Warhammer 40,000

Warhammer 40,000

File:40k 4th ed rulebook.jpg Cover of the 4th edition Warhammer 40,000 rulebook
Designers	Rick Priestley and others
Publishers	Games Workshop
Years active	1987 to present
Players	2+
Setup time	5 - 30 minutes
Playing time	30 minutes - 3 hours
Chance	Dice rolling
Age range	12+
Skills	Strategy, Arithmetic
Website	www.games-workshop.com

This article is about the tabletop miniature wargame and the fictional universe in which it is set. For other products set in the same universe, see Warhammer 40,000 spin-offs.

Warhammer 40,000 (informally known as Warhammer 40K, WH40K, W40K or just 40K) is a science fantasy game produced by Games Workshop. The game depicts combat between the armies of the fictional universe of the 41st millennium using 28 mm scale (approximately 1:65) miniature figurines which represent futuristic soldiers, creatures and vehicles of war. Lines of these miniatures are produced by Games Workshop and Forge World, and are available at their real-world and online stores. There are currently eleven rival factions to choose from and none are unambiguously good. The ethos is well summed up by the game's subtitle slogan: "In the grim darkness of the far future, there is only war."

Warhammer 40,000 is the science fiction companion to Warhammer Fantasy Battle, and shares many of the same game mechanics. The Warhammer 40,000 setting is also used for several other games which have later fed back into the setting.

History

Rogue Trader - the first edition of Warhammer 40,000

The first edition of the game, Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader, was published in 1987. Game designer Rick Priestley created the original rules set and the Warhammer 40,000 gameworld. This original version came as a very detailed, though rather jumbled, rulebook, making it most suitable for fighting small skirmishes. Much of the composition of units was determined randomly, by rolling dice. In addition, supplemental material was continually published in White Dwarf magazine, making and providing rules for new units and models. Eventually, White Dwarf provided proper "army lists," which could be used to create larger and more coherent forces than were possible in the main rulebook.

A few elements of the setting (bolters, lasguns, frag grenades, Terminator armour) can be seen in a set of earlier wargaming rules called Laserburn (produced by Tabletop Games) written by Bryan Ansell and expanded upon by Ansell and Richard Halliwell both of who worked later for Games Workshop. The influence of these can also be seen in the prototype Necromunda game mechanics.

The major expansions for Rogue Trader were the book Chapter Approved which gave army lists for the Space Marines and Eldar among others and the two-volume Realms of Chaos (1988 and 1990) which introduced the Horus Heresy and the Chaotic powers. Also the Imperial Guard were added during this period (although then called the Imperial Army).

The second edition was published in late 1993. This and later developments of the game were developed under the direction of editor Andy Chambers. Second edition Warhammer 40,000 came in a boxed set including Space Marine and Ork miniatures, scenery and dice, as well as the main rules. An expansion box set titled Dark Millennium was later released, including rules for psychic powers. Although second edition Warhammer 40,000 was very similar in many aspects, it was designed to be both more structured than Rogue Trader, and to allow larger battles than the skirmish rules in 1st edition. Second edition also introduced the concept of the "army codex"; a separate book that contained the rules information for a single army.

The third edition was released in 1998, and again concentrated on streamlining the rules for larger battles. Third edition rules were notably simpler, and less prone to use arbitrary or overly powerful abilities than previous editions. The rulebook was available alone, or as a boxset with miniatures of Space Marines and the newly-introduced Dark Eldar. The system of army codexes continued in third edition. In addition, a supplemental rulebook titled "Cityfight" introduced special rules for fighting in urban conditions.

Towards the end of the 3rd edition, three new armies were introduced, the alien Tau, and two armies of the Inquisition: the Daemonhunters of the Ordo Malleus, and the Witchhunters of the Ordo Hereticus; elements of these armies had appeared before in supplementary material such as Realms of Chaos. These were re-released with all new artwork and army lists. These new and remade armies had codexes that were far more in-depth and detailed in regards to the background of each army within the game's universe, which would later be utilized by the codexes in 4th edition. Because of this, these later books are sometimes referred to as "Edition 3.5".

