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Caption = This [[physiotherapist]] is assisting two [[polio]]-stricken children holding on to a rail whilst they exercise their lower limbs. |
Caption = This [[physiotherapist]] is assisting two [[polio]]-stricken children holding on to a rail whilst they exercise their lower limbs. |
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'''Physiotherapy''' (or '''physical therapy''' as it is known in the U.S.) is a [[healthcare]] [[profession]] concerned with prevention, treatment and management of movement disorders arising from conditions and diseases occurring throughout the lifespan. Physical therapy is performed by either a physical therapist (PT) or a physical therapist assistant (PTA) acting under the direction of a PT.<ref name ="descriptionAPTA">{{cite web |last= American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Consumers1&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=39568 |title=Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy |publisher=[[American Physical Therapy Association]] |work= |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> However, various non-PT health professionals (e.g., [[chiropractors]], [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|Doctors of Osteopathy]]) employ the use of some physical therapeutic modalities in practice.<ref name="chiro">{{cite journal |last= Homola
'''Physiotherapy''' (or '''physical therapy''' as it is known in the U.S.) is a [[healthcare]] [[profession]] concerned with prevention, treatment and management of movement disorders arising from conditions and diseases occurring throughout the lifespan. Physical therapy is performed by either a physiotherapist (PT) or a physiotherapist assistant (PTA) acting under the direction of a PT.<ref name ="descriptionAPTA">{{cite web |last= American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Consumers1&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=39568 |title=Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy |publisher=[[American Physical Therapy Association]] |work= |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> However, various non-PT health professionals (e.g., [[chiropractors]], [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|Doctors of Osteopathy]]) employ the use of some physical therapeutic modalities in practice.<ref name="chiro">{{cite journal |last= Homola
|first= S |title =Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor|journal = The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
|first= S |title =Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor|journal = The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
|volume= 14 |issue= 2 |date = 2006|pages = E14–E18|url = http://jmmtonline.com/documents/HomolaV14N2E.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> A program of physical therapy will typically also involve a patient's caregivers.<ref name="descriptionWCPT">{{cite web |last= World Confederation for Physical Therapy
|volume= 14 |issue= 2 |date = 2006|pages = E14–E18|url = http://jmmtonline.com/documents/HomolaV14N2E.pdf |format= PDF |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> A program of physical therapy will typically also involve a patient's caregivers.<ref name="descriptionWCPT">{{cite web |last= World Confederation for Physical Therapy
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== History ==
== History ==
[[Image:GreekReduction.jpg|thumb|right|A [[woodcut]] of the reduction of a [[dislocation|dislocated]] shoulder with a Hippocratic device.]]
[[Image:GreekReduction.jpg|thumb|right|A [[woodcut]] of the reduction of a [[dislocation|dislocated]] shoulder with a Hippocratic device.]]
Physicians like [[Hippocrates]] and [[Hector]] are believed to have been the first practitioners of a primitive physical therapy, advocating [[massage]] and [[hydrotherapy]] to treat patients in 460 B.C.<ref>Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991</ref>{{Verify source}} The earliest documented origins of actual physical therapy as a professional group, however, date back to 1894 when four nurses in England formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.<ref>{{cite web |last= Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title= History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |publisher= Chartered Society of Physiotherapy | date= n.d. |url= http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> Other countries soon followed and started formal training programs, such as the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,<ref>{{cite web |last= Knox |first= Bruce |title= History of the School of Physiotherapy |work= School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher= University of Otago |date= 2007-01-29 |url= http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> and the United States' 1914 [[Reed College]] in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."<ref>{{cite web |last= Reed College |title= Mission and History |work= About Reed |publisher= Reed College |date= n.d. |url= http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>
Physicians like [[Hippocrates]] and [[Hector]] are believed to have been the first practitioners of a primitive physiotherapy, advocating [[massage]] and [[hydrotherapy]] to treat patients in 460 B.C.<ref>Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991</ref>{{Verify source}} The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group, however, date back to 1894 when four nurses in England formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.<ref>{{cite web |last= Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title= History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |publisher= Chartered Society of Physiotherapy | date= n.d. |url= http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> Other countries soon followed and started formal training programs, such as the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,<ref>{{cite web |last= Knox |first= Bruce |title= History of the School of Physiotherapy |work= School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher= University of Otago |date= 2007-01-29 |url= http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> and the United States' 1914 [[Reed College]] in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."<ref>{{cite web |last= Reed College |title= Mission and History |work= About Reed |publisher= Reed College |date= n.d. |url= http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>


Research catalyzed the physical therapy movement. The first physical therapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the [[American Physical Therapy Association]] (APTA)). In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physical therapy as a treatment for [[Polio]].<ref>{{cite web |last= Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute |title= History |work= About Us |publisher= Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute |date= n.d. |url= http://www.rooseveltrehab.org/history.php |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>
Research catalyzed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the [[American Physical Therapy Association]] (APTA)). In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physiotherapy as a treatment for [[Polio]].<ref>{{cite web |last= Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute |title= History |work= About Us |publisher= Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute |date= n.d. |url= http://www.rooseveltrehab.org/history.php |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>


Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Citation |last= McKenzie |first = R A
Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Citation |last= McKenzie |first = R A
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== Specialty areas ==
== Specialty areas ==
<!-- The specialty areas are listed in alphabetical order for equity and scanability--please do not change. Also, please only give the top five areas there own categories--others may be briefly listed at the bottom of this section. Thank you. -->
<!-- The specialty areas are listed in alphabetical order for equity and scanability--please do not change. Also, please only give the top five areas there own categories--others may be briefly listed at the bottom of this section. Thank you. -->
Because the body of knowledge of physical therapy is quite large, some PTs specialize in a specific practice. While there are many specialty areas in physical therapy,<ref>{{cite web |last = APTA |title= APTA Sections |publisher= American Physical Therapy Association |date= n.d. |url= http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Chapters&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=36890
Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, some PTs specialize in a specific practice. While there are many specialty areas in physiotherapy,<ref>{{cite web |last = APTA |title= APTA Sections |publisher= American Physical Therapy Association |date= n.d. |url= http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Chapters&Template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=36890
|accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> the following are the five most common specialty areas in physical therapy:<ref name=Inverarity>{{cite web |last= Inverarity |first= Laura |coauthors= Grossman, K |title= Types of Physical Therapy |work= About.com |publisher= The New York Times Company |date= 2007-11-28 |url= http://physicaltherapy.about.com/od/typesofphysicaltherapy/a/typesofpt.htm |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>
|accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref> the following are the five most common specialty areas in physical therapy:<ref name=Inverarity>{{cite web |last= Inverarity |first= Laura |coauthors= Grossman, K |title= Types of Physical Therapy |work= About.com |publisher= The New York Times Company |date= 2007-11-28 |url= http://physicaltherapy.about.com/od/typesofphysicaltherapy/a/typesofpt.htm |accessdate= 2008-05-29}}</ref>


=== Cardiopulmonary ===
=== Cardiopulmonary ===
Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physical therapists treat a wide variety of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery. Primary goals of this specialty include increasing patient endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is utilized in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced in patients with [[cystic fibrosis]]. Patients with disorders including [[heart attacks]], post [[coronary bypass surgery]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], and [[pulmonary fibrosis]] are only a few examples of those who would benefit from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physical therapists.<ref name=Inverarity/>
Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physiotherapists treat a wide variety of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery. Primary goals of this specialty include increasing patient endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is utilized in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced in patients with [[cystic fibrosis]]. Patients with disorders including [[heart attacks]], post [[coronary bypass surgery]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], and [[pulmonary fibrosis]] are only a few examples of those who would benefit from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physiotherapists.<ref name=Inverarity/>


=== Geriatric ===
=== Geriatric ===
Geriatric physical therapy covers a wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging, but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: [[arthritis]], [[osteoporosis]], [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, [[incontinence]], etc.
Geriatric physiotherapy covers a wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging, but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: [[arthritis]], [[osteoporosis]], [[cancer]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, [[incontinence]], etc.
Geriatric physical therapy helps those affected by such problems in developing a specialized program to help restore mobility, reduce pain, and increase fitness levels.<ref name=Inverarity/>
Geriatric physiotherapy helps those affected by such problems in developing a specialized program to help restore mobility, reduce pain, and increase fitness levels.<ref name=Inverarity/>


=== Neurological ===
=== Neurological ===
Neurological physical therapy is a discipline focused on working with individuals who have a [[neurological disorder]] or disease. These include Alzheimer's disease, [[Anterolateral system|ALS]], brain injury, [[cerebral palsy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's disease]], spinal cord injury, and stroke. Common problems of patients with neurological disorders include paralysis, vision impairment, poor balance, inability to ambulate, and loss of functional independence. Therapists work with patients to improve these areas of dysfunction.<ref name=Inverarity/>
Neurological physiotherapy is a discipline focused on working with individuals who have a [[neurological disorder]] or disease. These include Alzheimer's disease, [[Anterolateral system|ALS]], brain injury, [[cerebral palsy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's disease]], spinal cord injury, and stroke. Common problems of patients with neurological disorders include paralysis, vision impairment, poor balance, inability to ambulate, and loss of functional independence. Therapists work with patients to improve these areas of dysfunction.<ref name=Inverarity/>


