List of baryons: Difference between revisions
→Relation between isospin and up and down quark content: Added disputed tag. |
Vectorboson (talk | contribs) Reworked section on isospin and quark content |
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== Relation between isospin and up and down quark content == |
== Relation between isospin and up and down quark content == |
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The third component of isospin for the up quark is {{frac|1|2}}; for the down quark it is - {{frac|1|2}}; and it is zero for the other quarks. The third component of isospin for a baryon is simply the sum of that of its quarks. Different baryons that have the same constituent quarks are distinguishable by their other characteristics (like spin). |
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{{disputed}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date=April 2008}} |
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Up and down quarks each carry isospin {{frac|1|2}}. Due to [[Pauli's exclusion principle]], quarks of the same flavor must have their isospin aligned. Three aligned up and down quarks would make a particle with isospin {{frac|3|2}}, while two up quarks (who must be aligned) and a strange quark would make a particle with isospin 1. |
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Particles of isospin {{frac|3|2}} can only be made by a mixture of three |
Particles of isospin {{frac|3|2}} can only be made by a mixture of three u and d quarks.<br /> |
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The four {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Delta}}s are: <br /> |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Delta++}} (uuu) |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Delta++}} (uuu) with Iz = {{frac|3|2}}<br /> |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Delta+}} (uud) with Iz = {{frac|1|2}}<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
:{{SubatomicParticle|Delta0}} (udd) with Iz = - {{frac|1|2}}<br /> |
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:{{SubatomicParticle| |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Delta-}} (ddd) with Iz = - {{frac|3|2}}<br /> |
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<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
Particles of isospin |
Particles of isospin 1 are made of one c, s, or b quark together with two u quarks or two d quarks or a u and a d quark.<br /> |
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The nine {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Sigma}}s are: <br /> |
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: |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Sigma+}} (uus), {{SubatomicParticle|Sigma0}} (uds), {{SubatomicParticle|Sigma+}} (dds), with Iz being +1, 0, -1 respectively<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
: {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} (uud), {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron0}} (udd)<br /> |
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They can also be made of a combination of two c, s, or b quarks together with one u or d quark.<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
:{{SubatomicParticle|Xi0}} (uss), {{SubatomicParticle|Xi-}} (dss), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Xi0}} (uss), {{SubatomicParticle|Xi-}} (dss), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Xi+}} (usc), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Xi0}} (dsc), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Xi+}} (usc), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Xi0}} (dsc), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Xi0}} (usb), {{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Xi-}} (dsb), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Xi0}} (usb), {{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Xi-}} (dsb), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed bottom Xi+}} (ucb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed bottom xi0}} (dcb), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed bottom Xi+}} (ucb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed bottom xi0}} (dcb), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Double Bottom Xi0}} (ubb), {{SubatomicParticle|Double bottom Xi-}} (dbb) |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Double Bottom Xi0}} (ubb), {{SubatomicParticle|Double bottom Xi-}} (dbb)<br /> |
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<br /> |
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Particles of isospin 0 can be made |
Particles of isospin 0 can be made of one u and one d quark plus one c, s, or b.<br /> |
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The three {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Lambda}}s are: |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Lambda0}} (uds), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Lambda0}} (uds), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Lambda+}} (udc), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Lambda+}} (udc), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Lambda0}} (udb) |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Lambda0}} (udb) |
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Isospin 0 baryons can also be made of no u or d quarks at all.<br /> |
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⚫ | |||
The ten {{SubatomicParticle|link=yes|Omega}}s are: |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Omega-}} (sss), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Omega0}} (ssc), {{SubatomicParticle|Double Charmed Omega+}} (scc), {{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Omega-}} (ssb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Bottom Omega0}} (scb), {{SubatomicParticle|Double bottom Omega-}} (sbb) |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Omega-}} (sss), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Omega0}} (ssc), {{SubatomicParticle|Double Charmed Omega+}} (scc), {{SubatomicParticle|Bottom Omega-}} (ssb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed Bottom Omega0}} (scb), {{SubatomicParticle|Double bottom Omega-}} (sbb) |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Triple charmed Omega++}} (ccc}, {{SubatomicParticle|Double charmed bottom Omega+}} (ccb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed double bottom omega0}} (cbb), |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Triple charmed Omega++}} (ccc}, {{SubatomicParticle|Double charmed bottom Omega+}} (ccb), {{SubatomicParticle|Charmed double bottom omega0}} (cbb), |
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:{{SubatomicParticle|Triple bottom omega-}} (bbb) |
:{{SubatomicParticle|Triple bottom omega-}} (bbb) |
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==Baryons (triquarks)== |
==Baryons (triquarks)== |
Revision as of 20:07, 2 May 2008
This is a list of baryons, which are the family of subatomic particles with a baryon number of 1. The term baryon is usually used to refer to triquarks — baryons made of three quarks. "Exotic" baryons made of four quarks and one anti-quark, known as the pentaquarks, are also listed, but their existence is not generally accepted. Each baryon have a corresponding antiparticle (anti-baryon) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and their corresponding anti-quarks replaced by quarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, and the anti-proton is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
Baryons are a subset of the hadrons (which are the particles made of quarks) and participate in the strong interaction.