During this time, Games Workshop also held several world-wide events, telling the stories of important wars fought in the game's universe. Players were encouraged to sign up for these events, where they could send in the results of their battles, with the overall results of all players having an influence on the outcome of the war.

Current edition

The fourth edition of Warhammer 40,000 was released in 2004. This edition is not as major a change as prior editions were, and was "backwards compatible" with each army's third edition codex. The fourth edition was released in three forms: the first was a standalone hardcover version, with additional information on painting, scenery building, and background information about the Warhammer 40,000 universe. The second was a boxed set, called Battle For Macragge, which included a compact softcover version of the rules, scenery, and Space Marines and Tyranid miniatures. The third was a limited collector's edition version of the hardcover book and was leather-bound, its front cover embossed in silver with the Warhammer 40,000 fourth edition logo, each page edged with silver foil, and was packaged in a protective black leather slipcover.

In addition, there are multitudes of variant rules and army lists that are available for use, typically with an opponent's consent. These rules are found in the Games Workshop publication White Dwarf, the Games Workshop website, or the Forge World publication Imperial Armour.

As of June 2007, the Space Marines, Tyranids, Black Templars, Tau Empire, Eldar, Dark Angels and the Blood Angels codexes are for 4th edition Warhammer 40,000.

The Black Templar and Dark Angel codexes are stand alone codexes, unlike their third edition counterparts, which were additions to the Space Marine codex. This is supposedly the trend of fourth edition codexes where there will be no 'sub-codexes' being released, though according to Jervis Johnson, whether Codex Chaos will follow this path for its Legions has yet to be decided. The Blood Angels codex is to be published in White Dwarf in two parts, in UK issues 330 and 331, although long-term a new codex book is planned. The new Chaos Space Marine Codex is coming out in September.

The tabletop game

Overview

Each player assembles an army of metal and plastic miniature figurines (models) - each usually representing a single military figure from one of the official lists. These armies are constrained by rules contained within the Warhammer 40,000 rulebook, as well as in several army-specific codexes. The size and power of the army is determined on a points system, with each unit being assigned a number of points proportional to its worth on the battlefield. Before a game the players agree on how many points will be used as the maximum army size and each assemble an army up to that maximum limit. Common game sizes are between 400 and 2,000 points, but it is possible to play much larger games given time and inclination (the Official Games Workshop site documented a 10,000 point game, but it was a team-up game, with more than 5 players on each side). In addition, there are more detailed rules for such games, using more book-keeping for each individual figure. Games generally run from half an hour to several hours depending on the size of the armies.

Play is divided into turns, with each player choosing specific actions for all of his units on his turn (usually some combination of movement, firing, and close combat), and using dice to determine the results of those actions. Each battle, at the onset, is assigned a set of additional rules and a goal (collectively called a "scenario") specific to it. The most common of these is a basic "cleanse" mission (which was the "default" mission in 3rd edition), which ends after six turns, the victor being declared on who controls the four quarters of the battlefield or giving extra Victory Points for controlling these four quarters at the end of the game; more complex goals can include night fights, bunker assaults, and ambushes.

Some players organize a series of scenarios, called a campaign, where two or more players fight against each other in a number of battles. These campaigns may feature their own special rules, and are tied together by a storyline, which might alter according to the results of each scenario when it is played. Every few years, a global campaign is held in which people submit the results of their games to Games Workshop. These results are collated, and together affect the storyline of the game, which is then accounted for in the next rulebook and fiction releases. The most recent of these global campaigns was The Fall of Medusa V campaign which ended in a massive Imperial Victory.

Collecting

In addition to writing rulebooks for the game, Games Workshop also owns Citadel Miniatures and Forge World, two companies which manufacture the miniatures used to play Warhammer 40,000. In addition to the current line of units, Games Workshop makes available past model lines as a part of their mail-order-only "Classic" series. These are models that have been used for earlier versions of the game. This is one of many ways to get certain miniatures which have been discontinued.