=== Orthopedic ===
=== Orthopedic ===
Orthopedic physical therapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of the [[musculoskeletal system]] as well as rehabilitate patients post orthopedic surgery. This specialty of physical therapy is most often found in the out-patient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post operative joints, acute sports injuries, arthritis, and amputations.
Orthopedic physiotherapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of the [[musculoskeletal system]] as well as rehabilitate patients post orthopedic surgery. This specialty of physiotherapy is most often found in the out-patient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post operative joints, acute sports injuries, arthritis, and amputations.
Joint mobilizations, strength training, hot/cold packs, and electrical stimulation (e.g., [[cryotherapy]], [[iontophoresis]], [[electrotherapy]]<ref>Cameron, M. (2003). ''Physical Agents in Rehabilitation - From Research to Practice'', USA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4</ref>) are [[stimulus modality|modalities]] often used to expedite recovery in the orthopedic setting. Additionally, an emerging treatment in this field is the use of [[sonography]] to guide treatments like muscle retraining.<ref>[http://www.rtuspt.com/resources/references.php Real Time Ultrasound - Resources<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="pmid12034127">{{cite journal |author=Bunce SM, Moore AP, Hough AD |title=M-mode ultrasound: a reliable measure of transversus abdominis thickness? |journal=[[Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=315–7 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=12034127 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0268003302000116}}</ref><ref name="pmid17970407">{{cite journal |author=Wallwork TL, Hides JA, Stanton WR |title=Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging |journal=[[J Orthop Sports Phys Ther]] |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=608–12 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17970407 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16001905">{{cite journal |author=Henry SM, Westervelt KC |title=The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects |journal=[[J Orthop Sports Phys Ther]] |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=338–45 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16001905 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons of the body will benefit from assessment by a physical therapist specialized in orthopedics.
Joint mobilizations, strength training, hot/cold packs, and electrical stimulation (e.g., [[cryotherapy]], [[iontophoresis]], [[electrotherapy]]<ref>Cameron, M. (2003). ''Physical Agents in Rehabilitation - From Research to Practice'', USA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4</ref>) are [[stimulus modality|modalities]] often used to expedite recovery in the orthopedic setting. Additionally, an emerging treatment in this field is the use of [[sonography]] to guide treatments like muscle retraining.<ref>[http://www.rtuspt.com/resources/references.php Real Time Ultrasound - Resources<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="pmid12034127">{{cite journal |author=Bunce SM, Moore AP, Hough AD |title=M-mode ultrasound: a reliable measure of transversus abdominis thickness? |journal=[[Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=315–7 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=12034127 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0268003302000116}}</ref><ref name="pmid17970407">{{cite journal |author=Wallwork TL, Hides JA, Stanton WR |title=Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging |journal=[[J Orthop Sports Phys Ther]] |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=608–12 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17970407 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16001905">{{cite journal |author=Henry SM, Westervelt KC |title=The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects |journal=[[J Orthop Sports Phys Ther]] |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=338–45 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16001905 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons of the body will benefit from assessment by a physiotherapist specialized in orthopedics.


=== Pediatric ===
=== Pediatric ===
Pediatric physical therapy assists in early detection of health problems and uses a wide variety of modalities to treat disorders in the pediatric population. These therapists are specialized in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infants, children, and adolescents with a variety of congenital, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal, or acquired disorders/diseases. Treatments focus on improving gross and fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Children with developmental delays, cerebral palsy, [[spina bifida]], and [[torticollis]] are a few of the patients treated by pediatric physical therapists.<ref name=Inverarity/>
Pediatric physiotherapy assists in early detection of health problems and uses a wide variety of modalities to treat disorders in the pediatric population. These therapists are specialized in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infants, children, and adolescents with a variety of congenital, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal, or acquired disorders/diseases. Treatments focus on improving gross and fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Children with developmental delays, cerebral palsy, [[spina bifida]], and [[torticollis]] are a few of the patients treated by pediatric physiotherapists.<ref name=Inverarity/>


*Another PT specialty area is [[Integumentary system|Integumentary]] (treatment of conditions involving the skin and related organs).
*Another PT specialty area is [[Integumentary system|Integumentary]] (treatment of conditions involving the skin and related organs).
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=== Programs abroad ===
=== Programs abroad ===
{{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}}
{{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}}
As with many aspects of the profession, physical therapy training varies considerably across the world. As a rule, physical therapy studies involve a minimum of four years of tertiary education. Some examples are described here.
As with many aspects of the profession, physiotherapy training varies considerably across the world. As a rule, physiotherapy studies involve a minimum of four years of tertiary education. Some examples are described here.