Overview
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Baryon_octet.svg/220px-Baryon_octet.svg.png)
Baryons are classified into groups according to their isospin values and quark content. There are six groups of triquarks — nucleon (
N
), Delta (
Δ
), Lambda (
Λ
), Sigma (
Σ
), Xi (
Ξ
), and Omega (
Ω
). The rules for classification are defined by the Particle Data Group. These rules consider the
u
,
d
and
s
quarks to be light and the
c
,
b
, and
t
to be heavy. The rules cover all the particles that can be made from three of each of the six quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom, top) — even though baryons made of top quarks are not expected to exist because of the top quark's short lifetime — but not pentaquarks.[1]:
- Baryons with three
u
and/or
d
quarks are
N
's (isospin 1⁄2) or
Δ
's (isospin 3⁄2). - Baryons with two
u
and/or
d
quarks are
Λ
's (isospin 0) or
Σ
's (isospin 1). If the third quark is heavy, its identity is given by a subscript. - Baryons with one
u
or
d
quark are
Ξ
's (isospin 1⁄2). One or two subscripts are used if one or both of the remaining quarks are heavy. - Baryons with no
u
or
d
quarks are
Ω
's (isospin 0), and subscripts indicate any heavy quark content. - Baryons that decay strongly have their masses as part of their names. For example, Sigmas (
Σ
) and Omegas (
Ω
) do not decay strongly, but Deltas (
Δ
(1232)), and charmed Xis (
Ξ+
c(2645)) do.
Quarks carry charge, so knowing the charge of a particle indirectly gives the quark content. For example, the rules above say that the
Σ
b contains a bottom and some combination of two up and/or down quarks. A
Σ0
b must be one up quark (Q=2⁄3), one down quark (Q=−1⁄3), and one bottom quark (Q=−1⁄3) to have the correct charge (Q=0).
The number of baryons within one group (excluding resonances) is given by the number of isospin projections possible (2 × isospin + 1). For example there are four
Δ
's, corresponding to the four isospin projections of the isospin value I = 3⁄2:
Δ++
(Iz = 3⁄2),
Δ+
(Iz = 1⁄2),
Δ0
(Iz = −1⁄2), and
Δ−
(Iz = −3⁄2). Another example would be the three
Σ
b's, corresponding to the three isospin projections of the isospin value I = 1:
Σ+
b (Iz = 1),
Σ0
b(Iz = 0), and
Σ−
b(Iz = −1).
Relation between isospin and up and down quark content
The third component of isospin for the up quark is 1⁄2; for the down quark it is - 1⁄2; and it is zero for the other quarks. The third component of isospin for a baryon is simply the sum of that of its quarks. Different baryons that have the same constituent quarks are distinguishable by their other characteristics (like spin).
Particles of isospin 3⁄2 can only be made by a mixture of three u and d quarks.
