn%2Fportal%2Fhtml%2Ffc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003%2F_content%2F10_07%2F09%2F1278668367217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrattAllnutt2019" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Timothy; Allnutt, Jeremy E. (2019). <i>Satellite Communications</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons Ltd">John Wiley & Sons Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-48217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-48217-8"><bdi>978-1-119-48217-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098222848">1098222848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite+Communications&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1098222848&rft.isbn=978-1-119-48217-8&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Allnutt%2C+Jeremy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/">"Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a></i>. July 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Design+of+an+Experimental+World-Circling+Spaceship&rft.date=1946-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fspecial_memoranda%2FSM11827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1968" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Alfred (1968). <i>Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center</i>. NASA. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venture+into+Space%3A+Early+Years+of+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php">"Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr"</a>. Hubble Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hubble+Essentials%3A+About+Lyman+Spitzer%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=Hubble+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fthe_telescope%2Fhubble_essentials%2Flyman_spitzer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. R. Carhart, Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle, Project RAND Research Memorandum. (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica) 12 February 1954.</span> |
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2. H. K. Kallmann and W. W. Kellogg, Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite, Project RAND Research Memorandum. (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica) 8 June 1955.</span> |
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<li id="cite_note-nasa_animals-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_animals_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrayGarber2004" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Tara; Garber, Steve (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html">"A Brief History of Animals in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Animals+in+Space&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Garber%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fanimals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2008" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Alicia (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL">"50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL">the original</a> on 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=50th+anniversary+of+first+U.S.+satellite+launch+celebrated&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Allen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86">"James A. Van Allen"</a>. <i>nmspacemuseum.org</i>. New Mexico Museum of Space History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nmspacemuseum.org&rft.atitle=James+A.+Van+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmspacemuseum.org%2Fhalloffame%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Tatem-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatem_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatemGoetzHay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690060">"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>96</b> (5): 390–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2008.74.390">10.1511/2008.74.390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690060">2690060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19498953">19498953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Earth-observation+Satellites&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690060%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19498953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2008.74.390&rft.aulast=Tatem&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Scott+J.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Simon+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPortreeLoftus1999" class="citation web cs1">Portree, David S. F.; Loftus, Joseph P. Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">"Orbital Debris: A Chronology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></i>. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+Space+Center&rft.atitle=Orbital+Debris%3A+A+Chronology&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.+F.&rft.au=Loftus%2C+Joseph+P.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FTP-1999-208856.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurleson2005" class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Daphne (2005). <i>Space Programs Outside the United States</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1852-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1852-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Programs+Outside+the+United+States&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1852-7&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Gruntman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gruntman" title="Mike Gruntman">Mike Gruntman</a> (2004). <i>Blazing the Trail</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-705-8"><bdi>978-1-56347-705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blazing+the+Trail&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-705-8&rft.au=Mike+Gruntman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Brian (2003). <i>Europe's Space Programme</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-722-3"><bdi>978-1-85233-722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Space+Programme&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-722-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWelchLamphier2019" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126"><i>Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-094-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-094-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Innovation+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-094-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Rosanne&rft.au=Lamphier%2C+Peg+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWGHDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlargest%2Bartificial%2Bsatellite%26pg%3DRA2-PA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSlejkoGregorioLughi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Slejko, EA; Gregorio, A; Lughi, V (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383">"Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation"</a>. <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>67</b> (5): 1468–1476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AdSpR..67.1468S">2021AdSpR..67.1468S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.037">10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233841294">233841294</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Material+selection+for+a+CubeSat+structural+bus+complying+with+debris+mitigation&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1468-1476&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233841294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AdSpR..67.1468S&rft.aulast=Slejko&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Gregorio%2C+A&rft.au=Lughi%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0273117720308383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-tasia202104-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tasia202104_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarrityHusar2021" class="citation news cs1">Garrity, John; Husar, Arndt (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626">"Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific"</a>. <i>think-asia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=think-asia.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Connectivity+and+Low+Earth+Orbit+Satellite+Constellations%3A+Opportunities+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=Garrity&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Husar%2C+Arndt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthink-asia.org%2Fhandle%2F11540%2F13626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBuchholz2023" class="citation news cs1">Buchholz, Katharina (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/">"The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space"</a>. statista<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Countries+with+the+Most+Satellites+in+Space&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Buchholz&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fchart%2F17107%2Fcountries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCairns2023" class="citation news cs1">Cairns, Rebecca (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html">"Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japanese+scientists+want+to+send+a+wooden+satellite+into+space&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fasia%2Fjapan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html">"Space - American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications"</a>. American Elements<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+-+American+Elements+Assists+NASA+in+Development+of+Ultra+White+Coating+for+Satellite+Applications&rft.pub=American+Elements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanelements.com%2Fspace-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndy2021" class="citation web cs1">Andy (18 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/">"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?"</a>. <i>Pixalytics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pixalytics&rft.atitle=How+many+Earth+observation+satellites+are+orbiting+the+planet+in+2021%3F&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft.au=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pixalytics.com%2Feo-sats-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFlexerBaspineiroGalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Flexer, Victoria; Baspineiro, Celso; Galli, Claudia (2018). "Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>639</b>: 1188–1204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.639.1188F">2018ScTEn.639.1188F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.223">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F91034">11336/91034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29929287">29929287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Lithium+recovery+from+brines%3A+A+vital+raw+material+for+green+energies+with+a+potential+environmental+impact+in+its+mining+and+processing&rft.volume=639&rft.pages=1188-1204&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F91034&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29929287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.639.1188F&rft.aulast=Flexer&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Baspineiro%2C+Celso&rft.au=Galli%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Boosters_EAP">"Boosters (EAP)"</a>. <i>The European Space Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Boosters+%28EAP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FSpace_Transportation%2FLaunch_vehicles%2FBoosters_EAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Durrieu-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDurrieuNelson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Durrieu, Sylvie; Nelson, Ross (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003">"Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability"</a>. <i>Space Policy</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 238–250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SpPol..29..238D">2013SpPol..29..238D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003">10.1016/j.spacepol.2013.07.003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Earth+observation+from+space+%E2%80%93+The+issue+of+environmental+sustainability&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=238-250&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SpPol..29..238D&rft.aulast=Durrieu&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDallasRavalGaitanSaydam2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dallas, J.A.; Raval, S.; Gaitan, J.P.A.; Saydam, S.; Dempster, A.G. (2020). "The environmental impact of emissions from space launches: A comprehensive review". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>255</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.25520209D">2020JCPro.25520209D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.120209">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=The+environmental+impact+of+emissions+from+space+launches%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=255&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.120209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.25520209D&rft.aulast=Dallas&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Raval%2C+S.&rft.au=Gaitan%2C+J.P.A.&rft.au=Saydam%2C+S.&rft.au=Dempster%2C+A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiraux2022" class="citation journal cs1">Miraux, Lois (2022). "Environmental limits to the space sector's growth". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>806</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.80650862M">2022ScTEn.80650862M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150862">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34637875">34637875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Environmental+limits+to+the+space+sector%27s+growth&rft.volume=806&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34637875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150862&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ScTEn.80650862M&rft.aulast=Miraux&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Ryan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyanMaraisBalhatchetEastham2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Robert; Marais, Eloise; Balhatchet, Chloe; Eastham, Sebastian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">"Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate"</a>. <i>Earth's Future</i>. <b>10</b> (6): e2021EF002612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EaFut..1002612R">2022EaFut..1002612R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021EF002612">10.1029/2021EF002612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">9287058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865359">35865359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Future&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Rocket+Launch+and+Space+Debris+Air+Pollutant+Emissions+on+Stratospheric+Ozone+and+Global+Climate&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2021EF002612&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35865359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021EF002612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EaFut..1002612R&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Marais%2C+Eloise&rft.au=Balhatchet%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Eastham%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Ross-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRossTooheyPeinemannRoss2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Martin; Toohey, Darin; Peinemann, Manfred; Ross, Patrick (2009). "Limits on the Space Launch Market Related to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion". <i>Astropolitics</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 50–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AstPo...7...50R">2009AstPo...7...50R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14777620902768867">10.1080/14777620902768867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astropolitics&rft.atitle=Limits+on+the+Space+Launch+Market+Related+to+Stratospheric+Ozone+Depletion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14777620902768867&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AstPo...7...50R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Toohey%2C+Darin&rft.au=Peinemann%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Ross%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaloneyPortmannRossRosenlof2022" class="citation journal cs1">Maloney, Christopher; Portmann, Robert; Ross, Martin; Rosenlof, Karen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53971">"The Climate and Ozone Impacts of Black Carbon Emissions From Global Rocket Launches"</a>. <i>JGR Atmospheres</i>. <b>127</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRD..12736373M">2022JGRD..12736373M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JD036373">10.1029/2021JD036373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JGR+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=The+Climate+and+Ozone+Impacts+of+Black+Carbon+Emissions+From+Global+Rocket+Launches&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021JD036373&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JGRD..12736373M&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Portmann%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ross%2C+Martin&rft.au=Rosenlof%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.noaa.gov%2Fview%2Fnoaa%2F53971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFde_GrohBanksMillerDever2018" class="citation journal cs1">de Groh, Kim; Banks, Bruce; Miller, Sharon; Dever, Joyce (2018). "Chapter 28 - Degradation of Spacecraft Materials". <i>Handbook of Environmental Degreadation</i>: 601–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0">10.1016/B978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20040112017">2060/20040112017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52472-8"><bdi>978-0-323-52472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Environmental+Degreadation&rft.atitle=Chapter+28+-+Degradation+of+Spacecraft+Materials&rft.pages=601-645&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20040112017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0&rft.isbn=978-0-323-52472-8&rft.aulast=de+Groh&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Banks%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Miller%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Dever%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKocifajKundracikBarentineBara2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kocifaj, M.; Kundracik, F.; Barentine, J.C.; Bara, S. (2021). "The proliferation of space objects is a rapidly increasing source of artificial night sky brightness". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</i>. <b>504</b> (1): L40–L44. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.17125">2103.17125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslab030">10.1093/mnrasl/slab030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%3A+Letters&rft.atitle=The+proliferation+of+space+objects+is+a+rapidly+increasing+source+of+artificial+night+sky+brightness&rft.volume=504&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L40-L44&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2103.17125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslab030&rft.aulast=Kocifaj&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kundracik%2C+F.&rft.au=Barentine%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Bara%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSelding2007" class="citation web cs1">Selding, Peter de (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html">"Libya Pinpointed as Source of Months-Long Satellite Jamming in 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193429/http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya+Pinpointed+as+Source+of+Months-Long+Satellite+Jamming+in+2006&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacenews%2Fbusinessmonday_070409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Business/Telecommunications/Services/Wireless/Satellite/">Satellite</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> |
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions">EO Portal directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923090413/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions">Archived</a> 23 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> |
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1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> |
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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> |
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<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> |
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<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li></ul></div> |
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satélites artificiales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526414">Spain</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satellites artificiels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966731r">France</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satellites artificiels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966731r">BnF data</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136498-3">Germany</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294967105171">Israel</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008203">United States</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574781">Japan</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="umělé družice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph162474&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639092">NARA</a></span></li></ul> |
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124</a>"</div></div> |
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<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites" title="Category:Satellites">Satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft" title="Category:Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventions" title="Category:Soviet inventions">Soviet inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is 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NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NARA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NARA identifiers">Articles with NARA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> |
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<li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Satellite" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Satellite" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Satellite&id=1228230124&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatellite"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatellite"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26540" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> |
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D4%A5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D2%A9%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Иԥсабаратәым амҩаныза – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="قمر اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_artificial" title="Satelite artificial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արբանեակներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="কৃত্ৰিম উপগ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_peyk" title="Süni peyk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="قوشما اویدو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-ch%C5%8D_%C5%8De-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Штучны спадарожнік Зямлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Штучны спадарожнік Зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изкуствен спътник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dki_satelit" title="Vještački satelit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loarell" title="Loarell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit_artificial" title="Satèl·lit artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%95" title="Çĕрĕн юрилле çулташĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_dru%C5%BEice" title="Umělá družice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloeren" title="Lloeren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="صاطليت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ސެޓެލައިޓް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehiskaaslane" title="Tehiskaaslane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τεχνητός δορυφόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefarita_satelito" title="Artefarita satelito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_artifizial" title="Satelite artifizial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ماهواره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylgisveinur" title="Fylgisveinur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_artificiel" title="Satellite artificiel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellyt" title="Satellyt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satail%C3%ADt_(sp%C3%A1s%C3%A1rthach)" title="Satailít (spásárthach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinlag" title="Cruinlag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saideal_fuadain" title="Saideal fuadain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="衛星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઉપગ્રહ પ્રક્ષેપણ યાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Һазрин кегдемл дахуль – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" title="인공위성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraron_dan_adam" title="Tauraron dan adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificala_satelito" title="Artificala satelito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervitungl" title="Gervitungl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_artificiale" title="Satellite artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಕೃತಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხელოვნური თანამგზავრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%95%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%AF%D8%A0%DB%81_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%B2%D9%95" title="نَبٕنؠ دؠہ جہزٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Жасандысерік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelaiti" title="Satelaiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lit_artifisy%C3%A8l" title="Satélit artifisyèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyk_(teknoloj%C3%AE)" title="Peyk (teknolojî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жердин жасалма жандоочулары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelles_artificialis" title="Satelles artificialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABgais_pavadonis" title="Mākslīgais pavadonis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Raumfaart)" title="Satellit (Raumfaart) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbtinis_palydovas" title="Dirbtinis palydovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nsmaon" title="Kónsmaon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1hold" title="Műhold – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вештачки сателит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabolana" title="Zanabolana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="കൃത്രിമോപഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80miorangi" title="Āmiorangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_arteficial" title="Satélite arteficial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хиймэл дагуул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဂြိုဟ်တု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmaan" title="Kunstmaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人工衛星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_satellitt" title="Kunstig satellitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitt" title="Satellitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite" title="Satelite – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_artificial" title="Satellit artificial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9" title="ଉପଗ୍ରହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaartuu" title="Marmaartuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_yo%CA%BBldosh" title="Sunʼiy yoʻldosh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مصنوعی سیارہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%96%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="سپوږمکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satilait" title="Satilait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Ruumfohrt)" title="Satellit (Ruumfohrt) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczny_satelita" title="Sztuczny satelita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_artificial" title="Satelit artificial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakilla" title="Antakilla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Штучный сателит – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Искусственный спутник Земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ya_nisangaan_nu_tademaway_sipunuay_sakaytinengan_a_bunac" title="ya nisangaan nu tademaway sipunuay sakaytinengan a bunac – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sateliti_artificial" title="Sateliti artificial – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8lliti_artificiali" title="Satèlliti artificiali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_(artificial)" title="Satellite (artificial) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="واريگاهه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umel%C3%A1_dru%C5%BEica" title="Umelá družica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayax_gacmeed" title="Dayax gacmeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مانگی دەستکرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вештачки сателит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliitti" title="Satelliitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntabay" title="Buntabay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செயற்கைக்கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirne%C3%B1_yasalma_i%C3%A4r%C3%A7ene" title="Cirneñ yasalma iärçene – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="కృత్రిమ ఉపగ్రహము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ดาวเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Моҳвора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕೃತಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_uydu" title="Yapay uydu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Штучний супутник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81" title="مصنوعی سیارچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="سۈنئىي ھەمراھ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8%C5%82ite_artifisa%C5%82e" title="Satèłite artifisałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%87_tinh" title="Vệ tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelayt" title="Satelayt – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="人造卫星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="סאטעליט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F" title="人造衞星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> |
