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'''Megan Taylor Meier'''<ref>[http://megantaylormeier.com/ Home page] MeganTaylorMeier.com</ref><ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/tech/2007/12/04/delacruz.cyberbully.cnn Cyber vigilantes on attack]," ''[[CNN]]'', [[December 4]], [[2007]]</ref> ([[November 6]] [[1992]] – [[October 17]] [[2006]]) was an [[United States|American]] teenager from [[Dardenne Prairie, Missouri|Dardenne Prairie]], [[Missouri]] who committed [[suicide]] in October 2006.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jFSH4QCAxGXxnVtlJ2iiXpppeGIQD90MBEM81 Key events in the Megan Meier case - By The Associated Press]</ref> Her suicide was attributed to [[cyber-bullying]] through the [[social networking]] website [[MySpace]]. The account through which the bullying took place purportedly belonged to a 16-year-old male named "Josh Evans." However, it was actually created by an 18-year-old employee of Lori Drew, the mother of a former friend of Meier. Several people contributed to running the faked account, including Drew.<ref>"[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=4560582&page=1 Exclusive: Teen Talks About Her Role in Web Hoax That Led to Suicide]." ''[[ABC News]]''.</ref><ref name="STLToday">{{cite news |url=http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stcharles/story/77D27634D36233968625739800167159?OpenDocument |title=''Law lags as taunts ruin lives'' |author=Hunn, David and Joel Currier |publisher=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=2007-11-19 |accessdate=2007-11-19}}</ref>
'''Megan Taylor Meier'''<ref>[http://megantaylormeier.com/ Home page] MeganTaylorMeier.com</ref><ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/tech/2007/12/04/delacruz.cyberbully.cnn Cyber vigilantes on attack]," ''[[CNN]]'', [[December 4]], [[2007]]</ref> ([[November 6]] [[1992]] – [[October 17]] [[2006]]) was an [[United States|American]] teenager from [[Dardenne Prairie, Missouri|Dardenne Prairie]], [[Missouri]] who committed [[suicide]] in October 2006.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jFSH4QCAxGXxnVtlJ2iiXpppeGIQD90MBEM81 Key events in the Megan Meier case - By The Associated Press]</ref> Her suicide was attributed to [[cyber-bullying]] through the [[social networking]] website [[MySpace]]. The account through which the bullying took place purportedly belonged to a 16-year-old male named "Josh Evans." However, the mother of a former friend of Meier, Lori Drew, later admitted creating the MySpace account with her 18-year-old employee, Ashley Grills and her (Lori Drew's) daughter.<ref>"[http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/11/defense-lori-dr.html Prosecution: Lori Drew Schemed to Humiliate Teen Girl]"</ref> Several people contributed to running the faked account, including Drew.<ref>"[http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=4560582&page=1 Exclusive: Teen Talks About Her Role in Web Hoax That Led to Suicide]." ''[[ABC News]]''.</ref><ref name="STLToday">{{cite news |url=http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/stcharles/story/77D27634D36233968625739800167159?OpenDocument |title=''Law lags as taunts ruin lives'' |author=Hunn, David and Joel Currier |publisher=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=2007-11-19 |accessdate=2007-11-19}}</ref>


Witnesses testified that the women intended to use Meier’s e-mails with "Josh" to get information about her and later humiliate her, in retribution for her allegedly spreading gossip about Drew's daughter.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Verdict in MySpace Suicide Case |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/us/27myspace.html?_r=1&hp |quote=The purpose of the hoax, several witnesses testified, was to use Megan’s e-mail exchanges with "Josh" to humiliate Megan in retribution for her unkind acts toward Sarah. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 26, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Cyberbullying case goes to jury |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/11/25/Cyberbullying_case_goes_to_jury/UPI-57271227624011/ |quote=They say Drew created a false 16-year-old male persona in an attempt to woo Meier and extract information from her to determine if she had been spreading gossip about her daughter. |work=[[United Press International]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-26 }}</ref>
Witnesses testified that the women intended to use Meier’s e-mails with "Josh" to get information about her and later humiliate her, in retribution for her allegedly spreading gossip about Drew's daughter.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Verdict in MySpace Suicide Case |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/us/27myspace.html?_r=1&hp |quote=The purpose of the hoax, several witnesses testified, was to use Megan’s e-mail exchanges with "Josh" to humiliate Megan in retribution for her unkind acts toward Sarah. |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 26, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Cyberbullying case goes to jury |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/11/25/Cyberbullying_case_goes_to_jury/UPI-57271227624011/ |quote=They say Drew created a false 16-year-old male persona in an attempt to woo Meier and extract information from her to determine if she had been spreading gossip about her daughter. |work=[[United Press International]] |date= |accessdate=2008-11-26 }}</ref>

