{{Infobox publisher|name=Lodhiana Mission Press|founder=John Newton<br>James Wilson|founded=December 1835|topics=Christian proselytism<br>Christian evangelism|caption=Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854)|image=Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854).jpg|country=[[British India]]|headquarters=[[Ludhiana]]|parent=The Ludhiana Mission of the [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|American Presbyterian Church]]}}
{{Infobox publisher|name=Lodhiana Mission Press|founder=John Newton<br>James Wilson|founded=December 1835|topics=Christian proselytism<br>Christian evangelism|caption=Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854)|image=Title-page of 'A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language' by the Ludhiana Mission (1854).jpg|country=[[British India]]|headquarters=[[Ludhiana]]|parent=The Ludhiana Mission of the [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|American Presbyterian Church]]}}
The '''Ludhiana Mission Press''', archaically spelt as '''Lodhiana Mission Press''' and also known as the '''American Missionary Press, Ludhiana''', was a press of the Ludhiana Mission established by [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] missionaries in [[Ludhiana]] in 1835.{{Efn|The printing press sometimes referred to itself as 'The American Presbyterian Mission Press' in its publications.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lent |first=John A. |date=1980 |title=The Missionary Press of Asia, 1550 - 1860 |chapter-url=https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0010-3497-1980-2-119.pdf?download_full_pdf=1 |journal=Communicatio Socialis |chapter=Pakistan |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=119–141|doi=10.5771/0010-3497-1980-2-119 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=71 |chapter=Akhbar Ludhiana}}</ref> ItwasthemainsourceforChristianliterature in the [[North-WesternProvinces|northwestprovinces]].<refname=":0"/><ref>{{Citejournal |last=Shaw |first=GrahamW. |date=Winter1979 |title=TheFirstPrintingPress in the Punjab |journal=TheLibraryChronicle|pages=159–179}}</ref>
The '''Ludhiana Mission Press''', archaically spelt as '''Lodhiana Mission Press''' and also known as the '''American Missionary Press, Ludhiana''', was a press of the Ludhiana Mission established by [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] missionaries in [[Ludhiana]] in 1835.{{Efn|The printing press sometimes referred to itself as 'The American Presbyterian Mission Press' in its publications.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lent |first=John A. |date=1980 |title=The Missionary Press of Asia, 1550 - 1860 |chapter-url=https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0010-3497-1980-2-119.pdf?download_full_pdf=1 |journal=Communicatio Socialis |chapter=Pakistan |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=119–141|doi=10.5771/0010-3497-1980-2-119 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=71 |chapter=Akhbar Ludhiana}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=15 December 1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226615929 |edition=Illustrated |pages=273 |chapter=The Interpretive Process |quote=In addition, their position was further buttressed by access to a growing print culture. Christian missionaries took the lead in introducing the printing press to Punjab. In 1836, when John Newton and James Wilson – newly arrived American Presbyterians – were leaving Calcutta for their assignment at Ludhiana, the Reverend William H. Pierce of the Baptist Mission Press presented them with an old wooden printing press, paper and ink. As neither of the two missionaries travelling upcountry knew anything about printing matters, they were accompanied by a Bengali compositor trained under Pierce. With these rudimentary beginnings a press was started at Ludhiana; it soon became a thriving establishment producing millions of pages of
evangelical literature in the vernaculars.}}</ref> It was the main source for Christian literature in the [[North-Western Provinces|northwest provinces]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Graham W. |date=Winter 1979 |title=The First Printing Press in the Punjab |journal=The Library Chronicle |pages=159–179}}</ref>
== History ==
== History ==