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite</span></h1> |
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Objects intentionally placed into orbit</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Satellite" title="Special:EditPage/Satellite">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Satellite%22">"Satellite"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Satellite%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Satellite%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Satellite%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Satellite%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Satellite%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human-made satellites. For moons, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Satellite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Satellite (disambiguation)">Satellite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two 3U CubeSats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/330px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/495px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg/660px-Two_3U_CubeSats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> orbiting around <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> after being deployed from the ISS <a href="/wiki/Kib%C5%8D_(ISS_module)" title="Kibō (ISS module)"><i>Kibō</i> module</a>'s Small Satellite Orbital Deployer</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>A <b>satellite</b> or <b>artificial satellite</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup> is an object, typically a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>, placed into <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial body</a>. Satellites have a variety of uses, including communication relay, <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>, navigation (<a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, scientific research, and Earth observation. Additional military uses are reconnaissance, <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">early warning</a>, signals intelligence and, potentially, weapon delivery. Other satellites include the final rocket stages that place satellites in orbit and formerly useful satellites that later become defunct. |
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</p><p>Except for <a href="/wiki/Passive_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive satellite">passive satellites</a>, most satellites have an <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> system for equipment on board, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transponders</a>. Many satellites use a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">standardized bus</a> to save cost and work, the most popular of which are small <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a>. Similar satellites can work together as groups, forming <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellations</a>. Because of the high <a href="/wiki/Launch_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch cost">launch cost</a> to space, most satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">relay stations</a> in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz. |
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</p><p>Satellites are placed from the surface to the orbit by <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>, high enough to avoid <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbital decay</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. Satellites can then change or maintain the orbit by <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a>, usually by <a href="/wiki/Thrusters_(spacecraft)" title="Thrusters (spacecraft)">chemical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster">ion thrusters</a>. As of 2018, about 90% of the satellites orbiting the Earth are in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>; geostationary means the satellites stay still in the sky (relative to a fixed point on the ground). Some imaging satellites chose a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> because they can scan the entire globe with similar lighting. As the number of satellites and <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a> around Earth increases, the threat of collision has become more severe. A small number of satellites orbit other bodies (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Mars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Sun</a>) or many bodies at once (two for a <a href="/wiki/Halo_orbit" title="Halo orbit">halo orbit</a>, three for a <a href="/wiki/Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbit</a>). |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> gather information for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">mapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">monitoring the weather</a>, ocean, forest, etc. <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a> take advantage of outer space's <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuum" title="Ultra-high vacuum">near perfect vacuum</a> to observe objects with the entire <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Because satellites can see a large portion of the Earth at once, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications satellites">communications satellites</a> can relay information to remote places. The signal delay from satellites and their orbit's predictability are used in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems, such as GPS. <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> are satellites designed for robotic <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> outside of Earth, and <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a> are in essence crewed satellites. |
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</p><p>The first artificial satellite launched into the Earth's orbit was the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, on October 4, 1957. As of December 31, 2022, there are 6,718 operational satellites in the Earth's orbit, of which 4,529 belong to the United States (3,996 commercial), 590 belong to China, 174 belong to Russia, and 1,425 belong to other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early proposals</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">First satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_Satellite_Development"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Later Satellite Development</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Orbit_and_altitude_control"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Orbit and altitude control</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Power"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Power</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Communications"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Communications</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Earth_observation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Earth observation</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Communication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Communication</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Spy_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spy satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Navigation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Navigation</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Telescope"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Telescope</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Experimental"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Experimental</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Weapon"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Weapon</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Environmental_Impact"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental Impact</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Resource_use"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Resource use</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Launches"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Launches</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Operational_lifetime"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Operational lifetime</span></a> |
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<ul> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#LEO_Satellites"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">LEO Satellites</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Night_sky"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Night sky</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ground-based_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ground-based infrastructure</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#End_of_life"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">End of life</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Pollution_and_interference"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Pollution and interference</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> |
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> |
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</ul> |
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</div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_artificial_satellites_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of first artificial satellites by country">Timeline of first artificial satellites by country</a></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_proposals">Early proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Early proposals"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball">Newton's cannonball</a>, a thought experiment by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> to explain the motion of <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i> (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Moon" title="The Brick Moon">The Brick Moon</a>" (1869).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> The idea surfaced again in <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Begum%27s_Fortune" title="The Begum's Fortune">The Begum's Fortune</a></i> (1879). |
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</p><p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> (1857–1935) published <i>Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices</i>, which was the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a> required for a minimal orbit, and inferred that a <a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-stage rocket">multi-stage rocket</a> fueled by liquid <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a> could achieve this. |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik" title="Herman Potočnik">Herman Potočnik</a> explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book, <i>The Problem of Space Travel</i>. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described <a href="/wiki/Geostationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary">geostationary</a> satellites (first put forward by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>) and discussed the communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short with the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In a 1945 <i><a href="/wiki/Wireless_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless World">Wireless World</a></i> article, English science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> described in detail the possible use of <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a> for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> |
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</p><p>In May 1946, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="Project RAND">Project RAND</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_Design_of_an_Experimental_World-Circling_Spaceship" title="Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship">Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship</a>, which stated "A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth Century."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> The United States had been considering launching orbital satellites since 1945 under the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Bureau of Aeronautics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Project RAND eventually released the report, but considered the satellite to be a tool for science, politics, and propaganda, rather than a potential military weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> proposed an orbiting <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In February 1954, Project RAND released "Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle", by R. R. Carhart.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> This expanded on potential scientific uses for satellite vehicles and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H. K. Kallmann and W. W. Kellogg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_satellites">First satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: First satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Steel ball with 4 antennas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/220px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/330px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/440px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></figcaption></figure> |
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<p>The first artificial satellite was <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 4 October 1957 under the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the density of high <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere#Temperature_and_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric layers</a> through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on radio-signal distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. |