Revision as of 19:04, 18 January 2009

Megan Meier
File:M Meier.jpg
Megan Meier
Born(1992-11-06)November 6, 1992
DiedOctober 17, 2006(2006-10-17) (aged 13)
NationalityUnited States

Megan Taylor Meier[1][2] (November 6 1992October 17 2006) was an American teenager from Dardenne Prairie, Missouri who committed suicide in October 2006.[3] Her suicide was attributed to cyber-bullying through the social networking website MySpace. The account through which the bullying took place purportedly belonged to a 16-year-old male named "Josh Evans." However, the mother of a former friend of Meier, Lori Drew, later admitted creating the MySpace account with her 18-year-old employee, Ashley Grills and her (Lori Drew's) daughter.[4] Several people contributed to running the faked account, including Drew.[5][6]

Witnesses testified that the women intended to use Meier’s e-mails with "Josh" to get information about her and later humiliate her, in retribution for her allegedly spreading gossip about Drew's daughter.[7][8]

A federal grand jury indicted Lori Drew on May 15, 2008, on three counts of accessing protected computers without authorization to obtain information to inflict emotional distress, and one count of criminal conspiracy.[9] Drew was found guilty on three lesser charges (reduced from felonies to misdemeanors by the jury) on November 26, 2008. The jury was deadlocked on the fourth felony charge of criminal conspiracy.[10][11]

The case has caused several jurisdictions to consider legislation prohibiting harassment over the Internet.[12]

Background

From the third grade Megan had been under the care of a psychiatrist. She had been prescribed Celexa, Concerta and Geodon.[13] She had been diagnosed with attention deficit disorder and depression and considered herself overweight.[14] She was described by her parents as a "bubbly, goofy" girl who enjoyed spending time with her friends and family.[15]

Meier had attended Fort Zumwalt West Middle School,[16] in nearby O'Fallon, Missouri for seventh grade. For eighth grade, her parents moved her to Immaculate Conception School,[16] in Dardenne Prairie, with a uniform and policy against makeup and jewelry that the Meiers thought would help Megan fit in.[17] At the time of the incident, the Drew and Meier households were neighbors, living four doors apart.[18]

Death

Soon after opening an account on MySpace, Meier received a message from Lori Drew, using a fabricated account attributed to a 16-year-old boy, Josh Evans. Meier and Josh became online friends, but never met in person or spoke. Meier thought he was attractive.[19] Meier began to exchange messages with this person, and was described by family as having had her "spirits lifted".[14] This person claimed to have just moved to the nearby city of O'Fallon, was home schooled, and did not yet have a phone number.[15]

On October 15, 2006, the tone of the messages changed, with Drew saying (via the account) "I don't know if I want to be friends with you anymore because I've heard that you are not very nice to your friends". Similar messages[clarification needed] were sent; some of Megan's messages were shared with others; and bulletins were posted about her.[14] After telling her mother, Christina Meier, about the increasing number of hurtful messages, the two got into an argument over the vulgar language Meier used in response to the messages and the fact that she did not log off when her mother told her to.[14] After the argument, Meier ran upstairs to her room. According to Meier's father Ronald Meier, and a neighbor who had discussed the hoax with Drew, the last message sent by the Evans account read: "Everybody in O'Fallon knows how you are. You are a bad person and everybody hates you. Have a shitty rest of your life. The world would be a better place without you." Investigators did not find a record of this message.[14][20][21] Meier responded with a message reading “You’re the kind of boy a girl would kill herself over.”[7] She was found twenty minutes later, hanging by the neck in a closet.[7] Despite attempts to revive her,[22] she was pronounced dead the following day.[14]

Investigation

Local

Six weeks after her death, Megan Meier's parents were informed that the mother of one of their daughter's friends — with whom Meier had a falling out — had created the "Josh Evans" account.[14] The parent, Lori Drew, who created the fake account, admitted that she and her daughter had the password to the account, and characterized the hoax to a reporter as a "joke." Initially, Drew denied knowing about the offensive messages that were sent to Meier.[23] She told the police that the account was aimed at "gaining Megan's confidence and finding out what Megan felt about her daughter and other people".[14] The neighborhood mother who had informed the Meiers that Drew had been responsible for the hoax account said "Lori laughed about it," and that Drew said she had intended to "mess with Megan."[24] While Drew's name was excluded from most early news stories, many blogs and CNN disclosed her name through the inclusion of the police report during its broadcast of the story.[24]

