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'''Japanese Canadians''' are Canadians of Japanese ancestry, and are largely concentrated on the west coast, especially in and around [[Vancouver]]. Other major cities such as [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] also have large Japanese Canadian populations as well. Not many Canadians have Japanese roots. In 2001, there were 85,230 (about 26,000 of whom are of mixed heritage), making them about the thirtieth largest ethnic group in Canada.
'''Japanese Canadians''' are Canadians of Japanese ancestry, and are largely concentrated on the west coast, especially in and around [[Vancouver]]. Other major cities such as [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] also have large Japanese Canadian populations as well. Not many Canadians have Japanese roots. In 2001, there were 85,230 (about 26,000 of whom are of mixed heritage), making them about the thirtieth largest ethnic group in Canada. {{fact|date=February 8, 2009}}


=== Generations ===
=== Generations ===

Revision as of 08:28, 8 February 2009

Japanese Canadians
Regions with significant populations
British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec
Languages
English, French, Japanese
Religion
Buddhism, Christianity, Shinto, non-religious
Related ethnic groups
Japanese, Japanese Americans, East Asians

Japanese Canadians are Canadians of Japanese ancestry, and are largely concentrated on the west coast, especially in and around Vancouver. Other major cities such as Toronto and Montreal also have large Japanese Canadian populations as well. Not many Canadians have Japanese roots. In 2001, there were 85,230 (about 26,000 of whom are of mixed heritage), making them about the thirtieth largest ethnic group in Canada. [citation needed]

Generations

The term Nikkei (日系) was coined by sociologists and encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. Japanese-Canadians (and Japanese-Americans) have special names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers with the Japanese word for generation (sei 世):

  • Issei (一世) - The first generation of immigrants, born in Japan before moving to Canada.
  • Nisei (二世) - The second generation of immigrants, born in Canada to parents not born in Canada.
  • Sansei (三世) - The third generation of immigrants, born in Canada to parents born in Canada.
  • Yonsei (四世) - The fourth generation of immigrants, born in Canada to parents born in Canada.
  • Gosei (五世) - The fifth generation of immigrants, born in Canada to parents born in Canada.

History

The first Japanese settler in Canada was Manzo Nagano, who lived in Victoria, British Columbia (a mountain in the province was named after him in 1977). The first generation, or Issei, mostly came to Vancouver Island and Fraser Valley from fishing villages on the islands of Kyūshū and Honshū between 1877 and 1928. Since 1967, the second wave of immigrants were usually highly educated and resided in urban areas.

Until the late 1940s, Japanese Canadians—both Issei and Canadian-born Nisei — were denied the right to vote. Those born in the 1950s and 1960s in Canada are mostly Sansei, third generation. Sansei who mostly have little knowledge of the Japanese language. Over 75% of the Sansei have married non-Japanese. Nisei and Sansei generally do not identify themselves as fully Japanese, but as Canadians first, whom happened to be of Japanese ancestry.

The younger generation of Japanese Canadians born in the late 20th century are mostly Yonsei, fourth generation. Many Yonsei are of mixed racial descent. According to Statistics Canada's 2001 census of population information, Japanese Canadians were the Canadian visible minority group most likely to marry or live common-law with a non-Japanese partner. Out of the 25,100 couples in Canada in 2001 which had one Japanese person, only 30% had two partners of Japanese descent and 70% included one non-Japanese partner. As of 2001, 65% of Canada's Japanese population were born in Canada.

Internment

Main article: Japanese Canadian internment

After the Pearl Harbor attack by Japan (Second World War), in 1942, Japanese Canadians were interned by the federal government as security threats by evoking the War Measures Act. 20,881 were placed in detention camps and relocation centres. 75% of them were Canadian citizens. A parallel situation occurred in the United States. (See Japanese American internment.)

After the war, the property and homes of Japanese Canadians living in province of British Columbia was seized and they were told by the federal government to either move to another province "East of the Rockies" or to go back to Japan.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, documents on the Japanese Canadian internment were released, and redress was sought. In 1986, it was shown that Japanese Canadians lost $443 million during the internment. 63% of Canadians supported redress and 45% favoured individual compensation. On September 22, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney provided $21,000 for each individual directly affected, that is, by 1993, almost 18,000 survivors. However, perhaps more importantly, was the Prime Minister's formal apology in the House of Commons and the certificate of acknowledgement of injustices of the past, which was sent to each Japanese Canadian who was displaced.

Prominent Japanese Canadians and Canadians of Japanese ancestry

References

  1. ^ [1] (Statistics Canada - Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data)

See also

External links

  • Multicultural Canada website images in the BC Multicultural Photograph Collection and digitized issues of The New Canadian (Japanese-Canadian newspaper)
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