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</p><p>In the context of activities planned for the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> (1957–1958), the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as <a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a>. On 31 July, the Soviet Union announced its intention to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957. |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a> was launched on 3 November 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_animals_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_animals-12">[11]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In early 1955, after being pressured by the <a href="/wiki/American_Rocket_Society" title="American Rocket Society">American Rocket Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and the International Geophysical Year, the Army and Navy worked on <a href="/wiki/Project_Orbiter" title="Project Orbiter">Project Orbiter</a> with two competing programs. The army used the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-C_IRBM" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-C IRBM">Jupiter C rocket</a>, while the civilian–Navy program used the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard rocket</a> to launch a satellite. <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> became the United States' first artificial satellite, on 31 January 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-14">[13]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/TIROS-1" title="TIROS-1">TIROS-1</a> spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite">Television Infrared Observation Satellite</a> (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatem_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatem-15">[14]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">United States Space Surveillance Network</a> cataloged 115 Earth-orbiting satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> |
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Astérix or A-1 (initially conceptualized as FR.2 or FR-2) is the first French satellite. It was launched on 26 November 1965 by a Diamant A rocket from the CIEES launch site at Hammaguir, Algeria. With Astérix, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite and the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket |
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</p><p>France is the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket, the <a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_(satellite)" title="Astérix (satellite)">Astérix</a>, on 26 November 1965 by a <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> A rocket from the CIEES launch site at <a href="/wiki/Hammaguir" title="Hammaguir">Hammaguir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. |
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</p><p>Early satellites were built to unique designs. With advancements in technology, multiple satellites began to be built on <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_satellite_buses" title="Comparison of satellite buses">single model platforms</a> called <a href="/wiki/Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite buses</a>. The first standardized satellite bus design was the <a href="/wiki/HS-333" title="HS-333">HS-333</a> <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous</a> (GEO) <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellite</a> launched in 1972. Beginning in 1997, <a href="/wiki/FreeFlyer" title="FreeFlyer">FreeFlyer</a> is a commercial off-the-shelf software application for satellite mission analysis, design, and operations. |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Satellite_Development">Later Satellite Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Later Satellite Development"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/300px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/450px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png/600px-Space_capabilities_-_launch_and_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007F00; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Orbital launch</a> and satellite operation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> Satellite operation, launched by foreign supplier</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8040; color:black;"> </span> Satellite in development</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_small_lift_launch_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of small lift launch systems">Orbital launch</a> project at advanced stage or indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> deployed</div></figcaption></figure><p>While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> it was launched aboard an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> rocket from an American spaceport. The same goes for Australia, whose launch of the first satellite involved a donated U.S. <a href="/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone" title="PGM-11 Redstone">Redstone</a> rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> The first Italian satellite <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_1" title="San Marco 1">San Marco 1</a> was launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Scout_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout rocket">Scout rocket</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> (Virginia, United States) with an Italian launch team trained by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> In similar occasions, almost all further first national satellites were launched by foreign rockets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p><p>After the late 2010s, and especially after the advent and operational fielding of large <a href="/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation" title="Satellite internet constellation">satellite internet constellations</a>—where on-orbit active satellites more than doubled over a period of five years—the companies building the constellations began to propose regular planned deorbiting of the older satellites that reached the <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life (product)">end of life</a>, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory authority">regulatory process</a> of obtaining a launch license.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The largest artificial satellite ever is the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>By the early 2000s, and particularly after the advent of <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> and increased launches of <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite_(spaceflight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsatellite (spaceflight)">microsats</a>—frequently launched to the lower altitudes of <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO)—satellites began to more frequently be designed to get destroyed, or breakup and burnup entirely in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> |
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For example, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> satellites, the first large satellite internet constellation to exceed 1000 active satellites on orbit in 2020, are designed to be 100% demisable and burn up completely on their atmospheric reentry at the end of their life, or in the event of an early satellite failure.<sup id="cite_ref-tasia202104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tasia202104-22">[21]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>In different periods, many countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, had some satellites in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Japan's space agency (JAXA) and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> plan to send a wooden satellite prototype called LingoSat into orbit in the summer of 2024. They have been working on this project for few years and sent first wood samples to the space in 2021 to test the material's resilience to space conditions. |
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<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Components"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_and_altitude_control">Orbit and altitude control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Orbit and altitude control"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Altitude control" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude control">Attitude control</a>.</div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/220px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/330px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/440px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Firing of <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i>'s ion thruster</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Most satellites use chemical or <a href="/wiki/Ion_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion propulsion">ion propulsion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_maneuver" title="Orbital maneuver">adjust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">maintain their orbit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 78">: 78 </span></sup> coupled with <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a> to control their <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">three axis of rotation</a> or attitude. Satellites close to Earth are affected the most by variations in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">gravitational field</a> and the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>; satellites that are further away are affected more by other bodies' gravitational field by the Moon and the Sun. Satellites utilize ultra-white reflective coatings to prevent damage from UV radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> Without orbit and orientation control, satellites in orbit will not be able to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a> on the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 75–76">: 75–76 </span></sup> |
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</p><p>Chemical thrusters on satellites usually use <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> (one-part) or <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant">bipropellant</a> (two-parts) that are <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic</a>. Hypergolic means able to combust spontaneously when in contact with each other or to a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>. The most commonly used propellant mixtures on satellites are <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>-based monopropellants or <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> bipropellants. Ion thrusters on satellites usually are <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster" title="Hall-effect thruster">Hall-effect thrusters</a>, which generate thrust by accelerating <a href="/wiki/Positive_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive ions">positive ions</a> through a negatively-charged grid. Ion propulsion is more efficient propellant-wise than chemical propulsion but its thrust is very small (around 0.5 N or 0.1 lb<sub>f</sub>), and thus requires a longer burn time. The thrusters usually use <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> because it is <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">inert</a>, can be easily <a href="/wiki/Ionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionized">ionized</a>, has a high <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> and storable as a high-pressure liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 78–79">: 78–79 </span></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Power"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries in space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear power in space</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">Solar panels on spacecraft</a></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-54_ELC-1,_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/220px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/330px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg/440px-ISS-54_ELC-1%2C_main_solar_arrays_and_radiators_seen_from_the_Cupola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>'s black solar panels on the left and white <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiators</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Most satellites use <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> to generate power, and a few in deep space with limited sunlight use <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slip_ring" title="Slip ring">Slip rings</a> attach solar panels to the satellite; the slip rings can rotate to be perpendicular with the sunlight and generate the most power. All satellites with a solar panel must also have <a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">batteries</a>, because sunlight is blocked inside the launch vehicle and at night. The most common types of batteries for satellites are <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a>, and in the past <a href="/wiki/Nickel-hydrogen_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-hydrogen batteries">nickel–hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 88–89">: 88–89 </span></sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Communications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder (satellite communications)</a></div> |
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<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Applications"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_observation">Earth observation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Earth observation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/220px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/330px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg/440px-Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6888" data-file-height="7056" /></a><figcaption>Deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite" title="Earth Radiation Budget Satellite">Earth Radiation Budget Satellite</a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a>, collecting data on Earth's weather and climate</figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Earth observation satellites are designed to monitor and survey the Earth, called <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>. Most Earth observation satellites are placed in low Earth orbit for a high data resolution, though some are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> for an uninterrupted coverage. Some satellites are placed in a <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> to have consistent lighting and obtain a total view of the Earth. Depending on the satellites' functions, they might have a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">normal camera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photometer" title="Photometer">photometer</a>, or atmospheric instruments. Earth observation satellite's data is most used in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 2021, there are over 950 Earth observation satellites, with the largest number of satellites operated with <a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet Labs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> |