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In November 1834, John Lowrie of the [[Presbyterian Mission Agency|American Presbyterian Mission Society]], established the first Presbyterianism [[Christian mission|mission station]] in Ludhiana.<ref name=":2" /> It was the first American Presbyterian Mission Station established outside of the United States of America.<ref name=":2" /> Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the independent Sikh kingdom to the northwest, invited John Lowrie to establish a school in his empire for the offspring of nobles but the plans fell-through because the Maharaja opposed the missionary practice of teaching the [[Gospel]] in study of literature and science.<ref name=":2" />
In November 1834, John Lowrie of the [[Presbyterian Mission Agency|American Presbyterian Mission Society]], established the first Presbyterianism [[Christian mission|mission station]] in Ludhiana.<ref name=":2" /> It was the first American Presbyterian Mission Station established outside of the United States of America.<ref name=":2" /> Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the independent Sikh kingdom to the northwest, invited John Lowrie to establish a school in his empire for the offspring of nobles but the plans fell-through because the Maharaja opposed the missionary practice of teaching the [[Gospel]] in study of literature and science.<ref name=":2" />
In December 1835, two missionaries arrived at the Ludhiana Mission with their wives, they were John Newton and James Wilson.<ref name=":2" /> The printing press was founded by two Presbyterian missionaries, reverends John Newton and James Wilson, in Ludhiana in December 1835.<ref name=":0" /> The mission press published works in almost every language and script used in the Punjab.<ref name=":2" /> It focused a lot of its efforts on the distribution of literature in the Punjab.<ref name=":2" /> To spread Christianity, the missionaries of the press established Christian religious classes on Sundays, preached at the public ''[[bazaar]]s'', and handed-out their literature.<ref name=":2" /> In early 1836, John Lowrie, the founder of the Ludhiana Mission, returned home due to poor health.<ref name=":2" /> In 1836, anIndian compositor from the Baptist Mission Press in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] gave instruction to John Newton on mechanical printing.<ref name=":0" /> Later in 1836 during the summertime, the first work of the Ludhiana Mission Press was published.<ref name=":0" /> In 1838, the mission press printed 57,743 [[Tract (literature)|tracts]] and 500 sections of the [[Bible]] to be distributed at festivals and missionary gatherings.<ref name=":2" /> In 1844, the press published a religious paper known as the ''Pilgrim's Progress''.<ref name=":2" /> In the same year, a Bible histories that was 128-pages in-length was also released.<ref name=":2" /> In 1845, a fire devastated the printing press.<ref name=":0" />
In December 1835, two missionaries arrived at the Ludhiana Mission with their wives, they were John Newton and James Wilson.<ref name=":2" /> Earlier, before leaving Calcutta for their mission in Ludhiana, John Newton and James Wilson were gifted an old, wooden printing press, paper, and ink by reverand William H. Pierce of the Baptist Mission Press.<ref name=":3" /> However, James and John did not possess the technical know-how on how to operate the printing press, therefore Pierce instructed a Bengali compositor to go along with them.<ref name=":3" />
The printing press was founded by two Presbyterian missionaries, reverends John Newton and James Wilson, in Ludhiana in December 1835.<ref name=":0" /> The mission press published works in almost every language and script used in the Punjab.<ref name=":2" /> It focused a lot of its efforts on the distribution of literature in the Punjab.<ref name=":2" /> To spread Christianity, the missionaries of the press established Christian religious classes on Sundays, preached at the public ''[[bazaar]]s'', and handed-out their literature.<ref name=":2" /> In early 1836, John Lowrie, the founder of the Ludhiana Mission, returned home due to poor health.<ref name=":2" /> In 1836, a Bengali compositor from the Baptist Mission Press in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] gave instruction to John Newton on mechanical printing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Later in 1836 during the summertime, the first work of the Ludhiana Mission Press was published.<ref name=":0" /> In 1838, the mission press printed 57,743 [[Tract (literature)|tracts]] and 500 sections of the [[Bible]] to be distributed at festivals and missionary gatherings.<ref name=":2" /> In 1844, the press published a religious paper known as the ''Pilgrim's Progress''.<ref name=":2" /> In the same year, a Bible histories that was 128-pages in-length was also released.<ref name=":2" /> In 1845, a fire devastated the printing press.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Title-page of 'Bible Diyan Kahaniaan' by the Ludhiana Mission Press, 1877.jpg|thumb|Title-page of 'Bible Diyan Kahaniaan' by the Ludhiana Mission Press, 1877]]