* In the [[United Kingdom]], university degrees tend to be three rather than four years in length, as British students historically specialise earlier in their education than in most other developed countries. In order to qualify, students are required to complete 1000 hours of clinically based learning: this typically takes place in the final two years; however, some courses also have clinical placement in the first year. Thirty-five universities and tertiary level institutions train physiotherapists in the UK. The vast majority of physiotherapists work within the [[National Health Service]], the state healthcare system.
* In the [[United Kingdom]], university degrees tend to be three rather than four years in length, as British students historically specialise earlier in their education than in most other developed countries. In order to qualify, students are required to complete 1000 hours of clinically based learning: this typically takes place in the final two years; however, some courses also have clinical placement in the first year. Thirty-five universities and tertiary level institutions train physiotherapists in the UK. The vast majority of physiotherapists work within the [[National Health Service]], the state healthcare system.
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*In [[Bangladesh]], the Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) course is provided by the Medicine Faculty of University of Dhaka. There are two affiliated institute who provides 4 years of Professional education including one year mandatory internship. Those are Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI) situated at Savar and the another one is National Institute of Traumatology Orthopaedic and Rehabilition, situated at Dhaka. Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association and Bangladesh Physiotherapy Society are two professional body of Physiotherapy here. Recently Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association has got the Professional Recognistion from WCPT at 2007, Vancouver. Presently BPA Members are working for the Registered Interest Group of IFOMT to develop Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy skills in here. But its a great Regrat that in Bangladesh Government still dont take any step for Posts of Physiotherapits.
*In [[Bangladesh]], the Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) course is provided by the Medicine Faculty of University of Dhaka. There are two affiliated institute who provides 4 years of Professional education including one year mandatory internship. Those are Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI) situated at Savar and the another one is National Institute of Traumatology Orthopaedic and Rehabilition, situated at Dhaka. Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association and Bangladesh Physiotherapy Society are two professional body of Physiotherapy here. Recently Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association has got the Professional Recognistion from WCPT at 2007, Vancouver. Presently BPA Members are working for the Registered Interest Group of IFOMT to develop Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy skills in here. But its a great Regrat that in Bangladesh Government still dont take any step for Posts of Physiotherapits.


*In [[Pakistan]] there are 8 colleges offering Bsc. Physiotherapy and 2 colleges offering Msc in PT.physical therapist have a good scope in government and private hospitals and they are awarded 17 grade pay scale.
*In [[Pakistan]] there are 8 colleges offering Bsc. Physiotherapy and 2 colleges offering Msc in PT. Physiotherapists have a good scope in government and private hospitals and they are awarded 17 grade pay scale.


*In [[Australia]], where physical therapy is called physiotherapy, a few different programs are available. The physiotherapy degree can be undertaken over a four-year period with the early components being predominantly theoretical including basic [[anatomy]], [[biology]], [[physics]], [[psychology]], [[kinesiology]], [[goniometry]] and [[physiology]]. In the latter half of the degree students partake in practical components focusing on musculoskeletal physiotherapy, neuromuscular physiotherapy (notably Souvlis pain mechanisms), paediatric physiotherapy, geriatric physiotherapy, cardiothoracic physiotherapy, and women's health. The program generally progresses with an increasingly clinical focus and usually the final year involves practical placements at clinics, and research. These programs are usually offered to those with no prior degree and graduate with the (B.Physio) degree.
*In [[Australia]], a few different programs are available. The physiotherapy degree can be undertaken over a four-year period with the early components being predominantly theoretical including basic [[anatomy]], [[biology]], [[physics]], [[psychology]], [[kinesiology]], [[goniometry]] and [[physiology]]. In the latter half of the degree students partake in practical components focusing on musculoskeletal physiotherapy, neuromuscular physiotherapy (notably Souvlis pain mechanisms), paediatric physiotherapy, geriatric physiotherapy, cardiothoracic physiotherapy, and women's health. The program generally progresses with an increasingly clinical focus and usually the final year involves practical placements at clinics, and research. These programs are usually offered to those with no prior degree and graduate with the (B.Physio) degree.


*In [[Canada]], entry-level physiotherapy education is offered at 13 universities. Many of these university programs are at the Master's level, meaning that applicants must have already completed an undergraduate degree prior to applying. (All entry-level programs in Canada are slated to be at the Masters level by 2010.) Many universities also offer graduate programs in physiotherapy, rehabilitation, or related disciplines at the masters or doctoral level. Many physiotherapists may advance their education at these levels in such Clinical Practice Areas as cardiorespirology, geriatrics, neurosciences, orthopaedics, pediatrics, rheumatology, sports physiotherapy, and women's health.
*In [[Canada]], entry-level physiotherapy education is offered at 13 universities. Many of these university programs are at the Master's level, meaning that applicants must have already completed an undergraduate degree prior to applying. (All entry-level programs in Canada are slated to be at the Masters level by 2010.) Many universities also offer graduate programs in physiotherapy, rehabilitation, or related disciplines at the masters or doctoral level. Many physiotherapists may advance their education at these levels in such Clinical Practice Areas as cardiorespirology, geriatrics, neurosciences, orthopaedics, pediatrics, rheumatology, sports physiotherapy, and women's health.
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*In [[New Zealand]], there are currently two schools of physiotherapy offering four-year undergraduate programs. Many New Zealand physiotherapists work in the private health care system as musculoskeletal physiotherapists and the curriculum reflects the need to prepare graduates for autonomous practice. Students follow an educational program similar to Australia with an emphasis on biomechanics, kinesiology and exercise. Postgraduate study typically involves three years of subject specific learning.
*In [[New Zealand]], there are currently two schools of physiotherapy offering four-year undergraduate programs. Many New Zealand physiotherapists work in the private health care system as musculoskeletal physiotherapists and the curriculum reflects the need to prepare graduates for autonomous practice. Students follow an educational program similar to Australia with an emphasis on biomechanics, kinesiology and exercise. Postgraduate study typically involves three years of subject specific learning.