There was a gap of over a year from the time of the suicide (17 October 2006) until the time that the controversy behind it was finally reported in the media (11 November 2007).[14] This was due to a request by the FBI, who had been investigating the hoax, and had asked the Meier family not to say anything publicly in order to keep the Drews from finding out about their investigation.[16]

Shortly after the first anniversary of Meier's death, Meier's aunt, Vicki Dunn, saw an article written by Steve Pokin of the Suburban Journals about internet harassment,[25] and contacted Mr. Pokin to share Meier's story with him.[26] Once the story broke, it quickly spread to national and international news outlets.

At a press conference on Monday, December 3, 2007, Jack Banas, the prosecuting attorney of St. Charles County, said that Lori Drew's 18-year-old temporary employee, Ashley Grills, wrote most of the messages addressed to Meier and that she wrote the final "Josh Evans" message addressed to Meier. Grills said she wrote the final message to end the MySpace hoax and get Megan Meier to stop communicating with "Josh Evans."[27] Banas stated that he did not interview Grills because, at the time, she was under psychiatric treatment for the involvement in the Meier case, and did not plan to interview her at a later date. The Meiers criticized the prosecutor's statements, saying that Banas did not interview any party other than the Drews and that Banas is solely relying on the testimony of the Drews. Banas stated that the original FBI investigation into the matter, at which time Grills was interviewed, established the employee's role in the event.[21] The Meiers do not hold Grills responsible for Megan's death.[28]

Banas said the Drews' daughter, now 15, is attending a different school and is not currently living in Dardenne Prairie. He said Lori Drew was fearful of telling him where her daughter lives.[21] According to Lori Drew's attorney, she has had to close her advertising business in the wake of the controversy and the Drews will probably be unable to continue to live in the neighborhood.[29] Neighbors shunned the Drews following the incident.[30]

Internet Bloggers posted photographs, telephone numbers, e-mail details, and addresses of the Drews and the employee on various websites.[30] Businesses advertised in Drew's coupon book business were also shunned.[31] Sarah Wells, a blogger who revealed the given and family names of Lori Drew, stated that "I don't regret naming Drew," in an e-mail message. Stephen Hutcheon, a writer for the Australian newspaper The Age, compared the Dardenne Prairie street which has the Drew residence to Wisteria Lane in Desperate Housewives, citing neighbors feuding and increased police presence.[31]

After reviewing the case, county prosecutors decided not to file any criminal charges in relation to the hoax.[32][19]

Federal

According to the Los Angeles Times, a federal grand jury began issuing subpoenas in January 2008 to MySpace as federal prosecutors considered charges of federal wire fraud and cyber fraud against Lori Drew.[33] The grand jury in Los Angeles was believed to have jurisdiction because MySpace is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California.[34]

The US Attorney has granted immunity to Ashley Grills in exchange for her testimony against Lori Drew.[35]

On May 15, 2008, a federal grand jury indicted Lori Drew on one count of conspiracy and three counts of accessing protected computers without authorization to obtain information to inflict emotional distress.[9] Prosecutors charged Drew with violating MySpace's terms of use because of using a fictitious name, therefore giving her no authority to access MySpace. A legal analyst for the Heritage Foundation expressed concerns that this might in effect give website terms of service the force of criminal law in respect of misrepresentation.[36] John Palfrey, a Harvard University law professor, stated "An application of a general statute like this might result in chilling a great deal of online speech and other freedom."[37]

Cyberlaw expert Parry Aftab said the case was an important start for protecting children online. Some former prosecutors called the indictments unusual, including former Federal prosecutor Joseph DeMarco, who stated "You don't normally send people to federal prison for annoying, bullying or obnoxious conduct."[38]

A trial was scheduled with jury selection beginning November 18, 2008.[39] Lori Drew's lawyers filed motions to dismiss the case before it goes to trial, arguing that violating the MySpace terms of service did not constitute illegal access of a protected computer.[40][41] The trial judge agreed to allow evidence from Megan Meier's suicide to be presented by prosecutors.[42] In deliberation, the jury reduced three felony charges to misdemeanors which Drew was found guilty of. The jury was deadlocked on the fourth felony charge of criminal conspiracy.[10][43]