The four
Δ
s are:
Δ++
(uuu) with Iz = 3⁄2
Δ+
(uud) with Iz = 1⁄2
Δ0
(udd) with Iz = - 1⁄2
Δ−
(ddd) with Iz = - 3⁄2
Particles of isospin 1 are made of one c, s, or b quark together with two u quarks or two d quarks or a u and a d quark.
The nine
Σ
s are:
Σ+
(uus),
Σ0
(uds),
Σ+
(dds), with Iz being +1, 0, -1 respectively
Σ++
c (uuc),
Σ+
c (udc),
Σ0
c (ddc), with Iz being +1, 0, -1 respectively
Σ+
b (uub),
Σ0
b (udb),
Σ−
b (ddb) with Iz being +1, 0, -1 respectively
Particles of isospin 1⁄2 can be made of two u quarks and one d quark, or two d quarks and one u quark.
The two
N
s are:
p+
(uud),
n0
(udd)
They can also be made of a combination of two c, s, or b quarks together with one u or d quark.
The twelve
Ξ
s are:
Ξ0
(uss),
Ξ−
(dss),
Ξ+
c (usc),
Ξ0
c (dsc),
Ξ++
cc (ucc),
Ξ+
cc (dcc),
Ξ0
b (usb),
Ξ−
b (dsb),
Ξ+
cb (ucb),
Ξ0
cb (dcb),
Ξ0
bb (ubb),
Ξ−
bb (dbb)
Particles of isospin 0 can be made of one u and one d quark plus one c, s, or b.
The three
Λ
s are:
Λ0
(uds),
Λ+
c (udc),
Λ0
b (udb)
Isospin 0 baryons can also be made of no u or d quarks at all.
The ten
Ω
s are:
Ω−
(sss),
Ω0
c (ssc),
Ω+
cc (scc),
Ω−
b (ssb),
Ω0
cb (scb),
Ω−
bb (sbb)
Ω++
ccc (ccc},
Ω+
ccb (ccb),
Ω0
cbb (cbb),
Ω−
bbb (bbb)
Baryons (triquarks)
This list details all known and predicted ground triquark states. Resonances (excited states) have not been included, but can be found in their individual particle group page. Antiparticles are also not listed in the table; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and their baryon number (B),charge (Q), strangeness (S), charm (C), and bottomness (B′) quantum numbers would have their signs flipped.
All the particle listed have baryon numbers of +1. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the standard model but not yet observed. Isospin (I) , spin (J), and parity (P) values with * have not been established, but are predicted by the quark model.[2][3]
Particle | Symbol | Quark content |
Rest mass MeV/c² |
Isospin I |
Spin(Parity) JP |
Q | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime s |
Commonly decays to |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proton [4] | p / p+ / N+ |
u u d |
938.272 023 ± 0.000 080[a] | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Stable[b] | Unobserved |
Neutron [5] | n / n0 / N0 |
d d u |
939.565 360 ± 0.000 081[a] | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 885.7 ± 0.8[c] | p+ + e− + ν e |
Delta [6] | Δ++ (1232) |
u u u |
1232 ± 1 | 3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | +2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6×10−24 [7] | p+ + π+ |
Delta [6] | Δ+ (1232) |
u u d |
1 232 ± 1 | 3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6×10−24 [7] | π+ + n0 or π0 + p+ |
Delta [6] | Δ0 (1232) |
u d d |
1 232 ± 1 | 3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6×10−24 [7] | π0 + n0 or π− + p+ |
Delta [6] | Δ− (1232) |
d d d |
1 232 ± 1 | 3⁄2 | 3⁄2+ | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6×10−24 [7] | π− + n0 |
Lambda [8] | Λ0 |
u d s |
1 115.683 ± 0.006 | 0 | 1⁄2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 2.60×10−10 [7] | p+ + π− or n0 + π0 |
charmed Lambda [9] | Λ+ c |
u d c |
2 286.46 ± 0.14 | 0 | 1⁄2* + | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | (2.00±0.06)×10−13 | See Λ+ c Decay Modes |
bottom Lambda [10] | Λ0 b |
u d b |
5 620.2 ± 1.6 | 0* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1.409+0.055 −0.054×10−12 |
See Λ0 b Decay Modes |
Sigma [11] | Σ+ |
u u s |
1 189.37 ± 0.07 | 1 | 1⁄2+ | +1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (8.018±0.026)×10−11 | p+ + π0 or n0 + π+ |
Sigma [12] | Σ0 |
u d s |
1 192.642 ± 0.024 | 1 | 1⁄2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (7.4±0.7)×10−20 | Λ0 + γ |
Sigma [13] | Σ− |
d d s |
1 197.449 ± 0.030 | 1 | 1⁄2+ | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.479±0.011)×10−10 | n0 + π− |