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather satellites</a> monitor <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">clouds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">city lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fires</a>, effects of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auroral_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Auroral light">auroras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sand and dust storms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> cover, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> mapping, boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> flows, etc. Environmental monitoring satellites can detect changes in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing the current vegetation state to its long term average.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Communication"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></div> |
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<p>A <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a> that relays and amplifies <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> telecommunication signals via a <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">transponder</a>; it creates a <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channel</a> between a source <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receiver</a> at different locations on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Communications satellites are used for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Many communications satellites are in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> 22,236 miles (35,785 km) above the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dish</a> antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently. |
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The <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> used for telecommunications links travel by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a>. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Communications_satellite_aerospace.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Communications_satellite_aerospace.org-30">[29]</a></sup></div></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spy_satellites">Spy satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Spy satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></div> |
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<p>When an Earth observation satellite or a communications satellite is deployed for military or intelligence purposes, it is known as a spy satellite or reconnaissance satellite. |
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</p><p>Their uses include early missile warning, nuclear explosion detection, electronic reconnaissance, and optical or radar imaging surveillance. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Navigation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></div> |
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<p>Navigational satellites are satellites that use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telescope">Telescope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Telescope"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></div> |
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<p><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical satellite">Astronomical satellites</a> are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/220px-Hubble_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/330px-Hubble_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/440px-Hubble_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></figcaption></figure> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental">Experimental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Experimental"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p><a href="/wiki/Tether_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tether satellite">Tether satellites</a> are satellites that are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a <a href="/wiki/Tether" title="Tether">tether</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recovery_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery satellite">Recovery satellites</a> are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth. <a href="/wiki/Biosatellite" title="Biosatellite">Biosatellites</a> are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation. <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">Space-based solar power</a> satellites are proposed satellites that would collect energy from sunlight and transmit it for use on Earth or other places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapon">Weapon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Weapon"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_satellite" title="Early warning satellite">Early warning satellite</a></div> |
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<p>Since the mid-2000s, satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> For testing purposes, satellites in low earth orbit have been destroyed by ballistic missiles launched from the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have demonstrated the ability to eliminate satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-asat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asat-33">[32]</a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> military shot down an aging weather satellite,<sup id="cite_ref-asat_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asat-33">[32]</a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> shooting down a <a href="/wiki/NRO_L-21" class="mw-redirect" title="NRO L-21">defunct spy satellite</a> in February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> On 18 November 2015, after two failed attempts, Russia successfully carried out a flight test of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite</a> missile known as <i><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Nudol</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 27 March 2019, India shot down a live test satellite at 300 km altitude in 3 minutes, becoming the fourth country to have the capability to destroy live satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_Impact">Environmental Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Environmental Impact"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>The environmental impact of satellites is not currently well understood as they were previously assumed to be benign due to the rarity of satellite launches. However, the exponential increase and projected growth of satellite launches are bringing the issue into consideration. The main issues are resource use and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere which can happen at different stages of a satellite's lifetime. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_use">Resource use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Resource use"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Resource use is difficult to monitor and quantify for satellites and <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> due to their commercially sensitive nature. However, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> is a preferred metal in satellite construction due to its lightweight and relative cheapness and typically constitutes around 40% of a satellite's mass.<sup id="cite_ref-schulz_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulz-37">[36]</a></sup> Through mining and refining, aluminium has numerous negative environmental impacts and is one of the most carbon-intensive metals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> Satellite manufacturing also requires rare elements such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, some of which have significant environmental consequences linked to their mining and processing and/or are in limited supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup> Launch vehicles require larger amounts of raw materials to manufacture and the <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">booster</a> stages are usually dropped into the ocean after fuel exhaustion. They are not normally recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> Two empty boosters used for <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a>, which were composed mainly of steel, weighed around 38 tons each,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> to give an idea of the quantity of materials that are often left in the ocean. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launches">Launches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Launches"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Rocket launches release numerous pollutants into every layer of the atmosphere, especially affecting the atmosphere above the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> where the byproducts of combustion can reside for extended periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> These pollutants can include <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides</a> (NO<sub>x</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, but the mix of pollutants is dependent on rocket design and fuel type.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">green house gases</a> emitted by rockets is considered trivial as it contributes significantly less, around 0.01%,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> than the aviation industry yearly which itself accounts for 2-3% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Rocket emissions in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> and their effects are only beginning to be studied and it is likely that the impacts will be more critical than emissions in the troposphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> The stratosphere includes the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> and pollutants emitted from rockets can contribute to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> in a number of ways. <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Radicals</a> such as NO<sub>x</sub>, HO<sub>x</sub>, and ClO<sub>x</sub> deplete stratospheric O<sub>3</sub> through intermolecular reactions and can have huge impacts in trace amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> However, it is currently understood that launch rates would need to increase by ten times to match the impact of regulated ozone-depleting substances.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-47">[46]</a></sup> Whilst emissions of water vapour are largely deemed as inert, H<sub>2</sub>O is the source gas for HO<sub>x</sub> and can also contribute to ozone loss through the formation of ice particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-46">[45]</a></sup> Black carbon particles emitted by rockets can absorb solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause warming in the surrounding air which can then impact the circulatory dynamics of the stratosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> Both warming and changes in circulation can then cause depletion of the ozone layer. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_lifetime">Operational lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Operational lifetime"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LEO_Satellites">LEO Satellites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: LEO Satellites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Several pollutants are released in the upper atmospheric layers during the orbital lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO satellites.</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Orbital decay</a> is caused by atmospheric drag and to keep the satellite in the correct orbit the platform occasionally needs repositioning. To do this nozzle-based systems use a chemical propellant to create thrust. In most cases <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> is the chemical propellant used which then releases <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> as gas into the upper atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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Also, the environment of the outer atmosphere causes the degradation of exterior materials. The atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere oxidises hydrocarbon-based polymers like <a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> and <a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">Mylar</a> that are used to insulate and protect the satellite which then emits gasses like CO<sub>2</sub> and CO into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Night_sky">Night sky</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Night sky"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>Given the current surge in satellites in the sky, soon hundreds of satellites may be clearly visible to the human eye at dark sites. It is estimated that the overall levels of diffuse brightness of the night skies has increased by up to 10% above natural levels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> This has the potential to confuse organisms, like insects and night-migrating birds, that use celestial patterns for migration and orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> The impact this might have is currently unclear. The visibility of man-made objects in the night sky may also impact people's linkages with the world, nature, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-based_infrastructure">Ground-based infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ground-based infrastructure"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>At all points of a satellite's lifetime, its movement and processes are monitored on the ground through a network of facilities. The environmental cost of the infrastructure as well as day-to-day operations is likely to be quite high,<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> but quantification requires further investigation. |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_life">End of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: End of life"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<p>When satellites reach the end of life they are intentionally deorbited or moved to a <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a> further away from Earth in order to reduce <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>. Physical collection or removal is not economical or even currently possible. Moving satellites out to a graveyard orbit is also unsustainable because they remain there for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> It will lead to the further pollution of space and future issues with space debris. |