*In the [[Philippines]], physical therapy programs are generally 5 years in length and award the B.S. Physical Therapy degree upon graduation. The program consists of 2 years of general education, 2 years of physical therapy subjects, and a final year of internship & research/thesis. Some schools require students to complete a full 12 months of internship while other schools only require 10. During the internship year, students are required to fulfill clinical affiliations with hospitals, outpatient clinics, and other healthcare facilities. Due to the healthcare structure in the Philippines, clinics and therapy departments are often headed by a Physiatrist who writes out specific treatment orders for the PT to follow, and majority of the treatments are cash-based since not a lot of people have health insurance. Recently, the M.S. Physical Therapy postgraduate program has been made available by the University of Santo Tomas (Manila, Philippines). Once a student graduates from the BSPT program, he/she is then required to pass a national licensure exam administered by the Professional Regulation Commission. The said paper-based exam is a grueling 2 day ordeal which consists of approximately 730 questions. It is only administered twice a year and the names of those who pass the exam are published in several national newspapers. Those who pass the exam become licensed PTs and are then entitled to add the initials PTRP (Physical Therapist Registered in the Philippines) after their name.
*In the [[Philippines]], physiotherapy programs are generally 5 years in length and award the B.S. Physical Therapy degree upon graduation. The program consists of 2 years of general education, 2 years of physiotherapy subjects, and a final year of internship & research/thesis. Some schools require students to complete a full 12 months of internship while other schools only require 10. During the internship year, students are required to fulfill clinical affiliations with hospitals, outpatient clinics, and other healthcare facilities. Due to the healthcare structure in the Philippines, clinics and therapy departments are often headed by a Physiatrist who writes out specific treatment orders for the PT to follow, and majority of the treatments are cash-based since not a lot of people have health insurance. Recently, the M.S. Physical Therapy postgraduate program has been made available by the University of Santo Tomas (Manila, Philippines). Once a student graduates from the BSPT program, he/she is then required to pass a national licensure exam administered by the Professional Regulation Commission. The said paper-based exam is a grueling 2 day ordeal which consists of approximately 730 questions. It is only administered twice a year and the names of those who pass the exam are published in several national newspapers. Those who pass the exam become licensed PTs and are then entitled to add the initials PTRP (Physical Therapist Registered in the Philippines) after their name.


*In [[South Africa]] the degree (B.PhysT, B.Sc Physio or B.Physio) consists of four years of general practice training, involving all aspects of Physiotherapy. Typically, the first year is made up of theoretical introduction. Gradually, time spent in supervised practice increases until the fourth year, in which the student generally spends about 80% in practice. In the fourth year, students are also expected to complete Physiotherapy research projects, which fulfills the requirements of an Honours degree. Professional practice and specialization can only be entered into after a state governed, compulsory year of community service is completed by the student after graduation.
*In [[South Africa]] the degree (B.PhysT, B.Sc Physio or B.Physio) consists of four years of general practice training, involving all aspects of Physiotherapy. Typically, the first year is made up of theoretical introduction. Gradually, time spent in supervised practice increases until the fourth year, in which the student generally spends about 80% in practice. In the fourth year, students are also expected to complete Physiotherapy research projects, which fulfills the requirements of an Honours degree. Professional practice and specialization can only be entered into after a state governed, compulsory year of community service is completed by the student after graduation.
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== Evidence-based practice ==
== Evidence-based practice ==
For decades, physical therapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.<ref name="EBP2">{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 17|issue =|date = |url = |accessdate = }}</ref> In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physical therapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.<ref name=EBP3>{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 15|issue =|date = |pages = 235–246|url = |accessdate =|doi =10.1080/095939899307649 }} </ref><ref name="EBP4">{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study|journal = Physiotherapy Research International|volume = 2(1)|issue =|date = |pages = 17–29|url = |accessdate = }}</ref> Despite an overall positive attitude towards [[evidence based practice|evidence-based practice]],<ref name='EBP_Jette'> {{cite journal|title=Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists|journal=Physical Therapy|date=2003-09|first=Diane U.|last=Jette|coauthors=Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk|volume=83|issue=9|pages=786–805|pmid=12940766 |url=http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/9/786|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> most physical therapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.<ref name=EBP8>{{cite journal |last= Newham |first= D |title= PracticalResearch |journal= Physiotherapy |volume= 80 |issue = |date = |pages = 337–339|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP>{{cite journal| last =Schreiber |first= J |title= A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy |journal= The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice |volume= 3 |issue= 4 |date= 2005-10 |url= http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-01}}</ref> Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physical therapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."<ref name=EBP/>
For decades, physiotherapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.<ref name="EBP2">{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 17|issue =|date = |url = |accessdate = }}</ref> In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physiotherapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.<ref name=EBP3>{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey|journal = Physiotherapy Theory and Practice|volume = 15|issue =|date = |pages = 235–246|url = |accessdate =|doi =10.1080/095939899307649 }} </ref><ref name="EBP4">{{cite journal | last =Turner| first =P.|title =Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study|journal = Physiotherapy Research International|volume = 2(1)|issue =|date = |pages = 17–29|url = |accessdate = }}</ref> Despite an overall positive attitude towards [[evidence based practice|evidence-based practice]],<ref name='EBP_Jette'> {{cite journal|title=Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists|journal=Physical Therapy|date=2003-09|first=Diane U.|last=Jette|coauthors=Kimberly Bacon, Cheryl Batty, Melissa Carlson, Amanda Ferland, Richard D Hemingway, Jessica C Hill, Laura Ogilvie and Danielle Volk|volume=83|issue=9|pages=786–805|pmid=12940766 |url=http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/9/786|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> most physiotherapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.<ref name=EBP8>{{cite journal |last= Newham |first= D |title= PracticalResearch |journal= Physiotherapy |volume= 80 |issue = |date = |pages = 337–339|url = |accessdate = }} </ref><ref name=EBP>{{cite journal| last =Schreiber |first= J |title= A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy |journal= The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice |volume= 3 |issue= 4 |date= 2005-10 |url= http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm |accessdate= 2007-12-01}}</ref> Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physiotherapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."<ref name=EBP/>


