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==Biology==
==Biology==
Asparagus is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 100-150 cm tall, with stout stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The 'leaves' are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are 6–32 mm long and 1 mm broad, and clustered 4–15 together. The [[flower]]s are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.5–6.5 mm long, with six [[tepal]]s partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of 2-3 in the junctions of the branchlets. It is usually [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female flowers on separate plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found. The [[fruit]] is a small red berry 6–10 mm diameter. Asparagus is eaten worldwide, commonly with eggs in China and with beef in Britain. It is not considered a delicacy as it is very cheap and easy to obtain.<ref name=blamey>Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. ISBN 0-340-40170-2</ref>
Aspara is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 100-150 cm tall, with stout stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The 'leaves' are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are 6–32 mm long and 1 mm broad, and clustered 4–15 together. The [[flower]]s are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.5–6.5 mm long, with six [[tepal]]s partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of 2-3 in the junctions of the branchlets. It is usually [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female flowers on separate plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found. The [[fruit]] is a small red berry 6–10 mm diameter. Asparagus is eaten worldwide, commonly with eggs in China and with beef in Britain. It is not considered a delicacy as it is very cheap and easy to obtain.<ref name=blamey>Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. ISBN 0-340-40170-2</ref>


Plants native to the western coasts of Europe (from northern [[Spain]] north to [[Ireland]], [[Great Britain]], and northwest [[Germany]]) are treated as ''Asparagus officinalis'' subsp. ''prostratus'' (Dumort.) Corb., distinguished by its low-growing, often prostrate stems growing to only 30–70 cm high, and shorter cladodes 2–18 mm long.<ref name=fe/><ref name=blamey/> It is treated as a distinct species ''Asparagus prostratus'' Dumort. by some authors.<ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4839 ''Asparagus prostratus'']</ref><ref name=grin1>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5538 ''Asparagus prostratus'']</ref>
Plants native to the western coasts of Europe (from northern [[Spain]] north to [[Ireland]], [[Great Britain]], and northwest [[Germany]]) are treated as ''Asparagus officinalis'' subsp. ''prostratus'' (Dumort.) Corb., distinguished by its low-growing, often prostrate stems growing to only 30–70 cm high, and shorter cladodes 2–18 mm long.<ref name=fe/><ref name=blamey/> It is treated as a distinct species ''Asparagus prostratus'' Dumort. by some authors.<ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4839 ''Asparagus prostratus'']</ref><ref name=grin1>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5538 ''Asparagus prostratus'']</ref>

Revision as of 15:14, 3 April 2008

Template:Two other uses

Asparagus officinalis
Wild Asparagus in Austria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Liliopsida
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Asparagaceae
Genus:
Asparagus
Species:
A. officinalis
Binomial name
Asparagus officinalis

Asparagus officinalis is a flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus from which the popular vegetable known as asparagus is obtained. It is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.[1][2][3] It is now also widely cultivated as a vegetable crop.[4]

Biology

Aspara is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 100-150 cm tall, with stout stems with much-branched feathery foliage. The 'leaves' are in fact needle-like cladodes (modified stems) in the axils of scale leaves; they are 6–32 mm long and 1 mm broad, and clustered 4–15 together. The flowers are bell-shaped, greenish-white to yellowish, 4.5–6.5 mm long, with six tepals partially fused together at the base; they are produced singly or in clusters of 2-3 in the junctions of the branchlets. It is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, but sometimes hermaphrodite flowers are found. The fruit is a small red berry 6–10 mm diameter. Asparagus is eaten worldwide, commonly with eggs in China and with beef in Britain. It is not considered a delicacy as it is very cheap and easy to obtain.[5]

Plants native to the western coasts of Europe (from northern Spain north to Ireland, Great Britain, and northwest Germany) are treated as Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb., distinguished by its low-growing, often prostrate stems growing to only 30–70 cm high, and shorter cladodes 2–18 mm long.[1][5] It is treated as a distinct species Asparagus prostratus Dumort. by some authors.[6][7]

History

Asparagus has been used from very early times as a vegetable and medicine, owing to its delicate flavour and diuretic properties. There is a recipe for cooking asparagus in the oldest surviving book of recipes, Apicius’s third century AD De re coquinaria, Book III. It was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, who ate it fresh when in season and dried the vegetable for use in winter.[verification needed] It lost its popularity in the Middle Ages but returned to favour in the seventeenth century.[8]

Uses

Culinary

Three types of asparagus on a shop display, with white asparagus at the back and green asparagus in the middle. The plant at the front is Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, is commonly called wild asparagus, and sometimes "Bath Asparagus".

Only the young shoots of asparagus are eaten. Asparagus is low in calories, contains no fat or cholesterol, and is very low in sodium. It is a good source of folic acid, potassium, dietary fiber, and rutin. The amino acid asparagine gets its name from asparagus, the asparagus plant being rich in this compound.

The shoots are prepared and served in a number of ways around the world. In Asian-style cooking, asparagus is often stir-fried. Cantonese restaurants in the United States often serve asparagus stir-fried with chicken, shrimp, or beef, also wrapped in bacon. Asparagus may also be quickly grilled over charcoal or hardwood embers. It is an ingredient in stews and soups. In the French style, it is boiled or steamed and served with hollandaise sauce, melted butter or olive oil, Parmesan cheese or mayonnaise. The best asparagus tends to be early growth (first of the season) and is often simply steamed and served with melted butter. Tall asparagus cooking pots allow the shoots to be steamed gently.

Asparagus can also be pickled and stored for several years. Some brands may label them as "marinated" which means the same thing.