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When satellites deorbit much of it is destroyed during re-entry into the atmosphere due to the heat. This introduces more material and pollutants into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-schulz_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schulz-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup> There have been concerns expressed about the potential damage to the ozone layer and the possibility of increasing the earth's <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, reducing warming but also resulting in accidental <a href="/wiki/Geoengineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoengineering">geoengineering</a> of the earth's climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaston_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaston-39">[38]</a></sup> After deorbiting 70% of satellites end up in the ocean and are rarely recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Durrieu_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durrieu-43">[42]</a></sup> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_and_interference">Pollution and interference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Pollution and interference"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_(space_debris_and_satellites).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/220px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/330px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png/440px-The_growth_of_all_tracked_objects_in_space_over_time_%28space_debris_and_satellites%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>The growth of all tracked objects in space over time<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6-55">[54]</a></sup></figcaption></figure> |
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<p>Issues like <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>, radio and <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> are increasing in magnitude and at the same time lack progress in national or international regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-sp1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sp1-56">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6-55">[54]</a></sup> Space debris pose dangers to the spacecraft<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-physUT_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physUT-58">[57]</a></sup> (including satellites)<sup id="cite_ref-physUT_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physUT-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup> in or crossing geocentric orbits and have the potential to drive a <a href="/wiki/Kessler_syndrome" title="Kessler syndrome">Kessler syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> which could potentially curtail humanity from conducting space endeavors in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>With increase in the number of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a>, the astronomical community, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a>, report that orbital pollution is getting increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-iau_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup> A report from the SATCON1 workshop in 2020 concluded that the effects of large satellite constellations can severely affect some astronomical research efforts and lists six ways to mitigate harm to astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> The IAU is establishing a center (CPS) to coordinate or aggregate measures to mitigate such detrimental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Some notable satellite failures that polluted and dispersed radioactive materials are <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_954" title="Kosmos 954">Kosmos 954</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1402" title="Kosmos 1402">Kosmos 1402</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_systems_in_space" title="List of nuclear power systems in space">Transit 5-BN-3</a>. |
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</p><p>Generally liability has been covered by the <a href="/wiki/Liability_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Liability Convention">Liability Convention</a>. Using wood as an alternative material has been posited in order to reduce pollution and debris from satellites that reenter the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Due to the low received signal strength of satellite transmissions, they are prone to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a> by land-based transmitters. Such jamming is limited to the geographical area within the transmitter's range. GPS satellites are potential targets for jamming,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> but satellite phone and television signals have also been subjected to jamming.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> |
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</p><p>Also, it is very easy to transmit a carrier radio signal to a geostationary satellite and thus interfere with the legitimate uses of the satellite's transponder. It is common for Earth stations to transmit at the wrong time or on the wrong frequency in commercial satellite space, and dual-illuminate the transponder, rendering the frequency unusable. Satellite operators now have sophisticated monitoring tools and methods that enable them to pinpoint the source of any carrier and manage the transponder space effectively. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> |
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</p> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_platform_station" title="High-altitude platform station">High-altitude platform station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar aircraft">Solar aircraft</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_refuelling" title="Satellite refuelling">Satellite refuelling</a></li></ul> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> |
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> |
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">to distinguish them from <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural satellites">natural satellites</a>.</span> |
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</li> |
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</ol></div></div> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> |
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">"UCS Satellite Database"</a>. <i>Union of Concerned Scientists</i>. 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.atitle=UCS+Satellite+Database&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Fsatellite-database&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901224414/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html">"Rockets in Science Fiction (Late 19th Century)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/tl4.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockets+in+Science+Fiction+%28Late+19th+Century%29&rft.pub=Marshall+Space+Flight+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msfc.nasa.gov%2Frocketry%2Ftl4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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</li> |
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBleilerBleiler1991" class="citation book cs1">Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionea0000blei"><i>Science-fiction, the Early Years</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionea0000blei/page/325">325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-416-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-416-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science-fiction%2C+the+Early+Years&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-416-2&rft.aulast=Bleiler&rft.aufirst=Everett+Franklin&rft.au=Bleiler%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefictionea0000blei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html">"Introduction to satellite"</a>. <i>www.sasmac.cn</i>. 2 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916064537/http://www.sasmac.cn/portal/html/fc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003/_content/10_07/09/1278668367217.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sasmac.cn&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+satellite&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasmac.cn%2Fportal%2Fhtml%2Ffc4f335929b0df0d0129b0e348f90003%2F_content%2F10_07%2F09%2F1278668367217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrattAllnutt2019" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Timothy; Allnutt, Jeremy E. (2019). <i>Satellite Communications</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons Ltd">John Wiley & Sons Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-48217-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-48217-8"><bdi>978-1-119-48217-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098222848">1098222848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satellite+Communications&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1098222848&rft.isbn=978-1-119-48217-8&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Allnutt%2C+Jeremy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/">"Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a></i>. July 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615024409/http://rand.org/pubs/special_memoranda/SM11827/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RAND&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Design+of+an+Experimental+World-Circling+Spaceship&rft.date=1946-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fspecial_memoranda%2FSM11827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1968" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Alfred (1968). <i>Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center</i>. NASA. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venture+into+Space%3A+Early+Years+of+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php">"Hubble Essentials: About Lyman Spitzer, Jr"</a>. Hubble Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009202238/http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/lyman_spitzer.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hubble+Essentials%3A+About+Lyman+Spitzer%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=Hubble+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fthe_telescope%2Fhubble_essentials%2Flyman_spitzer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. R. Carhart, Scientific Uses for a Satellite Vehicle, Project RAND Research Memorandum. (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica) 12 February 1954.</span> |
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2. H. K. Kallmann and W. W. Kellogg, Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite, Project RAND Research Memorandum. (Rand Corporation, Santa Monica) 8 June 1955.</span> |
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<li id="cite_note-nasa_animals-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_animals_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrayGarber2004" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Tara; Garber, Steve (2 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html">"A Brief History of Animals in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011053912/https://history.nasa.gov/animals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Animals+in+Space&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-08-02&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Garber%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fanimals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2008" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Alicia (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201193510/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL">"50th anniversary of first U.S. satellite launch celebrated"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/01/30/state/n151715S68.DTL">the original</a> on 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=50th+anniversary+of+first+U.S.+satellite+launch+celebrated&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn151715S68.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Allen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86">"James A. Van Allen"</a>. <i>nmspacemuseum.org</i>. New Mexico Museum of Space History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112204/http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=86">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nmspacemuseum.org&rft.atitle=James+A.+Van+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmspacemuseum.org%2Fhalloffame%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Tatem-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatem_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatemGoetzHay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690060">"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>96</b> (5): 390–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2008.74.390">10.1511/2008.74.390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690060">2690060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19498953">19498953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Earth-observation+Satellites&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690060%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19498953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2008.74.390&rft.aulast=Tatem&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Scott+J.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Simon+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2690060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPortreeLoftus1999" class="citation web cs1">Portree, David S. F.; Loftus, Joseph P. Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000901071135/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">"Orbital Debris: A Chronology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></i>. p. 18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1999-208856.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson+Space+Center&rft.atitle=Orbital+Debris%3A+A+Chronology&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Portree&rft.aufirst=David+S.+F.&rft.au=Loftus%2C+Joseph+P.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FTP-1999-208856.