To overcome these limitations, the World Confederation for Physical Therapy,<ref name='EBP_WCPT'> {{cite web|url=http://www.wcpt.org/policies/principles/ebp.php |title=Declarations of Principle - Evidence Based Practice |accessdate=2007-12-21 |date=2007-06 |publisher=World Confederation for Physical Therapy }}</ref> the [[American Physical Therapy Association]] (APTA),<ref name='EBP_APTA'> {{cite web|url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Policies_and_Bylaws&CONTENTID=34443&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |title=Evidence-Based Practice |accessdate=2007-12-21 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association }}</ref> and a number of authors<ref name='EBP_Schreiber'> {{cite journal|title=A Review of the Literature on Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy|journal=The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice|date=2005-10|first=J.|last=Schreiber|coauthors=P. Stern|volume=3|issue=4|pages=|id= |url=http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> have called on the profession to adopt and adhere to evidence-based practices formally based on the best available scientific sources.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= BMC Health Serv Res |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=103 |pages= |title=The propensity to adopt evidence-based practice among physical therapists |author=Bridges PH, Bierema LL, Valentine T |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-7-103 |pmid=17615076 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17615076}}</ref>
To overcome these limitations, the World Confederation for Physical Therapy,<ref name='EBP_WCPT'> {{cite web|url=http://www.wcpt.org/policies/principles/ebp.php |title=Declarations of Principle - Evidence Based Practice |accessdate=2007-12-21 |date=2007-06 |publisher=World Confederation for Physical Therapy }}</ref> the [[American Physical Therapy Association]] (APTA),<ref name='EBP_APTA'> {{cite web|url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Policies_and_Bylaws&CONTENTID=34443&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |title=Evidence-Based Practice |accessdate=2007-12-21 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association }}</ref> and a number of authors<ref name='EBP_Schreiber'> {{cite journal|title=A Review of the Literature on Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy|journal=The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice|date=2005-10|first=J.|last=Schreiber|coauthors=P. Stern|volume=3|issue=4|pages=|id= |url=http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol3num4/Schreiber-Stern.htm|format=|accessdate=2007-12-21 }}</ref> have called on the profession to adopt and adhere to evidence-based practices formally based on the best available scientific sources.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= BMC Health Serv Res |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=103 |pages= |title=The propensity to adopt evidence-based practice among physical therapists |author=Bridges PH, Bierema LL, Valentine T |doi=10.1186/1472-6963-7-103 |pmid=17615076 |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17615076}}</ref>
Line 95: Line 95:
== Journals and publications ==
== Journals and publications ==


Physical therapists have access to a wide range of publications and [[journals]].<ref name="pmid9285129">{{cite journal |author=Wakiji EM |title=Mapping the literature of physical therapy |journal=[[Bull Med Libr Assoc]] |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=284–8 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9285129 |doi= |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=226272}}</ref> Some are dedicated solely to physical therapy topics, while others (e.g., various [[orthopedic]] and [[surgical]] journals) cover a broader range of health-improvement topics, including physical therapy.
Physical therapists have access to a wide range of publications and [[journals]].<ref name="pmid9285129">{{cite journal |author=Wakiji EM |title=Mapping the literature of physical therapy |journal=[[Bull Med Libr Assoc]] |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=284–8 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9285129 |doi= |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=226272}}</ref> Some are dedicated solely to physiotherapy topics, while others (e.g., various [[orthopedic]] and [[surgical]] journals) cover a broader range of health-improvement topics, including physiotherapy.
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Revision as of 18:03, 29 May 2008