Reaction to Meier's death

Megan Meier's story was first reported in the St. Charles Journal, and reader comments focused on unnamed adults implicated in the hoax — who were later revealed to be Lori and Curt Drew.[14] Later, the focus was on the St. Louis Suburban Journals's decision not to print the name of the Drews. The reporter stated in an interview that the names were withheld out of concern for the minor child of the hoaxer.[26]

However, the identity of the chief perpetrator, Lori Drew, was quickly revealed by webloggers, who reported finding the names of the parents within minutes from the information given in the article,[44][45] followed by the media eventually revealing Lori Drew's name and photograph.[20] Due to the vehement public reaction, police added additional patrols to the neighborhood, and the Drews installed security cameras and recording devices on their roof.[46][47] Angry neighbors complained that "there's never been any sense of remorse or public apology from the Drews, no 'maybe we made a mistake.'"[47]

Banas said he was aware of the national outrage against the Drews, which originated on the Internet in response to the Steve Pokin article in the O'Fallon Journal.[21] The Drews have had their home and work addresses, phone and cell numbers, and aerial photos of their home posted on the Internet. The Drews' property had also been vandalized. Banas said some of these actions against the Drews could constitute Internet stalking.[21] "Because we can’t prosecute somebody it certainly does not justify violating the law," Banas said. "We live in this country by the rule of the law." He described Lori Drew as "upset, cautious and guarded" when he interviewed her. Banas said that Mrs. Drew felt "terrible" about Meier’s death.[21]

The Board of Aldermen for the City of Dardenne Prairie, passed an ordinance on November 22, 2007, in response to the incident.[48] The ordinance prohibits any harassment that utilizes an electronic medium, including the Internet, text messaging services, pagers, and similar devices. Violations of the ordinance are treated as misdemeanors, with fines of up to $500 and up to 90 days imprisonment.[49] The city of Florissant, Missouri also passed a "Cyber Harassment" law,[50] with other municipalities, counties, and states considering following suit.[51] The state of Missouri is to revise its harassment laws in response to the case,[52] updating them to cover harassment through computers and mobile phone messaging, and creating a new crime to cover adults 21 and over harassing children under the age of eighteen.[53]

On 22 May 2008, Congresswoman Linda T. Sanchez introduced H.R. 6123 as the "Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act" to "amend title 18, United States Code, with respect to cyberbullying."[54][55]

Orin Kerr, a George Washington University law professor who is representing Lori Drew pro bono, believes that the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), under which Drew was prosecuted, was wrongly applied in this case. [56]

A vigil was held for Megan Meier on November 24, 2007.[57] The crowd gathered in a near-by parking lot and walked past the homes of the Meiers and the Drews. A small piece of ground adjacent to the Drews' house was the scene of remembrances by friends of the Meiers.