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurleson2005" class="citation book cs1">Burleson, Daphne (2005). <i>Space Programs Outside the United States</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1852-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1852-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Programs+Outside+the+United+States&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1852-7&rft.aulast=Burleson&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Gruntman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gruntman" title="Mike Gruntman">Mike Gruntman</a> (2004). <i>Blazing the Trail</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56347-705-8"><bdi>978-1-56347-705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blazing+the+Trail&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56347-705-8&rft.au=Mike+Gruntman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Brian (2003). <i>Europe's Space Programme</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-722-3"><bdi>978-1-85233-722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Space+Programme&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-722-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWelchLamphier2019" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Rosanne; Lamphier, Peg A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126"><i>Technical Innovation in American History: An Encyclopedia of Science and Technology [3 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-094-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-094-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214004816/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWGHDwAAQBAJ&q=largest+artificial+satellite&pg=RA2-PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+Innovation+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-094-2&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Rosanne&rft.au=Lamphier%2C+Peg+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWGHDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlargest%2Bartificial%2Bsatellite%26pg%3DRA2-PA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSlejkoGregorioLughi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Slejko, EA; Gregorio, A; Lughi, V (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383">"Material selection for a CubeSat structural bus complying with debris mitigation"</a>. <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>67</b> (5): 1468–1476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AdSpR..67.1468S">2021AdSpR..67.1468S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.037">10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233841294">233841294</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603044215/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720308383">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Material+selection+for+a+CubeSat+structural+bus+complying+with+debris+mitigation&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1468-1476&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233841294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2020.11.037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AdSpR..67.1468S&rft.aulast=Slejko&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Gregorio%2C+A&rft.au=Lughi%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0273117720308383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-tasia202104-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tasia202104_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarrityHusar2021" class="citation news cs1">Garrity, John; Husar, Arndt (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626">"Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations: Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific"</a>. <i>think-asia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/13626">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=think-asia.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Connectivity+and+Low+Earth+Orbit+Satellite+Constellations%3A+Opportunities+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2021-04&rft.aulast=Garrity&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Husar%2C+Arndt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthink-asia.org%2Fhandle%2F11540%2F13626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBuchholz2023" class="citation news cs1">Buchholz, Katharina (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/17107/countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/">"The Countries with the Most Satellites in Space"</a>. statista<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Countries+with+the+Most+Satellites+in+Space&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Buchholz&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fchart%2F17107%2Fcountries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCairns2023" class="citation news cs1">Cairns, Rebecca (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/07/asia/japan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc/index.html">"Japanese scientists want to send a wooden satellite into space"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japanese+scientists+want+to+send+a+wooden+satellite+into+space&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fasia%2Fjapan-wooden-satellite-scn-spc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanelements.com/space-industry.html">"Space - American Elements Assists NASA in Development of Ultra White Coating for Satellite Applications"</a>. American Elements<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+-+American+Elements+Assists+NASA+in+Development+of+Ultra+White+Coating+for+Satellite+Applications&rft.pub=American+Elements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanelements.com%2Fspace-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndy2021" class="citation web cs1">Andy (18 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/">"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?"</a>. <i>Pixalytics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104450/https://www.pixalytics.com/eo-sats-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pixalytics&rft.atitle=How+many+Earth+observation+satellites+are+orbiting+the+planet+in+2021%3F&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft.au=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pixalytics.com%2Feo-sats-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFlexerBaspineiroGalli2018" class="citation journal cs1">Flexer, Victoria; Baspineiro, Celso; Galli, Claudia (2018). "Lithium recovery from brines: A vital raw material for green energies with a potential environmental impact in its mining and processing". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>639</b>: 1188–1204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.639.1188F">2018ScTEn.639.1188F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.223">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.223</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F91034">11336/91034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29929287">29929287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Lithium+recovery+from+brines%3A+A+vital+raw+material+for+green+energies+with+a+potential+environmental+impact+in+its+mining+and+processing&rft.volume=639&rft.pages=1188-1204&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F91034&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29929287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.639.1188F&rft.aulast=Flexer&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Baspineiro%2C+Celso&rft.au=Galli%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Boosters_EAP">"Boosters (EAP)"</a>. <i>The European Space Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+European+Space+Agency&rft.atitle=Boosters+%28EAP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FSpace_Transportation%2FLaunch_vehicles%2FBoosters_EAP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Durrieu-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrieu_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDurrieuNelson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Durrieu, Sylvie; Nelson, Ross (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003">"Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability"</a>. <i>Space Policy</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 238–250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SpPol..29..238D">2013SpPol..29..238D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003">10.1016/j.spacepol.2013.07.003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Policy&rft.atitle=Earth+observation+from+space+%E2%80%93+The+issue+of+environmental+sustainability&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=238-250&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SpPol..29..238D&rft.aulast=Durrieu&rft.aufirst=Sylvie&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.spacepol.2013.07.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDallasRavalGaitanSaydam2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dallas, J.A.; Raval, S.; Gaitan, J.P.A.; Saydam, S.; Dempster, A.G. (2020). "The environmental impact of emissions from space launches: A comprehensive review". <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>. <b>255</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCPro.25520209D">2020JCPro.25520209D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.120209">10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=The+environmental+impact+of+emissions+from+space+launches%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=255&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.120209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCPro.25520209D&rft.aulast=Dallas&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Raval%2C+S.&rft.au=Gaitan%2C+J.P.A.&rft.au=Saydam%2C+S.&rft.au=Dempster%2C+A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiraux2022" class="citation journal cs1">Miraux, Lois (2022). "Environmental limits to the space sector's growth". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>806</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.80650862M">2022ScTEn.80650862M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150862">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34637875">34637875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Environmental+limits+to+the+space+sector%27s+growth&rft.volume=806&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34637875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.150862&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ScTEn.80650862M&rft.aulast=Miraux&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Ryan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRyanMaraisBalhatchetEastham2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan, Robert; Marais, Eloise; Balhatchet, Chloe; Eastham, Sebastian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">"Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate"</a>. <i>Earth's Future</i>. <b>10</b> (6): e2021EF002612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EaFut..1002612R">2022EaFut..1002612R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021EF002612">10.1029/2021EF002612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9287058">9287058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865359">35865359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Future&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Rocket+Launch+and+Space+Debris+Air+Pollutant+Emissions+on+Stratospheric+Ozone+and+Global+Climate&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e2021EF002612&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35865359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021EF002612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EaFut..1002612R&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Marais%2C+Eloise&rft.au=Balhatchet%2C+Chloe&rft.au=Eastham%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-Ross-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRossTooheyPeinemannRoss2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Martin; Toohey, Darin; Peinemann, Manfred; Ross, Patrick (2009). "Limits on the Space Launch Market Related to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion". <i>Astropolitics</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 50–82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AstPo...7...50R">2009AstPo...7...50R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14777620902768867">10.1080/14777620902768867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astropolitics&rft.atitle=Limits+on+the+Space+Launch+Market+Related+to+Stratospheric+Ozone+Depletion&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14777620902768867&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009AstPo...7...50R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Toohey%2C+Darin&rft.au=Peinemann%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Ross%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaloneyPortmannRossRosenlof2022" class="citation journal cs1">Maloney, Christopher; Portmann, Robert; Ross, Martin; Rosenlof, Karen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53971">"The Climate and Ozone Impacts of Black Carbon Emissions From Global Rocket Launches"</a>. <i>JGR Atmospheres</i>. <b>127</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRD..12736373M">2022JGRD..12736373M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021JD036373">10.1029/2021JD036373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JGR+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=The+Climate+and+Ozone+Impacts+of+Black+Carbon+Emissions+From+Global+Rocket+Launches&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021JD036373&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JGRD..12736373M&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Portmann%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ross%2C+Martin&rft.au=Rosenlof%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.noaa.gov%2Fview%2Fnoaa%2F53971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFde_GrohBanksMillerDever2018" class="citation journal cs1">de Groh, Kim; Banks, Bruce; Miller, Sharon; Dever, Joyce (2018). "Chapter 28 - Degradation of Spacecraft Materials". <i>Handbook of Environmental Degreadation</i>: 601–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0">10.1016/B978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20040112017">2060/20040112017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-52472-8"><bdi>978-0-323-52472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Environmental+Degreadation&rft.atitle=Chapter+28+-+Degradation+of+Spacecraft+Materials&rft.pages=601-645&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20040112017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-52472-8.00029-0&rft.isbn=978-0-323-52472-8&rft.aulast=de+Groh&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Banks%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Miller%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Dever%2C+Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKocifajKundracikBarentineBara2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kocifaj, M.; Kundracik, F.; Barentine, J.C.; Bara, S. (2021). "The proliferation of space objects is a rapidly increasing source of artificial night sky brightness". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</i>. <b>504</b> (1): L40–L44. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.17125">2103.17125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslab030">10.1093/mnrasl/slab030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%3A+Letters&rft.atitle=The+proliferation+of+space+objects+is+a+rapidly+increasing+source+of+artificial+night+sky+brightness&rft.volume=504&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L40-L44&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2103.17125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslab030&rft.aulast=Kocifaj&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kundracik%2C+F.&rft.au=Barentine%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Bara%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSelding2007" class="citation web cs1">Selding, Peter de (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html">"Libya Pinpointed as Source of Months-Long Satellite Jamming in 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193429/http://www.space.com/spacenews/businessmonday_070409.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libya+Pinpointed+as+Source+of+Months-Long+Satellite+Jamming+in+2006&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Selding&rft.aufirst=Peter+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fspacenews%2Fbusinessmonday_070409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite" class="Z3988"></span></span> |