charmed Sigma [14] | Σ++ c(2455) |
u u c |
2 454.02 ± 0.18 | 1 | 1⁄2* +* | +2 | 0 | +1 | 0 | Λ+ c + π+ | |
charmed Sigma [14] | Σ+ c(2455) |
u d c |
2 452.9 ± 0.4 | 1 | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | Λ+ c + π0 | |
charmed Sigma [14] | Σ0 c(2455) |
d d c |
2 453.76 ± 0.18 | 1 | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | Λ+ c + π− | |
bottom Sigma [15] | Σ+ b |
u u b |
5 807.8+3.7 −3.9 |
1* | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | Λ0 b + π+ | |
bottom Sigma† | Σ0 b |
u d b |
1* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | |||
bottom Sigma [15] | Σ− b |
d d b |
5 815.2 ± 2.7 | 1* | 1⁄2* +* | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | Λ0 b + π− | |
Xi [16] | Ξ0 |
u s s |
1 314.83 ± 0.20 | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2+* | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (2.90±0.09)×10−10 | Λ0 + π0 |
Xi [17] | Ξ− |
d s s |
1321.31 ± 0.13 | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2+* | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (1.639±0.015)×10−10 | Λ0 + π− |
charmed Xi[18] | Ξ+ c |
u s c |
2 467.9 ± 0.4 | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (4.42±0.26)×10−13 | See Ξ+ c Decay Modes |
charmed Xi[18] | Ξ0 c |
d s c |
2 471.0 ± 0.4 | 1⁄2 | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | 1.12+0.13 −0.10×10−13 |
See Ξ0 c Decay Modes |
double charmed Xi† | Ξ++ cc |
u c c |
1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | +2 | 0 | +2 | 0 | |||
double charmed Xi[c] [19] | Ξ+ cc |
d c c |
3 518.9 ± 0.9[c] | 1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | 0 | +2 | 0 | <3.3×10−14[d] | Λ+ c + K− + π+ [d] or p+ + D+ + K− [d] |
bottom Xi [20] | Ξ0 b |
u s b |
5 792 ± 3 | 1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 1.42+0.28 −0.24×1012[e] |
See Ξ b Decay Modes |
bottom Xi or Cascade B [20][21][22] |
Ξ− b |
d s b |
5 792.9 ± 3.0 | 1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 1.42×10−12 | See Ξ b Decay Modes ( Ξ− + J/ψ was also seen) |
double bottom Xi† | Ξ0 bb |
u b b |
1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | |||
double bottom Xi† | Ξ− bb |
d b b |
1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | −1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | |||
charmed bottom Xi† | Ξ+ cb |
u c b |
1⁄2* | 1⁄2* + | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | |||
charmed bottom Xi† | Ξ0 cb |
d c b |
1⁄2* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | |||
Omega[23] | Ω− |
s s s |
1 672.45 ± 29 | 0 | 3⁄2+ | −1 | −3 | 0 | 0 | (8.21±0.11)×10−11 | Λ0 + K− or Ξ0 + π− or |
charmed Omega[24] | Ω0 c |
s s c |
2 697.5 ± 2.6 | 0 | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | −2 | +1 | 0 | (6.9±1.2)×10−14 | See Ω0 c Decay Modes |
bottom Omega† | Ω− b |
s s b |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | −1 | −2 | 0 | −1 | |||
double charmed Omega† | Ω+ cc |
s c c |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | −1 | +2 | 0 | |||
charmed bottom Omega† | Ω0 cb |
s c b |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | |||
double bottom Omega† | Ω− bb |
s b b |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | −1 | −1 | 0 | −2 | |||
triple charmed Omega† | Ω++ ccc |
c c c |
0* | 3⁄2* +* | +2 | 0 | +3 | 0 | |||
double charmed bottom Omega† | Ω+ ccb |
c c b |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | +1 | 0 | +2 | −1 | |||
Charmed double bottom Omega† | Ω0 cbb |
c b b |
0* | 1⁄2* +* | 0 | 0 | +1 | −2 | |||
triple bottom Omega† | Ω− bbb |
b b b |
0* | 3⁄2* +* | −1 | 0 | 0 | −3 |
[a]The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in atomic mass units than in Electron volt/c², due to the relatively poorly known value of the elementary charge. In atomic mass unit, the mass of the proton is 1.00727646688(13) u while that of the neutron is 1.00866491560(55) u.