Physical therapy

Physiotherapy (or physical therapy as it is known in the U.S.) is a healthcare profession concerned with prevention, treatment and management of movement disorders arising from conditions and diseases occurring throughout the lifespan. Physical therapy is performed by either a physiotherapist (PT) or a physiotherapist assistant (PTA) acting under the direction of a PT.[1] However, various non-PT health professionals (e.g., chiropractors, Doctors of Osteopathy) employ the use of some physical therapeutic modalities in practice.[2] A program of physical therapy will typically also involve a patient's caregivers.[3]

PTs utilize a patient's history and physical examination in diagnosis and treatment, and if necessary, PTs will also incorporate the results of laboratory and imaging studies. Electrodiagnostic testing (e.g., electromyograms, nerve conduction velocity testing) may also be of assistance.[4] PTs practice in many settings, such as outpatient clinics or offices, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, extended care facilities, patient homes, education or research centers, schools, hospices, industrial workplaces or other occupational environments, fitness centers and sports training facilities.[5]

History

A woodcut of the reduction of a dislocated shoulder with a Hippocratic device.

Physicians like Hippocrates and Hector are believed to have been the first practitioners of a primitive physiotherapy, advocating massage and hydrotherapy to treat patients in 460 B.C.[6][verification needed] The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group, however, date back to 1894 when four nurses in England formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.[7] Other countries soon followed and started formal training programs, such as the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,[8] and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."[9]

Research catalyzed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)). In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physiotherapy as a treatment for Polio.[10]

Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.[11][12] Later that decade, physical therapists started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings (skilled nursing facilities), rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers.

Specialization for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in Orthopedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,[13] which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide ever since. In the 1980s, the explosion of technology and computers led to more technical advances in rehabilitation. Some of these advances have continued to grow, with computerized modalities such as ultrasound, electric stimulators, and iontophoresis with the latest advances in therapeutic cold laser, which finally gained FDA approval in the U.S. in 2002.[14]

Specialty areas

Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, some PTs specialize in a specific practice. While there are many specialty areas in physiotherapy,[15] the following are the five most common specialty areas in physical therapy:[16]

Cardiopulmonary

Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physiotherapists treat a wide variety of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery. Primary goals of this specialty include increasing patient endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is utilized in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced in patients with cystic fibrosis. Patients with disorders including heart attacks, post coronary bypass surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis are only a few examples of those who would benefit from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physiotherapists.[16]

Geriatric

Geriatric physiotherapy covers a wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging, but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, incontinence, etc. Geriatric physiotherapy helps those affected by such problems in developing a specialized program to help restore mobility, reduce pain, and increase fitness levels.[16]

Neurological

Neurological physiotherapy is a discipline focused on working with individuals who have a neurological disorder or disease. These include Alzheimer's disease, ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke. Common problems of patients with neurological disorders include paralysis, vision impairment, poor balance, inability to ambulate, and loss of functional independence. Therapists work with patients to improve these areas of dysfunction.[16]

Orthopedic

Orthopedic physiotherapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system as well as rehabilitate patients post orthopedic surgery. This specialty of physiotherapy is most often found in the out-patient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post operative joints, acute sports injuries, arthritis, and amputations. Joint mobilizations, strength training, hot/cold packs, and electrical stimulation (e.g., cryotherapy, iontophoresis, electrotherapy[17]) are modalities often used to expedite recovery in the orthopedic setting. Additionally, an emerging treatment in this field is the use of sonography to guide treatments like muscle retraining.[18][19][20][21] Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons of the body will benefit from assessment by a physiotherapist specialized in orthopedics.

Pediatric

Pediatric physiotherapy assists in early detection of health problems and uses a wide variety of modalities to treat disorders in the pediatric population. These therapists are specialized in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infants, children, and adolescents with a variety of congenital, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal, or acquired disorders/diseases. Treatments focus on improving gross and fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Children with developmental delays, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and torticollis are a few of the patients treated by pediatric physiotherapists.[16]

  • Another PT specialty area is Integumentary (treatment of conditions involving the skin and related organs).

Education

United States

In the U.S., physical therapists must have a graduate degree from an accredited physical therapy program before taking the national licensing examination. Federal law also requires physical therapists to pass the National Physical Therapy Examination[22] after graduating from an accredited physical therapist educational program before they can practice. Also physical therapists must apply for a state license to practice. Each state regulates licenses for physical therapists independently.