[[File:Title-page of 'Bible Diyan Kahaniaan' by the Ludhiana Mission Press, 1877.jpg|thumb|Title-page of 'Bible Diyan Kahaniaan' by the Ludhiana Mission Press, 1877]]
The mission press published some of the earliest works on the Punjabi-language, such as a study of its [[grammar]] (1851) and [[Lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] (1854).<ref name=":2" /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]], the press was burnt down by rebelling [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=":0" /> In 1868, the mission started publishing a religious newspaper called ''Makhzan-i-Masihi'' in Allahabad.<ref name=":2" /> The mission published a translation of the New Testament in Punjabi in 1868.<ref name=":2" /> In 1873, the mission press started publishing a weekly periodical in Persian and Urdu.<ref name=":0" /> This was the only Christian newspaper printed in the Urdu language at the time.<ref name=":2" /> In 1885, 25,000 copies of tracts and books were published by the press.{{Efn|It was reported that in 1888, the total number of pages printed up to the end of October the same year by the press was at-least 14,441,714 pages.|group=note}}<ref name=":2" /> By 1908, this figure had risen to 56,708 copies.<ref name=":2" /> The mission press had sold more than 11,000 Bible portions.<ref name=":2" /> In 1930, the mission press handed-out 38,000 pieces of literature (including both non-Bible literature and Bible portions) for free.<ref name=":2" />
The mission press published some of the earliest works on the Punjabi-language, such as a study of its [[grammar]] (1851) and [[Lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] (1854).<ref name=":2" /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]], the press was burnt down by rebelling [[sepoy]]s.<ref name=":0" /> In 1868, the mission started publishing a religious newspaper called ''Makhzan-i-Masihi'' in Allahabad.<ref name=":2" /> The mission published a translation of the New Testament in Punjabi in 1868.<ref name=":2" /> In 1873, the mission press started publishing a weekly periodical in Persian and Urdu.<ref name=":0" /> This was the only Christian newspaper printed in the Urdu language at the time.<ref name=":2" /> In 1885, 25,000 copies of tracts and books were published by the press.{{Efn|It was reported that in 1888, the total number of pages printed up to the end of October the same year by the press was at-least 14,441,714 pages.|group=note}}<ref name=":2" /> By 1908, this figure had risen to 56,708 copies.<ref name=":2" /> The mission press had sold more than 11,000 Bible portions.<ref name=":2" /> In 1930, the mission press handed-out 38,000 pieces of literature (including both non-Bible literature and Bible portions) for free.<ref name=":2" />
The Ludhiana Mission Press, archaically spelt as Lodhiana Mission Press and also known as the American Missionary Press, Ludhiana, was a press of the Ludhiana Mission established by Presbyterian missionaries in Ludhiana in 1835.[note 1][1][2][3] It was the main source for Christian literature in the northwest provinces.[1][4]
History
Background
In 1833, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Mission of the United States of America sent two missionaries, John C. Lowrie and William Reed, to India (alongside their wives).[5] After arriving in India, they were advised by fellow missionaries, Alexander Duff and Charles Trevelyan, to target the Punjab and Sikhs in-specific for Christian evangelization efforts.[5] Sikhs were thought to be good candidates for Christian prosletyzation and especially susceptible to Christianization because they rejected the idolatry and caste system prevalent in Hinduism and were viewed as a community with an independent-mindset.[5] The British political agent stationed at Ludhiana, Claude Martin Wade, invited the Presbyterian missionaries.[5] The wife of John Lowrie passed away and William Reed left India, so John proceeded to Ludhiana with the intention of establishing a school.[5]
Establishment and work
In November 1834, John Lowrie of the American Presbyterian Mission Society, established the first Presbyterianism mission station in Ludhiana.[5] It was the first American Presbyterian Mission Station established outside of the United States of America.[5] Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of the independent Sikh kingdom to the northwest, invited John Lowrie to establish a school in his empire for the offspring of nobles but the plans fell-through because the Maharaja opposed the missionary practice of teaching the Gospel in study of literature and science.[5]