[b] At least 1035 years. See proton decay.
[c] For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] Some controversy exists about this data. See references
[e] This is actually a measurement of the average lifetime of b-baryons that decay to a jet containing a same sign
Ξ
∓
ℓ
∓ pair. Presumably the mix is mainly
Ξ
b, with some
Λ
b.
Exotic baryons (pentaquarks)
This lists details pentaquarks reported to exist. However, other groups have looked for them and reported to have found nothing. The existence of pentaquarks is generally not accepted.
Particle | Symbol | Quark content |
Rest mass MeV/c² |
Isospin I |
Spin(Parity) JP |
Q | S | C | B | Mean lifetime s |
Commonly decays to |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theta† [25] | Θ+ (1540) |
u u d d s |
1 533.6±2.4 | 0 | ?? | +1 | +1 | 0 | 0 | K0 + p+ or K+ + n0 | |
Charmed Theta† [26] | Θ0 c (3100) |
u u d d c |
3 099(8) | 0 | ?? | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | ||
Phi† [27] | Φ0 (1860) |
s s d d u |
1 862±2 | 3⁄2 | ?? | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 |
† Data is controversial to the point that many do not consider these particles discovered. See references.
See also
- Delta baryon
- Eightfold way (physics)
- Hyperon
- Lambda baryon
- List of mesons
- List of particles
- Nucleon
- Omega baryon
- Physics portal
- Sigma baryon
- Timeline of particle discoveries
- Xi baryon
References
- ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Naming scheme for hadrons" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle summary tables - Baryon" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ J. G. Körner, M. Krämer, and D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. 33: 787–868. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Proton" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings -Neutron" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ a b c d W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Delta(1232)" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ a b c d e "Physics Particle Overview - Baryons". Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Lambda" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Charmed Lambda" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Bottom Lambda" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Sigma+" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Sigma0" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Sigma−" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ a b c W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Charmed Sigma(2455)" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ a b T. Aaltonen; et al. (2007). "First Observation of Heavy Baryons
Σ
b and
Σ∗
b" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 99. CDF Collaboration. Retrieved 2008-04-20.{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Xi0
" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Xi-
" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ a b W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Charmed baryons" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Double charmed Xi+
" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ a b W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Bottom Xis" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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(help) - ^ V. M. Abazov; et al. (2007). "Direct observation of the strange b baryon Xi(b)-". Physical Review Letters. 99: 052001. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ T. Aaltonen; et al. (2007). "Observation and mass measurement of the baryon Xi(b)-". Physical Review Letters. 99: 052002. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Omega−" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Charmed Omega" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Theta+" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Charmed Theta0
" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ W.-M. Yao; et al. (2006). "Particle listings - Phi(1860)" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33 (1). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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(help)
Further reading
- "Particle Data Group: Review of Particle Physics (2006) and 2007 partial update for 2008."
- "Particle Data Group: Complete baryon info"
- "HyperPhysics" (Georgia State University)
- Lichtenberg, D.B., "Unitary Symmetry and Elementary Particles — 2nd Edition", Academic Press ISBN 0124484603