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> |
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Business/Telecommunications/Services/Wireless/Satellite/">Satellite</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> |
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions">EO Portal directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923090413/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions">Archived</a> 23 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> |
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1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> |
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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> |
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<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> |
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<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> |
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<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> |
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li></ul></div> |
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satélites artificiales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526414">Spain</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satellites artificiels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966731r">France</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satellites artificiels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966731r">BnF data</a></span></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136498-3">Germany</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294967105171">Israel</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008203">United States</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574781">Japan</a></span></li> |
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<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="umělé družice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph162474&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul> |
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> |
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639092">NARA</a></span></li></ul> |
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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124</a>"</div></div> |
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<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites" title="Category:Satellites">Satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft" title="Category:Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventions" title="Category:Soviet inventions">Soviet inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is 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NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NARA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NARA identifiers">Articles with NARA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> |
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<li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Satellite" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Satellite" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&oldid=1228230124" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Satellite&id=1228230124&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatellite"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSatellite"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26540" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> |
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D4%A5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D2%A9%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Иԥсабаратәым амҩаныза – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="قمر اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_artificial" title="Satelite artificial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արբանեակներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="কৃত্ৰিম উপগ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_peyk" title="Süni peyk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="قوشما اویدو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-ch%C5%8D_%C5%8De-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Штучны спадарожнік Зямлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Штучны спадарожнік Зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изкуствен спътник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dki_satelit" title="Vještački satelit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loarell" title="Loarell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit_artificial" title="Satèl·lit artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%95" title="Çĕрĕн юрилле çулташĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bl%C3%A1_dru%C5%BEice" title="Umělá družice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloeren" title="Lloeren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="صاطليت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ސެޓެލައިޓް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehiskaaslane" title="Tehiskaaslane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τεχνητός δορυφόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefarita_satelito" title="Artefarita satelito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_artifizial" title="Satelite artifizial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ماهواره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylgisveinur" title="Fylgisveinur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_artificiel" title="Satellite artificiel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellyt" title="Satellyt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satail%C3%ADt_(sp%C3%A1s%C3%A1rthach)" title="Satailít (spásárthach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinlag" title="Cruinlag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saideal_fuadain" title="Saideal fuadain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="衛星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઉપગ્રહ પ્રક્ષેપણ યાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Һазрин кегдемл дахуль – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1" title="인공위성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraron_dan_adam" title="Tauraron dan adam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificala_satelito" title="Artificala satelito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervitungl" title="Gervitungl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_artificiale" title="Satellite artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಕೃತಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ხელოვნური თანამგზავრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%95%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%AF%D8%A0%DB%81_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%B2%D9%95" title="نَبٕنؠ دؠہ جہزٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Жасандысерік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelaiti" title="Satelaiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lit_artifisy%C3%A8l" title="Satélit artifisyèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyk_(teknoloj%C3%AE)" title="Peyk (teknolojî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Жердин жасалма жандоочулары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelles_artificialis" title="Satelles artificialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABgais_pavadonis" title="Mākslīgais pavadonis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Raumfaart)" title="Satellit (Raumfaart) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbtinis_palydovas" title="Dirbtinis palydovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3nsmaon" title="Kónsmaon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1hold" title="Műhold – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вештачки сателит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabolana" title="Zanabolana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="കൃത്രിമോപഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80miorangi" title="Āmiorangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_arteficial" title="Satélite arteficial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хиймэл дагуул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဂြိုဟ်တု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmaan" title="Kunstmaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="उपग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人工衛星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_satellitt" title="Kunstig satellitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitt" title="Satellitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite" title="Satelite – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_artificial" title="Satellit artificial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9" title="ଉପଗ୍ରହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaartuu" title="Marmaartuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_yo%CA%BBldosh" title="Sunʼiy yoʻldosh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مصنوعی سیارہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%96%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="سپوږمکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satilait" title="Satilait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit_(Ruumfohrt)" title="Satellit (Ruumfohrt) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczny_satelita" title="Sztuczny satelita – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A9lite_artificial" title="Satélite artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit_artificial" title="Satelit artificial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakilla" title="Antakilla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Штучный сателит – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Искусственный спутник Земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ya_nisangaan_nu_tademaway_sipunuay_sakaytinengan_a_bunac" title="ya nisangaan nu tademaway sipunuay sakaytinengan a bunac – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sateliti_artificial" title="Sateliti artificial – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8lliti_artificiali" title="Satèlliti artificiali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_(artificial)" title="Satellite (artificial) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="واريگاهه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umel%C3%A1_dru%C5%BEica" title="Umelá družica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayax_gacmeed" title="Dayax gacmeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مانگی دەستکرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вештачки сателит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_satelit" title="Umjetni satelit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelit" title="Satelit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliitti" title="Satelliitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit" title="Satellit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buntabay" title="Buntabay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செயற்கைக்கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirne%C3%B1_yasalma_i%C3%A4r%C3%A7ene" title="Cirneñ yasalma iärçene – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="కృత్రిమ ఉపగ్రహము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ดาวเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Моҳвора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕೃತಕ ಉಪಗ್ರಹೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_uydu" title="Yapay uydu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Штучний супутник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81" title="مصنوعی سیارچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="سۈنئىي ھەمراھ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%A8%C5%82ite_artifisa%C5%82e" title="Satèłite artifisałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%87_tinh" title="Vệ tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelayt" title="Satelayt – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="人造卫星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="סאטעליט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F" title="人造衞星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> |
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</html>|1={{Clade|1=[[Berta languages|Berta]]|2=[[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]]|3=[[Fur languages|Fur]]|4=[[Kunama languages|Kunama]]|5=[[Maban languages|Maban]]}}}}}}}}|4=[[Songhay languages|Songhay]]}}}} |
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Revision as of 18:10, 18 June 2024
| Proposed name | Proposal | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alarodian | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Austric | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||||
| Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||||
| John D. Bengtson[citation needed] | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||||
| Austro-Tai | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Aztec–Tanoan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Dené–Yeniseian | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Gulf | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Hokan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Ibero-Caucasian | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Indo-Uralic | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||||
| Je–Tupi–Carib | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Karasuk | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Macro-Chibchan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Macro-Jê | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Macro-Pama–Nyungan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Macro-Panoan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Macro-Siouan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Mataco–Guaicuru | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Miao–Dai | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Niger–Congo |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Nilo-Saharan | Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| North Caucasian |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Penutian |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Pontic |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Quechumaran |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Serbi–Mongolic |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Sino-Austronesian |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Totozoquean |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Uralic–Yukaghir |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Uralo-Siberian |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | ||||||||||
| Yok-Utian |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt | |||||||||
| Yuki–Wappo |
|
Initiator | Agree | Disagree | Doubt |