In December 1835, two missionaries arrived at the Ludhiana Mission with their wives, they were John Newton and James Wilson.[5] Earlier, before leaving Calcutta for their mission in Ludhiana, John Newton and James Wilson were gifted an old, wooden printing press, paper, and ink by reverand William H. Pierce of the Baptist Mission Press.[3] However, James and John did not possess the technical know-how on how to operate the printing press, therefore Pierce instructed a Bengali compositor to go along with them.[3]
The printing press was founded by two Presbyterian missionaries, reverends John Newton and James Wilson, in Ludhiana in December 1835.[1] The mission press published works in almost every language and script used in the Punjab.[5] It focused a lot of its efforts on the distribution of literature in the Punjab.[5] To spread Christianity, the missionaries of the press established Christian religious classes on Sundays, preached at the public bazaars, and handed-out their literature.[5] In early 1836, John Lowrie, the founder of the Ludhiana Mission, returned home due to poor health.[5] In 1836, a Bengali compositor from the Baptist Mission Press in Calcutta gave instruction to John Newton on mechanical printing.[1][3] Later in 1836 during the summertime, the first work of the Ludhiana Mission Press was published.[1] In 1838, the mission press printed 57,743 tracts and 500 sections of the Bible to be distributed at festivals and missionary gatherings.[5] In 1844, the press published a religious paper known as the Pilgrim's Progress.[5] In the same year, a Bible histories that was 128-pages in-length was also released.[5] In 1845, a fire devastated the printing press.[1]
Title-page of 'Bible Diyan Kahaniaan' by the Ludhiana Mission Press, 1877
The mission press published some of the earliest works on the Punjabi-language, such as a study of its grammar (1851) and lexis (1854).[5] During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the press was burnt down by rebelling sepoys.[1] In 1868, the mission started publishing a religious newspaper called Makhzan-i-Masihi in Allahabad.[5] The mission published a translation of the New Testament in Punjabi in 1868.[5] In 1873, the mission press started publishing a weekly periodical in Persian and Urdu.[1] This was the only Christian newspaper printed in the Urdu language at the time.[5] In 1885, 25,000 copies of tracts and books were published by the press.[note 2][5] By 1908, this figure had risen to 56,708 copies.[5] The mission press had sold more than 11,000 Bible portions.[5] In 1930, the mission press handed-out 38,000 pieces of literature (including both non-Bible literature and Bible portions) for free.[5]
The mission press employed eighty-two Muslims, three Hindus, and thirteen Christians.[5]
Lodhiana Akhbar
Between 1836 and at-least 1841, the press published a newspaper, Lodhiana Akhbar in the Persian-language, the first newspaper of the Punjab.[note 3][1][2] Some sources state the newspaper was created in November 1834 through the sponsorship of the British Northwest Frontier Agency.[2] Claude Martin Wade helped with the starting of the newspaper and about 30 copies were circulated.[5] The first issues of the newspaper were in manuscript form.[1] Early-on, each issue of the newspaper was four-pages in-length but by 1836 it began to start publishing eight-page issues.[2] Its circulation was limited and depended on the requirements of the British East India Company but it had readership throughout the Punjab.[2] The names of the editors and the subscription rate of the newspaper is unknown.[2] It published articles based on stories from English newspapers.[2] The primary topic the newspaper published on was happenings at the durbar (court) of the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh.[2] News from Lahore under the Sarkar-i-Khalsa dominated the front-page of the newspaper for several years.[2] The stories covered in-detail the daily events at the Sikh court in Lahore, specifically writing on topics such as royal decrees to civil and military officials, and the visits of the vakils (emissaries of independent and feudatory states) to the Sikh court.[2] Many details of Ranjit Singh's personality can be deduced from the articles the newspaper published, such as stories of the Sikh ruler displaying empathy and also harshness to his subjects.