As of June 2006, new players wishing to start playing should expect to spend at least £200, but may need to spend much more, for a basic playable army with ample room for customization (1,000 points). This figure includes costs for the rulebook, the army's codex, and modeling equipment such as paints and glue. Players must also purchase individual units in squads or in boxed sets. The cost of boxed sets varies widely (£5 to £100), depending on the contents. However, the boxed set may not provide for all available options, meaning that players may choose to purchase additional blister packs, each containing one to three models. Blister packs vary widely from £4 for essentially a metallic version of a single plastic model, to £14 for large (2-3 inches tall ) multi part models.

Modelling

File:Dark angel captain.jpg

A converted Dark Angel Captain.

Since the models are hand-painted and assembled by the player, people are encouraged to design their own paint schemes as well as using the pre-designed ones displayed in the various books. They are also encouraged to further modify their figures and vehicles using parts from other kits and models (known as "bitz" or sprues to players), or scratch-built from plasticard (Sheet Styrene), modeling putty ("green stuff" most commonly used) and whatever the modeler has at hand. These conversions are often entered into contests at sponsored tournaments and similar gaming events, including the Golden Demon; a very well known international Games Workshop-run event which judges entries every year on conversion, painting, basing and atmosphere.

Terrain

Terrain is a very important part of play. Although Games Workshop has terrain kits available, many hobbyists prefer to make their own elaborate and unique set pieces. Common household items like soft drink cans, coffee cups, styrofoam packing pieces, and pill bottles can be transformed into ruined cathedrals, alien habitats, or terrain with the addition of plasticard, putty, and a bit of patience and skill. The sub-division Forge World also make numerous detailed terrain sets, a good example being the Fortress Walls. Being expensive due to being made out of resin, they are of good quality.

Background

Setting

Main article: Timeline of the Warhammer 40,000 universe

The Warhammer 40,000 game world is most readily characterized as a gothic science-fantasy universe, set appox 38,000 years from now, in the 41st millennium (although recent storyline dates have been placing events in the 999th year of the 41st millennium, meaning an impending advancement into the 42nd). Most of the major storylines that provide the backdrop and history span over millennia at a time (ie, a 5,000 year-long civil war, a 10,000 year-long crusade). Technology (mostly artifacts from previous millennia which are no longer producable) enables select humans to continue living well beyond centuries long, some for thousands of years, although the cost of this extended life typically involves some kind of assimilation with a machine, and thereby loss of much of "the human".

The central and most popular elements of the Warhammer 40,000 universe are the Space Marines, anachronistic combinations of genetically enhanced super-soldiers with world-destroying firepower, and crusading knights with an unswerving, fanatical loyalty to the God-Emperor. Their genetic modification enables these soldiers to "naturally" live and maintain their super-human physical prowess for well over 100 years, creating veterans and commanders of immense experience, ferocity and knowledge. These warriors are the elite guardians of the Imperium of Mankind, a dystopian galaxy-spanning empire. They function from an aggressive "first contact" shock troop to the very last line of defense from the enemies of the Imperium.

While Space Marines act as the special forces of the Imperium, the bulk of mankind military power is the Imperial Guard, thousands of regiments of billions of normal soldiers from the worlds of the Imperium. Some willingly enlisted out of devotion, while a large majority are simple conscripts pressed into service for the endless war. The Imperial Guard field massed of armour and infantry in fearsomely capable armies able to lay siege to worlds or withstand assaults from their sheer size alone.

The setting of this story is the Materium, the real physical universe we inhabit, with all action here in the Milky Way Galaxy. Much of this is controlled by the Imperium of Man, though it is not the only galactic power. Other races include the Orks, a barbaric humanoid green-skinned semi-fungoid based race; the Eldar, Tolkien-esque "space elves"; the Tau, aliens that work for a philosophy called the Greater Good; the Necrons, undead themed soulless living metal constructs; and the Tyranids, a Giger-like all-organic, bio-engineered, extragalactic superpredator. A dynamic, galaxy-spanning story line is possible because of a separate plane of existence, the Immaterium or "Warp." The Warp is described as a realm of thought, where desires and emotions can take physical form, and with currents and eddies that make traveling vast interstellar distances possible yet difficult. As this is a realm of thought, a coalescence yields an often sinister warp entity. The strongest of these entities are the Chaos Gods, Khorne (a god of rage, bloodshed, and war), Nurgle (a god of despair, decay and pestilent disease), Tzeentch (a god of manipulation, change, deception, scheming, and sorcery) and Slaanesh (a god of pleasure, pain, depravity, pride and decadence).