See also

References

  1. ^ Home page MeganTaylorMeier.com
  2. ^ "Cyber vigilantes on attack," CNN, December 4, 2007
  3. ^ Key events in the Megan Meier case - By The Associated Press
  4. ^ "Prosecution: Lori Drew Schemed to Humiliate Teen Girl"
  5. ^ "Exclusive: Teen Talks About Her Role in Web Hoax That Led to Suicide." ABC News.
  6. ^ Hunn, David and Joel Currier (2007-11-19). "Law lags as taunts ruin lives". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  7. ^ a b c "Verdict in MySpace Suicide Case". New York Times. November 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-26. The purpose of the hoax, several witnesses testified, was to use Megan's e-mail exchanges with "Josh" to humiliate Megan in retribution for her unkind acts toward Sarah. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ "Cyberbullying case goes to jury". United Press International. Retrieved 2008-11-26. They say Drew created a false 16-year-old male persona in an attempt to woo Meier and extract information from her to determine if she had been spreading gossip about her daughter. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ a b "Mom indicted in MySpace suicide case". MSNBC. 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  10. ^ a b http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Technology/Story?id=6338498&page=2, ABC News, November 26, 2008.
  11. ^ Lori Drew Not Guilty of Felonies in Landmark Cyberbullying Trial by Kim Zetter, Wired, November 26, 2008.
  12. ^ Steve Pokin (2007-11-15). "FOLLOW UP: Dardenne Prairie officials plan to make cyberspace harassment a crime". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  13. ^ The New Yorker:Annal of Crime: The Friend Game January 21, 2008
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pokin, Steve (2007-11-11). " 'MySpace' hoax ends with suicide of Dardenne Prairie teen". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  15. ^ a b "Parents say fake online 'friend' led to girl's suicide". CNN. 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  16. ^ a b c "A Hoax Turned Fatal Draws Anger but No Charges, The New York Times
  17. ^ 'They were ganging up on her, calling her fat and a wh***': the cyber-bullying that got out of hand | Mail Online
  18. ^ Frail egos caught in killer net. The Sydney Morning Herald 30 November 2007.
  19. ^ a b Woodard, Teresa. "Prosecutor to Review MySpace Suicide". Fox2News, St. Louis. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
  20. ^ a b "Parents Want Jail Time for MySpace Hoax Mom". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "UPDATE: No charges to be filed over Meier suicide. Suburban Journals. 3 December 2007.
  22. ^ Woodard, Teresa. "Desperate Fight To Save Internet Suicide Victim". Fox2News, St. Louis. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  23. ^ Taylor, Betsy.Lawyer: Mother Unaware of Cruel Messages. Associated Press. 5 December 2007.
  24. ^ a b "How Lori Drew became America's most reviled mother". The Age. 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  25. ^ "Something more disturbing than litter came unwanted into this house". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2007-10-21. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  26. ^ a b "Who Deserves Anonymity?". Gelf magazine. 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
  27. ^ "Exclusive: Teen Talks About Her Role in Web Hoax That Led to Suicide." ABC News.
  28. ^ Collins, Lauren. Friend Game, The New Yorker 21 January 2008.
  29. ^ Hunn, D. and J. Currier. "Lawyer for Lori Drew tells her side on 'Today' ". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
  30. ^ a b "Neighbors shun MySpace hoax family. CNN. 7 December 2007.
  31. ^ a b Hutcheon, Stephen. Net vigilantes target MySpace mum. The Age
  32. ^ "No Charges in MySpace Suicide Case". Associated Press. 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  33. ^ "Report: Feds Probe Internet Suicide". Associated Press. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  34. ^ "L.A. grand jury issues subpoenas in Web suicide case". Los Angeles Times. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  35. ^ Brady, Jonann "Teen talks about her role in web hoax that led to suicide" ABC News Good Morning America April 1, 2008 [1]
  36. ^ Stelter, Brian (November 27, 2008), "Guilty Verdict in Cyberbullying Case Provokes Many Questions Over Online Identity", The New York Times
  37. ^ "Routine conduct at risk after MySpace case". USA Today. 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  38. ^ "MySpace Mom: 20 Year Term Not Enough". ABC News. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
  39. ^ "Suicide evidence likely out of MySpace hoax trial". 2008-11-10. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  40. ^ Robert Patrick (2008-10-30). "Judge in Los Angeles still undecided in cyber-bully case". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  41. ^ http://volokh.com/posts/chain_1225398498.shtml
  42. ^ Linda Deutsch. Associated Press [Judge: Evidence of suicide OK at Web hoax trial Judge: Evidence of suicide OK at Web hoax trial]. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081127/ap_on_re_us/internet_suicide Verdict of Trial
  44. ^ Ramadge, Andrew (2007-11-19). "Woman linked to teen girl's suicide outed". news.com.au. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  45. ^ Zetter, Kim (2007-11-21). "Cyberbullying Suicide Stokes the Internet Fury Machine". Wired News. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  46. ^ Jones, Tim. "Net hoax turns deadly, turns town against neighbors". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  47. ^ a b Huffstutter, P.J. (2007-11-22). "In MySpace suicide case, community fights back". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Goldstein, Bonnie (2007-11-29). "The Sock Puppet Who Loved Me". Slate. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  49. ^ Currier, Joel (2007-11-22). "Net harassment now a crime". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  50. ^ Woodard, Teresa. "Florissant, MO Passes Cyber Harassment Legislation". MyFox St. Louis. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  51. ^ Perry, Elizabeth. "More officials cracking down on Internet harassment". St. Charles Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  52. ^ Cathcart, Rebecca. "MySpace Is Said to Draw Subpoena in Hoax Case". The New York Times. 10 January 2008.
  53. ^ Chris Blank Mo. Teen's Suicide Inspires Bill
  54. ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6123ih.txt.pdf
  55. ^ Mattathias Schwartz (2008-08-03). "Malwebolence - The World of Web Trolling". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  56. ^ Orin Kerr (2008-11-26). "What Does the Lori Drew Verdict Mean?". Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  57. ^ "Candlelight vigil held in honor of Megan Meier". sccworlds.com.