According to the American Physical Therapy Association, there were 210 accredited physical therapist programs in 2008–of those 23 offered the Master of Physical Therapy, and 187 offered the Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree. Most programs are in transition to a DPT program.[23]

Evidence-based practice

For decades, physiotherapy practice has been the subject of criticism for its lack of a research base.[24] In a late 1990s survey of English and Australian physiotherapists, fewer than five percent (5%) of survey respondents indicated that they regularly reviewed scientific literature to guide practice decisions.[25][26] Despite an overall positive attitude towards evidence-based practice,[27] most physiotherapists utilized treatment techniques with little scientific support.[28][29] Although numerous calls have been made for a shift toward the use of research and scientific evidence to guide practice decisions, at least throughout the 1990s, "most physiotherapists continued to base practice decisions largely on anecdotal evidence."[29]

To overcome these limitations, the World Confederation for Physical Therapy,[30] the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA),[31] and a number of authors[32] have called on the profession to adopt and adhere to evidence-based practices formally based on the best available scientific sources.[33]

Journals and publications

Physical therapists have access to a wide range of publications and journals.[34] Some are dedicated solely to physiotherapy topics, while others (e.g., various orthopedic and surgical journals) cover a broader range of health-improvement topics, including physiotherapy.

References

  1. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). "Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  2. ^ Homola, S (2006). "Can Chiropractors and Evidence-Based Manual Therapists Work Together? An Opinion From a Veteran Chiropractor" (PDF). The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 14 (2): E14–E18. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  3. ^ World Confederation for Physical Therapy (2007-06). "Description of Physical Therapy - What is Physical Therapy?". World Confederation for Physical Therapy. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ APTA Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management. "Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation" (PDF). Educational Guidelines. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  5. ^ APTA (2008-01-17). "APTA Background Sheet 2008". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  6. ^ Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991
  7. ^ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). "History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  8. ^ Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). "History of the School of Physiotherapy". School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  9. ^ Reed College (n.d.). "Mission and History". About Reed. Reed College. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  10. ^ Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute (n.d.). "History". About Us. Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  11. ^ McKenzie, R A (1998), The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy, New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd., pp. 16–20, ISBN 978-0959774672
  12. ^ McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine & Rehabilitation. 2 (1): 16–20.
  13. ^ Lando, Agneta (2003). "History of IFOMT". International Federation Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists (IFOMT). Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  14. ^ Eugene Physical Therapy (2004-04). "History of Physical Therapy". Eugene Physical Therapy. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ APTA (n.d.). "APTA Sections". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  16. ^ a b c d e Inverarity, Laura (2007-11-28). "Types of Physical Therapy". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Cameron, M. (2003). Physical Agents in Rehabilitation - From Research to Practice, USA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4
  18. ^ Real Time Ultrasound - Resources
  19. ^ Bunce SM, Moore AP, Hough AD (2002). "M-mode ultrasound: a reliable measure of transversus abdominis thickness?". Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 17 (4): 315–7. PMID 12034127. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Wallwork TL, Hides JA, Stanton WR (2007). "Intrarater and interrater reliability of assessment of lumbar multifidus muscle thickness using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 37 (10): 608–12. PMID 17970407. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Henry SM, Westervelt KC (2005). "The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 35 (6): 338–45. PMID 16001905. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ The Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy
  23. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (2008-04-18). "Number of PT and PTA Programs as of April 18, 2008" (PDF). American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  24. ^ Turner, P. "Evidence based practice and physiotherapy in the 1990's". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 17.
  25. ^ Turner, P. "Physiotherapists' reasons for selection of treatment techniques: A cross-national survey". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 15: 235–246. doi:10.1080/095939899307649.
  26. ^ Turner, P. "Physiotherapists' use of evidence based practice: A cross-national study". Physiotherapy Research International. 2(1): 17–29.
  27. ^ Jette, Diane U. (2003-09). "Evidence-Based Practice: Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behaviors of Physical Therapists". Physical Therapy. 83 (9): 786–805. PMID 12940766. Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Newham, D. "PracticalResearch". Physiotherapy. 80: 337–339.
  29. ^ a b Schreiber, J (2005-10). "A review of the literature on evidence-based practice in physical therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 3 (4). Retrieved 2007-12-01. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "Declarations of Principle - Evidence Based Practice". World Confederation for Physical Therapy. 2007-06. Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "Evidence-Based Practice". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  32. ^ Schreiber, J. (2005-10). "A Review of the Literature on Evidence-Based Practice in Physical Therapy". The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice. 3 (4). Retrieved 2007-12-21. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Bridges PH, Bierema LL, Valentine T (2007). "The propensity to adopt evidence-based practice among physical therapists". BMC Health Serv Res. 7 (103). doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-103. PMID 17615076.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  34. ^ Wakiji EM (1997). "Mapping the literature of physical therapy". Bull Med Libr Assoc. 85 (3): 284–8. PMID 9285129. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

See also

External links

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