The Gods of Chaos are the result of the strongest impulses in the living souls of the universe's inhabitants. Their cults have a dynamic and antagonistic relationship. Khorne opposes Slaanesh, while Nurgle opposes Tzeentchh. Nurgle is the personification of stagnation, Tzeentch personifies continuing change, Khorne personifies duty and rage, and Slaanesh personifies the epicurean or the sensual. These four powers are not the only entities in the Warp, but they are the greatest and most powerful. It is said, in the background to Warhammer 40,000, that the nature of the Warp is beyond human comprehension and is truly unknowable.

Armies/races/species

Main article: Warhammer 40,000 species

The Warhammer 40,000 game, and consequently the fictional universe, is made up of many races and species. The main playable armies in the game are the Chaos Space Marines, Daemonhunters, Dark Eldar, Eldar, Imperial Guard, Necrons, Orks, Space Marines, Tau, Tyranids and Witch Hunters. Most races have variant armies. For example, Space Marines are divided into "Chapters", which sometimes have unique traits or even their own rules.

Examples of variant armies include the following (however, this list is not exhaustive):

• Space Marine: Ultramarines, Blood Angels, Space Wolves, etc.
• Imperial Guard: Armoured Companies, Catachan Jungle Fighters, Mordian Iron Guard, etc.
• Tau Empire: Kroot Mercenaries, the Farsight Enclave
• Eldar: Iyanden, Saim-Hann, Ulthwé, etc.
• Chaos Space Marine: Death Guard, World Eaters, Thousand Sons, etc.
• Orks: Speed Freeks, Feral Orks
• Tyranids: Genestealer Cult

Notable characters

See also: Category:Warhammer 40,000 characters

The Warhammer 40,000 universe and game are made up of many different characters, each important in some way. Some of these characters are more important to the universe and game than others. The list below contains a selection of the figures and characters that have had the greatest impact on the Warhammer 40,000 fictional universe.

• The Emperor of Mankind
• Warmaster Horus
• Abaddon the Despoiler
• Ghazghkull Mag Uruk Thraka
• Eldrad Ulthran

Spin-offs

Main article: Warhammer 40,000 spin-offs

Warhammer 40,000 has, over the years, inspired many spin-off games. The most popular of these include the miniature-based games Battlefleet Gothic, Epic Armageddon, Inquisitor and Necromunda, all of which have their own website and are available as "Specialist Games" from the Games Workshop catalog (and Gorkamorka a now out of production tabletop game), the Forge World game Aeronautica Imperialis available from their catalog, the video games Dawn of War, Dawn of War - Winter Assault, Dawn of War - Dark Crusade, Fire Warrior, Chaos Gate, Space Hulk, Space Hulk: Vengeance of the Blood Angels, Final Liberation, Rites of War and an upcoming unnamed MMO from THQ and Vigil Games. A wide number of "Warhammer 40,000" novels and background books has been published .

Origins Awards

At the 1994 Origins International Game Expo, the Academy of Adventure Gaming, Arts and Design awarded the second edition of Warhammer 40,000 the Origins Award for Best Miniatures Rules for 1993. At the 1997 Expo, they gave the award for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Figure Miniatures Series of 1996 for Jes Goodwin's Warhammer 40,000 Chaos range. At the 2004 Expo, Warhammer 40,000 was inducted into the Academy's Hall of Fame.

References

• Priestley, Rick (1992). Rogue Trader. Eastwood: Games Workshop. ISBN 1-872372-27-9.
• Priestley, Rick (1998). Warhammer 40,000 (3rd Edition ed.). Nottingham: Games Workshop. ISBN 1-84154-000-5. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Chambers, Andy (2004). Warhammer 40,000 (4th edition ed.). Nottingham: Games Workshop. ISBN 1-84154-468-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Warhammer 40,000 (1st Mini Edition ed.). Nottingham: Games Workshop. 2004. ISBN 1-84154-511-2. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

See also

• Warhammer Fantasy
• The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game
• Games Workshop Online Community
• Horus Heresy (card game)
• White Dwarf Magazine