[2] The newspaper further reported on the state of the Punjabi peasantry under Sikh rule at the time, methods of revenue collection, land inheritances of Sikh nobles, and the law-and-order situation within its borders.[2] The newspaper also reported on the celebration of festivals.[2] The newspaper did not solely report on matters taking place within the Sikh Empire, it also reported on news from Ludhiana that were of local and general public interest, such as the opening of English-medium schools, feats and miracles made by religiously advanced individuals (sadhus).[2] The periodical sometimes reported on events that happened in more distant places, such as Calcutta, Leh, Hyderabad, Multan, Bahawalpur, Baluchistan, Kandahar, Bukhara, and Khyber.[2] However, the newspaper explicitly did not report on the British activities in the Punjab through their political agencies at Ambala and Ludhiana.[2] The newspaper avoided reporting on any matter related to the British Eats India Company or British policies at all but it freely reported on the troubles of the Sikh Empire (court politics, princely murders, power struggles, the Sikh military's power).[2] The newspaper was written in a simple form of the Persian-language that was brief and omitting of verbose honourifical speech.[2] The newspaper was printed and published by the Ludhiana Mission Press until June 1841, when its production shifted to the Pashauri Mall Press, Ludhiana.[2] The newspaper ceased being published in 1844.[2]
Legacy
While initially unsuccessful, the mission and its press eventually found success at converting large sections of the Punjabi population, especially the downtrodden segments (such as Chuhras and Meghs), to Christianity.[5] In 1914, 3,523 people were baptized by the Presbyterian missionaries.[5]
According to Maninder Kaur, the works published by the Ludhiana Mission Press had an influence on Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims of the Punjab.[5] The impact of the Christian mission and its press inspired the Hindu Arya Samaj, the Muslim Anjumans, and Sikh Singh Sabha organizations of the late 19th century.[5] These religious groups emulated the Christian mission and started working for the same social and religious effects for their own community, in specific regards to carrying out religious reforms, establishing religious educational institutions, opening orphanages, providing natural disaster relief, establishing medical facilities, and providing religious instruction.[5] However, it also increased religious rivalries and fighting, leading to an increase in communal tensions.[5]
Works published
A Sermon for the Whole World (1836) – the first publication of the press and a Persian-language tract[1][5]
Title-page of 'A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices' by the Ludhiana Mission (1851)A Grammar of the Panjabi Language; With Appendices (1851) by John Newton[5]
A Dictionary of the Panjabi Language (1854) by Levi Janivers[5]
Makhzan-i-Masihi (1867–?) – religious paper printed at Allahabad[5]
Translation of the New Testament into Punjabi (1868) by John Newton[5]
Noar Ufshan (1873–?) – weekly Persian and Urdu newspaper by E. M. Wherry.[1][5]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstSingh, Bhagat (2002). "Akhbar Ludhiana". In Singh, Harbans (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Vol. 1: A–D (4th ed.). Patiala Punjabi University. p. 71. ISBN8173801002.
^ abcdOberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). "The Interpretive Process". The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 273. ISBN9780226615929. In addition, their position was further buttressed by access to a growing print culture. Christian missionaries took the lead in introducing the printing press to Punjab. In 1836, when John Newton and James Wilson – newly arrived American Presbyterians – were leaving Calcutta for their assignment at Ludhiana, the Reverend William H. Pierce of the Baptist Mission Press presented them with an old wooden printing press, paper and ink. As neither of the two missionaries travelling upcountry knew anything about printing matters, they were accompanied by a Bengali compositor trained under Pierce. With these rudimentary beginnings a press was started at Ludhiana; it soon became a thriving establishment producing millions of pages of
evangelical literature in the vernaculars.{{cite book}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 736 (help)
^Shaw, Graham W. (Winter 1979). "The First Printing Press in the Punjab". The Library Chronicle: 159–179.
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