The bottom portion of asparagus often contains sand, and as such proper preparation is generally advised in cooking asparagus.

Medicinal

Asparagus rhizomes and root is used ethnomedically to treat urinary tract infections, as well as kidney and bladder stones. It is also believed to have aphrodisiac properties.

Ingestion of Asparagus may bring on an attack of gout[9] in certain individuals due to the high level of purines.

Asparagus and urine

Marcel Proust claimed that asparagus "...transforms my chamber-pot into a flask of perfume."

Some of the constituents of asparagus are metabolized and excreted in the urine, giving it a distinctive smell. This is due to various sulfur-containing degradation products (e.g. thiols and thioesters) and ammonia. Recent studies suggest that every individual produces the odorous compounds upon eating, but that only about 40% of individuals have the genes required to smell them.[10][11] The speed of onset of urine smell is rapid, and has been estimated to occur within 15-30 minutes from ingestion.[12]

Cultivation

See also: List of asparagus diseases

Since asparagus often originates in maritime habitats, it thrives in soils that are too saline for normal weeds to grow in. Thus a little salt was traditionally used to suppress weeds in beds intended for asparagus; this has the disadvantage that the soil cannot be used for anything else. 'Crowns' are planted in winter, and the first shoots appear in spring; the first pickings or 'thinnings' are known as sprue asparagus. Sprue have thin stems.[13]

Green asparagus for sale in New York City.

White asparagus, known as spargel, is cultivated by denying the plants light and increasing the amount of ultraviolet light the plants are exposed to while they are being grown. Less bitter than the green variety, it is very popular in the Netherlands and Germany where 57,000 tonnes (61% of consumer demands) are produced annually.[14]

Purple asparagus differs from its green and white counterparts, having high sugar and low fibre levels. Purple asparagus was originally developed in Italy and commercialised under the variety name Violetto d'Albenga. Since then, breeding work has continued in countries such as the United States and New Zealand.[verification needed]

Companion planting

Asparagus is a useful companion plant for tomatoes. The tomato plant repels the asparagus beetle, as do several other common companion plants of tomatoes, meanwhile asparagus may repel some harmful root nematodes that affect tomato plants[1].

Commercial production

Asparagus output in 2005 shown as a percentage of the top producer (China – 5,906,000 tonnes).
  100
  10
  1

As of 2007, Peru is the world's leading asparagus exporter, followed by China and Mexico.[15] The top asparagus importers (2004) were the United States (92,405 tonnes), followed by the European Union (external trade) (18,565 tonnes), and Japan (17,148 tonnes).[16] The United States' production for 2005 was on 218.5 km² (54,000 acres) and yielded 90,200 tonnes,[17] making it the world's third largest producer, after China (5,906,000 tonnes) and Peru (206,030 tonnes).[18] US production was concentrated in California, Michigan, and Washington.[17] The crop is significant enough in California's Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta region that the city of Stockton holds a festival every year to celebrate it.

Vernacular names and etymology

Asparagus in Mildura, Victoria, Australia

Asparagus officinalis is widely known simply as "asparagus", and may be confused with unrelated plant species also known as "asparagus", such as Ornithogalum pyrenaicum known as "Prussian asparagus" for its edible shoots.

The English word "asparagus" derives from classical Latin, but the plant was once known in English as sperage, from the Medieval Latin sparagus. This term itself derives from the Greek aspharagos or asparagos, and the Greek term originates from the Persian asparag, meaning "sprout" or "shoot".

Asparagus was also corrupted in some places to "sparrow grass"; indeed, John Walker stated in 1791 that "Sparrow-grass is so general that asparagus has an air of stiffness and pedantry". [citation needed] Another known colloquial variation of the term, most common in parts of Texas, is "aspar grass" or "asper grass". In the Midwest United States and Appalachia, "spar grass" is a common colloquialism. Asparagus is commonly known in fruit retail circles as "Sparrows Guts", etymologically distinct from the old term "sparrow grass", thus showing convergent language evolution.[citation needed]

It is known in French and Dutch as asperge, in Italian as asparago (old Italian asparagio), in Portuguese as espargo hortense, in Spanish as espárrago, and in German as Spargel.

In a South Indian language, Kannada, it is known as Ashadhi, Majjigegadde or Sipariberuballi.

References

  1. ^ a b Flora Europaea: Asparagus officinalis
  2. ^ Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Asparagus officinalis
  3. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Asparagus officinalis
  4. ^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  5. ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  6. ^ Flora of NW Europe: Asparagus prostratus
  7. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Asparagus prostratus
  8. ^ Vaughan, J.G. (1997). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Gout: Causes - MayoClinic.com
  10. ^ Stevens, R. J. G. (August , 2000). "Why does urine smell odd after eating asparagus?". studentBMJ. Retrieved 2006-08-31. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "The scientific chef: asparagus pee". The Guardian. September 23, 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
  12. ^ Somer, E. (August 14, 2000). "Eau D'Asparagus". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  13. ^ "BBC - Food - Glossary - 'S'". BBC Online. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  14. ^ Molly Spence. "Asparagus: The King of Vegetables". German Agricultural Marketing Board. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  15. ^ United States Department of Agriculture. "World Asparagus Situation & Outlook" (PDF). World Horticultural Trade & U.S. Export Opportunities. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  16. ^ According to Global Trade Atlas and U.S. Census Bureau statistics
  17. ^ a b USDA (January 2006). Vegetables 2005 Summary. National Agricultural Statistics Service.
  18. ^ "Food and Agriculture Organisation Statistics (FAOSTAT)". Retrieved 2007-11-11.
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